by Unknown
• Santali (in Jharkhand)
• Sindhi (Sindhi community/people dependent)
• Tamil (in Tamil Nadu, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, and
Pondicherry)
• Telugu (in Andhra Pradesh and Pondicherry)
• Urdu (in Jammu and Kashmir)
• Indonesia: Indonesian
• Iran: Persian
• Iraq
• Arabic (statewide)
• Kurdish (in the Kurdish autonomous region)
• Assyrian Neo-Aramaic (in Assyrian areas)
• Iraqi Turkmen (in Turkmen areas)
• Ireland (Languages of Ireland)
• Irish (national)
• English (national)
• Israel
• Hebrew
• English
• Arabic
• Italy
• Italian (statewide)
• Albanian (in some parts of Southern Italy)
• Catalan (in Alghero, Sardinia)
• Croatian (in Montemitro and Acquaviva Collecroce and
San Felice, Molise)
• French (in Aosta Valley)
• Friulian (in Friuli)
• German (in Alto Adige/Südtirol)
• Greek (in some parts of Apulia and Calabria)
• Ladin (in some parts of Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol)
• Slovene (in some parts of Friuli-Venezia Giulia)
• Jamaica: English
• Japan
• Japanese
• Ryukyuan (minority language)
• Ainu (minority language)
• Korean (minority language)
516
Appendix E: Lists of Most Common Languages
• Jordan: Arabic
• Kazakhstan
• Kazakh (national)
• Russian
• Kenya
• English
• Swahili (national)
• Kiribati
• English
• Kiribati (national)
• North Korea: Korean
• South Korea: Korean
• Kuwait: Arabic
• Kyrgyzstan
• Kirghiz (national)
• Russian
• Laos: Lao
• Latvia
• Latvian
• Latgalian
• Lebanon
• Arabic
• French
• English
• Armenian
• Lesotho
• English
• Sotho (national)
• Liberia: English
• Libya: Arabic
• Liechtenstein: German
• Lithuania: Lithuanian
• Luxembourg
• French
• German
• Luxembourgish (national)
• Macedonia
• Macedonian (statewide)
• Albanian
• Turkish
• Madagascar
• French
• English
Appendix E: Lists of Most Common Languages
517
• Malagasy (national)
• Malawi
• Chichewa (national)
• English
• Malaysia: Malay (national)
• Maldives: Dhivehi
• Mali: French
• Malta
• Maltese (national)
• English
• Italian
• Marshall Islands
• English
• Marshallese (national)
• Mauritania
• Arabic (national)
• French
• Fula (national)
• Soninke (national)
• Wolof (national)
• Mauritius
• English
• French (de facto, lingua franca)
• Mauritian Creole
• Mexico: No official language; Spanish is the de facto official language
• Federated States of Micronesia
• Chuukese (in Chuuk)
• English (statewide except in Kosrae, where it has a constitutionally
protected associate status)
• Kosraean (in Kosrae)
• Pohnpeian (in Pohnpei)
• Ulithian (in Yap)
• Yapese (in Yap)
• Moldova
• Gagauz (in Gagauzia)
• Moldovan (or Romanian; statewide)
• Russian (in Gagauzia and Transnistria)
• Ukrainian (in Transnistria)
• Monaco: French
• Mongolia: Mongolian
• Montenegro
• Montenegrin (national)
• Bosnian
518
Appendix E: Lists of Most Common Languages
• Croatian (in Tivat)
• Serbian (in Herceg Novi)
• Albanian (in Ulcinj)
• Morocco: Arabic
• Mozambique: Portuguese
• Myanmar (Burma): Burmese
• Namibia: English
• Nauru
• English
• Nauruan
• Nepal: Nepali
• Netherlands
• No official language nationwide; Dutch is the de facto official lan-
guage and the national language
• English (on Netherlands Antilles)
• West Frisian (in Friesland)
• Limburgish (regional language)
• Low Saxon (regional language)
• Papiamento (on Aruba, Netherlands Antilles)
• New Zealand
• English is a de facto official language (statewide)
• Maori (statewide)
• NZSL (New Zealand deaf community)
• Cook Islands Maori (in the Cook Islands)
• Niuean (in Niue)
• Tokelauan (in Tokelau)
• Nicaragua: Spanish
• Niger: French
• Nigeria
• English
• Hausa (national)
• Yoruba (national)
• Igbo (national)
• Norway (languages of Norway)
• Norwegian (statewide; Bokmål and Nynorsk are the official
forms, and municipalities choose between them or a neutral
stance)
• Sami (indigenous language in vast areas from Engerdal to the
Russian border, official administrative language in Kautokeino,
Karasjok, Gáivuotna-Kåfjord, Nesseby, Porsanger, Tana, Tysfjord,
and Snåsa)
• Kven (national minority language, administrative language in
