by Unknown
Pashto
• Afghanistan (with Dari)
• Pakistan (majority language of the NWFP but has no official status)
Appendix E: Lists of Most Common Languages
503
Persian (Farsi)
• Iran
• Afghanistan (called Dari Persian in Afghanistan, with Pashto)
• Tajikistan (called Tajik Persian in Tajikistan)
Polish
• Poland
Portuguese
• Angola
• Brazil
• Cape Verde
• East Timor (with Tetum)
• Guinea-Bissau
• Part of the People’s Republic of China
• Macau (with Chinese)
• Mozambique
• Portugal
• São Tomé and Príncipe
Punjabi
• India (with 22 other official languages)
• Punjab
• Delhi
• Pakistan (with English, Pothowari, Urdu, Kashmiri [Koshur], Pashto,
Sindhi, Saraiki, Balochi, and Brahui; Dogri is also spoken in part of
the Rawalpindi district)
Quechua
• Bolivia (with Spanish and Aymara)
• Peru (with Spanish and Aymara)
Romanian
• Romania
• Moldova (officially called Moldovan, although identical to Romanian
according to the law of Moldova)
504
Appendix E: Lists of Most Common Languages
• Part of Serbia
• Vojvodina (with Croatian, Hungarian, Serbian, Slovak, and
Ruthenian)
Rhaeto-Romansh
• Switzerland (with German, French, and Italian)—Graubünden (with
German and Italian)
Russian
• Russia (in some regions together with regional languages)
• Abkhazia (with Abkhaz—independence disputed)
• Belarus (with Belarusian)
• Kazakhstan (with Kazakh)
• Kyrgyzstan (with Kyrgyz)
• Moldova (with Moldovan, Ukrainian, and Gagauz)
• South Ossetia (with Ossetian and Georgian—independence disputed)
Sanskrit
• India (with 22 other official languages)
Serbian
• Bosnia and Herzegovina (with Bosnian, Croatian)
• Serbia
• Kosovo (independence disputed, with Albanian)
Shona
• Zimbabwe (with English and Ndebele)
Sindhi
• India (with 22 other official languages)
• Pakistan (official language in the province of Sindh along with Urdu
and English)
Sinhala
• Sri Lanka (with Tamil and with English as a link language)
Appendix E: Lists of Most Common Languages
505
Slovak
• Slovakia
• Part of Serbia
• Vojvodina (with Croatian, Serbian, Hungarian, Romanian, and
Ruthenian)
Slovene
• Slovenia
• Part of Italy
• Friuli–Venezia Giulia (with Italian)
• Part of Austria
• Carinthia (with German)
Somali
• Somalia
Sotho
• Lesotho (with English)
• South Africa (with Afrikaans, English, Ndebele, Northern Sotho,
Swati, Tsonga, Tswana, Venda, Xhosa, and Zulu)
Spanish
• Argentina
• Bolivia (with Aymara and Quechua)
• Chile
• Colombia
• Costa Rica
• Cuba
• Dominican Republic
• Ecuador
• El Salvador
• Equatorial Guinea (with French and Portuguese)
• Guatemala
• Honduras
• Mexico (de facto) (with Mayan and Náhuatl)
• Nicaragua
• Panama
506
Appendix E: Lists of Most Common Languages
• Paraguay (with Guaraní)
• Peru (with Aymara and Quechua)
• Puerto Rico (with English)
• Spain (Aranese, Basque, Catalan, and Galician are co-official in
some regions)
• Uruguay
• Venezuela
Swahili
• Kenya (with English)
• Tanzania (de facto)
• Uganda (since 2005, with English)
Swati
• Swaziland (with English)
• South Africa (with Afrikaans, English, Ndebele, Northern Sotho,
Sotho, Tsonga, Tswana, Venda, Xhosa, and Zulu)
Swedish
• Sweden
• Finland (with Finnish)
• Åland (monolingual Swedish) (an autonomous province under
Finnish sovereignty)
Tajik
• Tajikistan
• Part of the People’s Republic of China
• Taxkorgan (with Chinese [Mandarin])
Tamil
• India (with 22 other official languages)
• Andaman and Nicobar Islands
• Pondicherry
• Tamil Nadu
• Singapore (with English, Chinese, and Malay)
• Sri Lanka (with Sinhala and with English as a link language)
Appendix E: Lists of Most Common Languages
507
Telugu
• India (with 22 other official languages)
• Andhra Pradesh
• Pondicherry
Tetum
• East Timor (with Portuguese)
Thai
• Thailand
Tok Pisin
• Papua New Guinea (with English and Hiri Motu)
Tsonga
• South Africa (with Afrikaans, English, Ndebele, Northern Sotho,
Sotho, Swati, Tswana, Venda, Xhosa, and Zulu)
Tswana
• Botswana (with English)
• South Africa (with Afrikaans, English, Ndebele, Northern Sotho,
Sotho, Swati, Tsonga, Venda, Xhosa, and Zulu)
Turkish
• Turkey
• Cyprus (with Greek)
Turkmen
• Turkmenistan
Ukrainian
