Wilmington's Lie
Page 38
“Men who a” Josephus Daniels, Editor in Politics (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1941), 123.
The next year Prather, We Have Taken a City, 34.
Another black man Edmonds, The Negro and Fusion Politics, 234–236.
He was ridiculed Wilmington Messenger, November 13, 1898.
In a city Riot Commission Report, 33. Reaves, Strength Through Struggle, 495.
A close friend Wooley, “Race and Politics,” 70–71.
His straight hairline Josephus Daniels, Tar Heel Editor (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1939), 47.
“he was also” Lee A. Craig, Josephus Daniels, His Life and Times (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2013), 188.
Daniels was born Ibid., 2–3.
Daniels was grievously Ibid., 10–13.
He gave young Ibid., 77–78. Daniels, Tar Heel Editor, 248.
That earned him Craig, Josephus Daniels, 78–79. Daniels, Tar Heel Editor, 437.
“persistent, cold-blooded” Daniels, Tar Heel Editor, 344–354.
When the News Craig, Josephus Daniels, 78–79. Daniels, Editor in Politics, 85–93.
After meeting with Daniels, Editor in Politics , 284.
The men who Leonard Rogoff, “A Tale of Two Cities: Race, Riots, and Religion in New Bern and Wilmington, North Carolina, 1898,” Southern Jewish History 14 (2011): 67.
According to local Umfleet, A Day of Blood, 54, 213.
“He might be” W. J. Cash, “Jehovah of the Tar Heels,” American Mercury, July 1929, 312
Even one of Ibid.
This was the Richard L. Watson Jr., “Furnifold M. Simmons: ‘Jehovah of the Tar Heels’?” North Carolina Historical Review 44, no. 2 (Spring 1967): 169–171.
Simmons was born Wooley, “Race and Politics,” 204. Fred J. Rippy, F. M. Simmons, Statesman of the New South (Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 1936), 3.
“No white person” Rippy, F. M. Simmons, Statesman of the New South , 4.
“I did not” Ibid., 17–18.
The Democrats coasted Ibid., 20.
Simmons’s reward was Ibid., 20–21.
“Simmons made the” Cash, “Jehovah of the Tar Heels,” 313.
“Rise, ye sons” Glenda E. Gilmore, “Murder, Memory and the Flight of the Incubus,” in Cecelski and Tyson, Democracy Betrayed, 74.
“It is useless” The Democratic Hand Book, 1898. Prepared by the State Democratic Executive Committee of the North Carolina Democratic Party, State Executive Committee (Raleigh: Edwards and Broughton, 1898). North Carolina Collection, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.
Shortly afterward, in Daniels, Editor in Politics, 147–148.
“We would decide” Ibid., 148.
But in July Rob Christensen, The Paradox of Tar Heel Politics: The Personalities, Elections and Events That Shaped Modern North Carolina (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2008), 18–19.
Daniels assured his Daniels, Editor in Politics, 147–150.
Ten: The Incubus
“concentrated lye given” News and Observer, January 21, 1898; March 18, 1898. Hodges, “Josephus Daniels,” 28–29.
“A reign of” Daniels, Editor in Politics , 288.
“described the unbridled” Ibid., 285.
“The propaganda was” Daniels, Editor in Politics, 254, 295–296.
Simmons raised the Ibid., 244, 285.
“assert your manhood” News and Observer, September 23, 1898.
“One of the” News and Observer, October 8, 1898.
“the prevalence of” News and Observer , February 13, 1898.
AN INCUBUS MUST New Berne Daily Journal, August 10, 1898. (The paper continued to use the spelling New Berne even after the town became New Bern.)
In fact, there Glenda E. Gilmore, “Murder, Memory and the Flight of the Incubus,” in Cecelski and Tyson, Democracy Betrayed, 75.
In New Hanover Public Documents of the State of North Carolina, Session 99, Document #8, 5. Research by Robert Wooley.
Years later, Daniels Daniels, Editor in Politics , 254.
To help pay Christensen, Paradox of Tar Heel Politics, 17.
The main topic Daniels, Editor in Politics , 244.
Daniels worked until Ibid., 295.
In Wilmington, the Morning Star , Wilmington, N.C., September 27, 1898.
“The Negroes about” Higuchi, “White Supremacy on the Cape Fear,” 29.
The Atlanta Constitution Edmonds, The Negro and Fusion Politics, 148.
They were no McDuffie, “Politics in Wilmington,” 351–352.
“It was horrible-looking” Daniels, Editor in Politics , 303.
“And in such” News and Observer , September 22, 1898.
Eleven: I Say Lynch
She suggested that Atlanta Journal, August 12, 1897.
“The black fiend” Macon Telegraph, August 20, 1897.
“suffering of innocence” Morning Star, Wilmington, N.C., August 18, 1898.
“They cheered me” Atlanta Constitution, December 22, 1898.
He read the Prather, We Have Taken a City, 71. Thorne, Hanover, 13, 14.
His editorials helped Thorne, Hanover, 13.
“the usual friendly” Charlotte Observer, November 16, 1898.
Manly charmed her Carrie Sadgwar Manly, letter to sons Milo A. Manly and Lewin Manly, La Mott, Pa., January 14, 1954. Alex L. Manly Papers, East Carolina University Manuscript Collection, Collection 0065.