Porsanger)
Appendix E: Lists of Most Common Languages
519
• Romani (national minority language)
• Scandoromani (national minority language)
• Oman: Arabic
• Pakistan
• Urdu (national language)
• English (official language)
• Balochi (provincial language)
• Pashto (provincial language)
• Punjabi (provincial language)
• Sindhi (provincial language)
• Palau
• English (statewide)
• Palauan (statewide)
• Sonsorolese (in Sonsorol)
• Tobian (in Hatohobei)
• Angaur (in Angaur)
• Japanese (in Angaur)
• Palestinian Authority: Arabic
• Panama: Spanish
• Papua New Guinea
• English
• Hiri Motu
• Tok Pisin
• Paraguay
• Spanish
• Guaraní
• Peru
• Spanish
• Aymara
• Quechua
• All native languages in ar
eas where they are spoken by the major-
ity of people
• Philippines
• Arabic (recognized as voluntary and optional statewide)
• Bikol Central (in Luzon)
• Cebuano (in Visayas and Mindanao)
• English (statewide)
• Filipino (statewide) (national)
• Hiligaynon (in Visayas and Mindanao)
• Ilokano (in Luzon)
• Kapampangan (in Luzon)
• Kinaray-a (in the Visayas)
520
Appendix E: Lists of Most Common Languages
• Maranao (in Mindanao)
• Maguindanao (in Mindanao)
• Pangasinan (in Luzon)
• Spanish (recognized as voluntary and optional statewide)
• Tagalog (in Luzon)
• Tausug (in Mindanao)
• Waray-Waray (in the Visayas)
• Poland
• Polish (sole official language of state)
• Kashubian (recognized regional language and auxiliary language
in part of Pomeranian Voivodeship)
• German (minority language and auxiliary language in part of
Opole Voivodeship)
• Lithuania (minority language and auxiliary language in Puńsk
commune, Podlaskie Voivodeship)
• Belorussian (minority language and auxiliary language in
Hajnówka commune, Podlaskie Voivodeship)
• Portugal (languages of Portugal)
• Portuguese
• Mirandese (regional, in Miranda do Douro)
• Qatar: Arabic
• Romania: Romanian
• Russia (languages of Russia)
• Russian (federal)
• Abaza (in the Karachay-Cherkess Republic)
• Adyghe (in the Republic of Adygea)
• Agul (in the Republic of Dagestan)
• Altay (in the Altai Republic)
• Avar (in the Republic of Dagestan)
• Azerbaijani (in the Republic of Dagestan)
• Bashkir (in the Republic of Bashkortostan)
• Buryat (in Buryat Republic)
• Chechen (in the Chechen Republic and Republic of Dagestan)
• Chuvash (in the Chuvash Republic)
• Dargin (in the Republic of Dagestan)
• Erzya (in the Republic of Mordovia)
• Ingush (in the Republic of Ingushetia)
• Kabardian (in the Kabardino-Balkar Republic and Karachay-
Cherkess Republic)
• Kalmyk (in the Republic of Kalmykia)
• Karachay-Balkar (in the Kabardino-Balkar Republic and
Karachay-Cherkess Republic)
• Khakas (in the Republic of Khakassia)
Appendix E: Lists of Most Common Languages
521
• Komi-Zyrian (in the Komi Republic)
• Kumyk (in the Republic of Dagestan)
• Lak (in the Republic of Dagestan)
• Lezgian (in the Republic of Dagestan)
• Mari (in the Mari El Republic)
• Moksha (in the Republic of Mordovia)
• Nogai (in the Karachay-Cherkess Republic and in the Republic of
Dagestan)
• Ossetic (in the Republic of North Ossetia–Alania)
• Rutul (in the Republic of Dagestan)
• Sakha (in the Sakha Republic)
• Tabasaran (in the Republic of Dagestan)
• Tatar (in the Republic of Tatarstan)
• Tati (in the Republic of Dagestan)
• Tsakhur (in the Republic of Dagestan)
• Tuvin (in the Tuva Republic)
• Udmurt (in the Republic of Udmurtia)
• Rwanda
• English
• French
• Kinyarwanda
• Saint Kitts and Nevis: English
• Saint Lucia: English
• Saint Vincent and the Grenadines: English
• Samoa
• English
• Samoan (national)
• San Marino: Italian
• São Tomé and Príncipe: Portuguese
• Saudi Arabia: Arabic
• Senegal
• French
• Jola-Fogny (national)
• Malinke (national)
• Mandinka (national)
• Pulaar (national)
• Serer-Sine (national)
• Wolof (national)
• Serbia
• Serbian (statewide)
• Albanian (in Kosovo and some municipalities in southern Serbia)
• Bosniak (in municipalities of Sandzak)
• Croatian (in Vojvodina)
522
Appendix E: Lists of Most Common Languages
• Hungarian (in Vojvodina)
• Romanian (in Vojvodina)