• Ukraine
• Moldova (with Moldovan, Russian, and Gagauz)
508
Appendix E: Lists of Most Common Languages
Urdu
• India (with 22 other official languages)
• Jammu and Kashmir
• Delhi territory
• Uttar Pradesh state
• Pakistan (with English, Pothowari, Punjabi, Kashmiri [Koshur],
Pashto, Sindhi, Saraiki, Balochi, and Brahui)
• Fiji (with English and Bau Fijian; known constitutionally as
Hindustani as an umbrella term to cover Urdu, as well as Hindi)
Uzbek
• Uzbekistan
Venda
• South Africa (with Afrikaans, English, Ndebele, Northern Sotho,
Sotho, Swati, Tsonga, Tswana, Xhosa, and Zulu)
Vietnamese
• Vietnam
Welsh
• United Kingdom (Wales, with English)
Xhosa
• South Africa (with Afrikaans, English, Ndebele, Northern Sotho,
Sotho, Swati, Tsonga, Tswana, Venda, and Zulu)
Yiddish
• Russia (only in Jewish autonomous Oblast, with Russian)
Zulu
• South Africa (with Afrikaans, English, Ndebele, Northern Sotho,
Sotho, Swati, Tsonga, Tswana, Venda, and Xhosa)
Appendix E: Lists of Most Common Languages
509
List of Languages by
State and Language Spoken
Recognized States
• Afghanistan
• Pashto (statewide; official)
• Dari (statewide; official)
• Uzbek (statewide; third official language in areas where spoken by
majority of population)
• Turkmen (statewide; third official language in areas where spoken
by majority of population)
• Pashai (statewide; third official language in areas where spoken by
majority of population)
• Nuristani (statewide; third official language in areas where
spoken by majority of population)
• Balochi (statewide; third official language in areas where spoken
by majority of population)
• Pamiri (statewide; third official language in areas where spoken
by majority of population)
• Albania: Albanian (based on Tosk dialect)
• Algeria
• Arabic (official and national)
• Tamazight (national)
• French (de facto official)
• Andorra (languages of Andorra): Catalan
• Angola: Portuguese
• Antigua and Barbuda: English (de facto official)
• Argentina
• Spanish
• Guarani (Corrientes)
• Armenia: Armenian
• Australia: No official language; English is the de facto official language
• Austria
• German (official statewide)
• Croatian (official in Burgenland in areas where live Austrians of
the Croat minority; statewide minority language)
• Slovene (official in Carinthia and Styria in areas where
live Austrians of the Slovene minority; statewide minority
language)
• Czech (statewide minority language)
• Hungarian (in Burgenland; statewide minority language)
• Slovak (statewide minority language)
• Romani (statewide minority language)
510
Appendix E: Lists of Most Common Languages
• Azerbaijan: Azerbaijani
• Bahamas: English
• Bahrain: Arabic
• Bangladesh: Bengali
• Barbados: English
• Belarus
• Belarusian
• Russian
• Belgium (languages of Belgium)
• Dutch
• French
• German
• Belize: English
• Benin: French
• Bhutan: Dzongkha
• Bolivia
• Spanish
• Aymara
• Quechua
• Bosnia and Herzegovina
• Bosnian
• Croatian
• Serbian
• Botswana
• English
• Tswana (national)
• Brazil: Portuguese
• Brunei: Malay
• Bulgaria: Bulgarian
• Burkina Faso
• French
• Fula (national)
• Jula (national)
• More (national)
• Burundi
• French
• Kirundi
• Cambodia: Khmer
• Cameroon
• English
• French
Appendix E: Lists of Most Common Languages
511
• Canada
• English (national)
− Official provincial language of New Brunswick
• French (national)
− Official provincial language of Quebec and New Brunswick
• Chipewyan (Dëne Sųłiné) (in the Northwest Territories)
• Cree (in the Northwest Territories)
• Dogrib (Tłįcho˛) (in the Northwest Territories)
• Gwich’in (in the Northwest Territories)
• Inuinnaqtun (in the Northwest Territories and Nunavut)
• Inuktitut (in the Northwest Territories and Nunavut)
• Inuvialuktun (in the Northwest Territories)
• Slavey (in the Northwest Territories)
• Cape Verde
• Portuguese (official)
• Cape Verdean Creole (national)
• Central African Republic
• French
• Sango (national)
• Chad
• Arabic
• French
• Chile: Spanish
• People’s Republic of China
• Chinese
− Written: Simplified Chinese statewide, traditional Chinese
de facto in Hong Kong and Macau
− Spoken: Mandarin statewide, Cantonese de facto in
Hong Kong and Macau
• English (in Hong Kong)
• Portuguese (in Macau)
• Kazakh (in Ili Kazakh, Xinjiang)
• Korean (in Changbai and Yanbian, Jilin)
• Mongolian (in Inner Mongolia)
• Tajik (in Taxkorgan, Xinjiang)
• Tibetan (in Tibet)
• Uyghur (in Xinjiang)
• Zhuang (in Guangxi)
• Colombia: Spanish (The languages and dialects of ethnic groups are
also official in their territories)
• Comoros
• Arabic
512
Appendix E: Lists of Most Common Languages
• Comorian
• French
• Democratic Republic of the Congo
• French
• Lingala (national)
• Kikongo (national)
• Swahili (national)
• Tshiluba (national)
• Republic of the Congo
• French
• Lingala (national)
• Munukutuba (national)
• Costa Rica: Spanish
• Côte d’Ivoire: French
• Croatia
• Croatian (statewide)
• Italian (in Istria)
• Cuba: Spanish
• Cyprus
• Greek
• Turkish
• Czech Republic: Czech
• Denmark
• Danish (statewide)
• Faroese (in the Faroe Islands)
• German (protected minority language in South Jutland)
• Kalaallisut (in Greenland)
• Djibouti
• Arabic
• French
• Dominica: English
• Dominican Republic: Spanish
• East Timor
• Portuguese
• Tetum
• Ecuador: Spanish (Quechua or Kichwa and Shuar are official
languages of intercultural relations; ancient languages are official in
their territories)
• Egypt: Arabic
• El Salvador: Spanish
• Equatorial Guinea
• Spanish
• French
Appendix E: Lists of Most Common Languages
513
• Eritrea
• Arabic (working language)
• Tigrinya (working language)
• Estonia: Estonian
• Ethiopia: Amharic
• Fiji
• English
• Fijian
• Hindustani
• Finland
• Finnish (statewide, except in the Åland Islands)
• Swedish (statewide; in the Åland Islands where Swedish is spoken
monolingually)
• Sami (minority language in Enontekiö, Inari, Sodankylä, and
Utsjoki)
• France (and overseas departments and territories): French
• Gabon: French
• Gambia: English
• Georgia
• Abkhaz (in Abkhazia)
• Georgian (statewide, except in Abkhazia and South Ossetia)
• Ossetic (in South Ossetia)
• Russian (in Abkhazia and South Ossetia)
• Germany
• No official language nationwide; German is the de facto official
language and the national language
• Danish (in Schleswig-Holstein; minority language)
• Lower Sorbian (in Brandenburg; minority language)
• North Frisian (in Schleswig-Holstein; minority language)
• Romani (in Hesse)
• Saterland Frisian (in Lower Saxony; minority language)
• Upper Sorbian (in Saxony) (minority language)
• Ghana
• Adangme (in Greater Accra)
• Dagaare (in the Upper Western Region)
• Dagbani (in the Northern Region)
• English (statewide)
• Ewe (in the Volta Region)
• Ga (in Greater Accra)
• Gonja (in the Northern Region)
• Kasem (in the Upper Eastern Region)
• Nzema (in the Western Region)
• Twi (in Akuapem, Akyem, Ashanti, Fanteakwa, Fante, and Kwahu)
514
Appendix E: Lists of Most Common Languages
• Greece: Greek
• Grenada: English
• Guatemala: Spanish
• Guinea
• French
• Fula (national)
• Maninka (national)
• Susu (national)
• Guinea-Bissau: Portuguese
• Guyana: English
• Haiti
• French
• Haitian Creole
• Honduras: Spanish
• Hungary: Hungarian
• Iceland: Icelandic
• India
• Assamese (in Assam)
• Bengali (in Tripura and West Bengal)
• Bhojpuri (in Bihar)
• Bodo (in Assam)
• Chhattisgarhi (in Chhattisgarh)
• Dogri (in Jammu and Kashmir)
• English (statewide)
• French (in Pondicherry)
• Garo (in Meghalaya)
• Gujarati (in Dadra and Nagar Haveli, Daman and Diu, and Gujarat)
• Hindi (central government and most of the states)
• Kannada (in Karnataka)
• Karbi (in Assam)
• Kashmiri (in Jammu and Kashmir)
• Khasi (in Meghalaya)
• Kokborok (in Tripura)
• Konkani (in Goa)
• Magadhi (only in Bihar)
• Maithili (in Bihar)
• Malayalam (in Kerala, Pondicherry, and Lakshadweep)
• Meitei (in Manipur)
• Marathi (in Maharashtra, Goa)
• Mizo (in Mizoram)
• Nepali (in Sikkim)
• Nicobarese (in Andaman and Nicobar Islands)
• Oriya (in Orissa)
Appendix E: Lists of Most Common Languages
515
• Pahari (in Himachal Pradesh)
• Portuguese (in Diu and Goa)
• Punjabi (in Punjab, Haryana, and Chandigarh)
• Rajasthani (in Rajasthan)
• Sanskrit (statewide)