• Rusyn (in Vojvodina)
• Slovak (in Vojvodina)
• Seychelles
• English
• French
• Seychellois Creole
• Sierra Leone: English
• Singapore
• English
• Malay (national)
• Chinese ( written: simplified Chinese; spoken: Mandarin)
• Tamil
• Slovakia
• Slovak
• Hungarian (minority, in southern Slovakia)
• Slovenia
• Hungarian ( minority language in Dubrovnik , Hodoš, and Lendava)
• Italian (minority language in Izola, Koper, and Piran)
• Slovene (statewide)
• Solomon Islands: English
• Somalia
• Somali is the de facto official language and the national
language
• Italian spoken by dying few
• Arabic not spoken, only to read Quran
• South Africa
• Afrikaans
• English
• Ndebele
• Northern Sotho
• Sotho
• Swazi
• Tsonga
• Tswana
• Venda
• Xhosa
• Zulu
• Spain
• Spanish (statewide)
• Catalan (in the Balearic Islands, Catalonia, and Valencia)
• Galician (in Galicia)
Appendix E: Lists of Most Common Languages
523
• Basque (in Basque Country and Navarre)
• Occitan (in Catalonia)
• Sri Lanka
• Sinhala
• Tamil
• Sudan
• Arabic
• English
• Suriname: Dutch
• Swaziland
• English
• Swazi
• Sweden
• No official language statewide; Swedish is the de facto official
language. As of July 1, 2009, Swedish is the official language
de jure
• Finnish (in Gällivare, Haparanda, Kiruna, Pajala, Övertorneå, and the surrounding areas; minority language)
• Meänkieli (in Gällivare, Haparanda, Kiruna, Pajala, Övertorneå, and the surrounding areas; minority language)
• Romani (historical minority language)
• Sami (in Arjeplog, Gällivare, Jokkmokk, Kiruna, and the surrounding areas; minority language)
• Yiddish (historical minority language)
• Switzerland
• German (in Aargau, Appenzell Ausserrhoden, Appenzell
Innerrhoden, Basel-Landschaft, Basel-Stadt, Bern, Fribourg,
Glarus, Graubünden, Lucerne, Nidwalden, Obwalden, St. Gallen,
Schaffhausen, Schwyz, Solothurn, Thurgau, Uri, Valais, Zug, and
Zürich)
• French (in Bern, Fribourg, Geneva, Jura, Neuchâtel, Valais, and
&nbs
p; Vaud)
• Italian (in Ticino and Graubünden)
• Romansh (in Graubünden)
• Syria: Arabic
• Tajikistan: Tajik
• Tanzania: Swahili (national)
• Thailand: Thai
• Togo: French
• Tonga
• English
• Tongan (national)
• Trinidad and Tobago: English
524
Appendix E: Lists of Most Common Languages
• Tunisia
• Arabic (national)
• French
• Turkey: Turkish
• Turkmenistan: Turkmen
• Tuvalu
• English
• Tuvaluan (national)
• Uganda
• English
• Swahili (national)
• Ukraine
• Ukrainian
• Russian (regional in Donetsk Oblast, Luhansk, Kherson, Mykolaiv,
Odessa Oblasts, and the Autonomous Republic of Crimea)
• Hungarian (regional in parts of Zakarpattia Oblast)
• United Arab Emirates: Arabic
• United Kingdom
• English, with the following specifications:
− English (in Anguilla, Bermuda, the British Indian Ocean
Territory, the British Virgin Islands, the Cayman Islands,
the Falkland Islands, Gibraltar, Guernsey, Jersey, Montserrat,
Northern Ireland [de facto], the Pitcairn Islands, Saint
Helena, and Turks and Caicos Islands)
− Cornish (minority language in Cornwall)
− Dgèrnésiais (in Guernsey)
− French (in Guernsey and Jersey)
− Irish (in Northern Ireland)
− Jèrriais (in Jersey)
− Pitcairnese (in the Pitcairn Islands)
− Scots (minority language in Northern Ireland and Scotland)
− Scottish Gaelic (in Scotland)
− Welsh (in Wales)
• United States
• No official language nationwide; English is the de facto official
language
− Carolinian (regional language in the Northern Mariana Islands)
− Chamorro (regional language in Guam and the Northern
Mariana Islands)
− French (regional language in parts of Louisiana and Maine)
− Hawaiian (regional language in Hawaii)
− Samoan (regional language in American Samoa)
− Spanish (regional language in Puerto Rico and New Mexico)
Appendix E: Lists of Most Common Languages
525
• Uruguay: Spanish
• Uzbekistan: Uzbek
• Vanuatu
• Bislama (national)
• English
• French
• Vatican City: No official language; Italian is the de facto official
language
• Venezuela: Spanish
• Vietnam: Vietnamese
• Western Sahara (SADR) (Western Sahara): Arabic
• Yemen: Arabic