“the retort which” Thorne, Hanover, 13.
“You sow the” Daily Record, August 18, 1898. (The Daily Record ’s associate editor, William L. Jeffries, later claimed to have written the editorial. But Alex Manly consistently said that he had written it, and he is widely credited as the author.)
Twelve: A Vile Slander
“when that article” Minutes of the Organizational Meeting of the Association Members of the Wilmington Light Infantry, Lumina, Wrightsville Beach, December 14, 1905. North Carolina Collection, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.
“apologize for that” Prather, We Have Taken a City, 73.
“You are the” Unsigned letter, August 27, 1898, Carrie Manly Scrapbook, New Hanover County Public Library, Wilmington, N.C., courtesy of Robert Wooley.
Some carried clubs Contested Election Case, 377.
Others took up News and Observer, August 26, 1898.
He and his Contested Election Case, 377.
A butcher by Umfleet, A Day of Blood, 185.
“Let the white” Contested Election Case, 385.
With the help News and Observer, August 26, 1898.
Manly had “inflamed” Daniels, Editor in Politics, 286, 289.
But as the Jeffrey J. Crow and Robert F. Durden, Maverick Republican in the Old North State: A Political Biography of Daniel L. Russell (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1999), 2.
“all Negroes are” Reaves, Strength Though Struggle, 241.
“The negro who” Morning Post, Raleigh, N.C., August 24, 1898.
The structure, called Thorne, Hanover, 14. Umfleet, A Day of Blood, 221.
The issue was Wooley, “Race and Politics,” 196.
The Wilmington Messenger Prather, We Have Taken a City, 81.
“Resolved, That the” News and Observer, August 26, 1898.
“without any thoughts” Wilmington Messenger, October 21, 1898.
“Manly is responsible” New York Times, November 21, 1898.
“The intelligent colored” Ibid.
Thirteen: An Excellent Race
But they proved Umfleet, A Day of Blood, 41.
“to announce on” Ibid., 53.
He had married Ibid, 209.
“It soon became” George Rountree, “Memorandum of My Personal Recollection of the Election of 1898,” Connor Papers, Southern Historical Collection, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2.
In all, the Ibid., 3.
“I started to” Ibid., 4.
“Simmo
ns might go” Ibid., 6.
At the same Hayden, The Wilmington Rebellion, 9.
“For a period” Clawson, “The Wilmington Race Riot.”
By late summer Umfleet, A Day of Blood, 56. Contested Election Case, 360.
He was also Samuel A. Ashe, Stephen B. Weeks, and Charles L. Van Noppen, Biographical History of North Carolina, Vol. VIII (Greensboro, N.C.: Charles Van Noppen, 1917), 381–389.
“In spite of” Jane Cronly, Account of the Race Riot, Cronly Family Papers, Duke University.
Fourteen: A Dark Scheme
It was signed News and Observer, October 8, 1898. Morning Star, Wilmington, N.C., October 9, 1898. Wilmington Messenger, October 9, 1898.
In fact, the Umfleet, A Day of Blood, 60.
“So, it seems” News and Observer , October 8, 1898.
The newspaper warned Wilmington Messenger , October 9, 13, 1898.
“We ascertained, I” Rountree, “Memorandum of My Personal Recollection,” 5.
“burn the town” Umfleet, A Day of Blood, 60.
In Richmond, gun Baltimore Sun article, reprinted in Semi-Weekly Messenger, Wilmington, N.C., November 8, 1898. Richmond Times , November 5, 1898.
“There is, doubtless” Washington Post, October 20, 1898, reprinted in Wilmington Messenger , November 1, 1898.
“To tell the” Richmond Times, November 5, 1898.
The reporter also Riot Commission Report, 92.
“They knew how” Ibid., 249, 257.
“The man who” Philadelphia Times article, reprinted in Charlotte Observer, November 16, 1898.
There was no Riot Commission Report, 344–345.
Fifteen: The Nation’s Mission
At the entrance Wilmington Messenger, September 21, 1898.
The soldiers had Umfleet, A Day of Blood, 220.
They would be Wilmington Messenger, September 7, 1898.
The captain suggested Umfleet, A Day of Blood, 220.
It was “difficult” Daniels, Editor in Politics, 283.
Men in the Wilmington Messenger, September 21, 1898.
Tall and lean Umfleet, A Day of Blood, 47.
His older brother Ibid., 229.
The unit had Ibid., 35.
Like the Light Ibid., 98.
“The Negro has” Washington Bee, March 5, 1898.
Over the vigorous Edmonds, The Negro and Fusion Politics, 99.
The unit was Willard B. Gatewood Jr., “North Carolina’s Negro Regiment in the Spanish-American War,” North Carolina Historical Review 47, no. 4 (October 1971): 375.
Though Daniels conceded Daniels, Editor in Politics, 275.
“Negro domination.” Gatewood, “North Carolina’s Negro Regiment,” 377.
Daniels had his News and Observer, September 30, 1898.
Another white editor Gatewood, “North Carolina’s Negro Regiment,” 378.
“Nobody seriously suggests” News and Observer, May 22, 1898.
On April 27 Morning Star, Wilmington, N.C., April 28, 1898.
Two days later Morning Star, Wilmington, N.C., April 30, 1898.
The men climbed Morning Star, May 31, 1898.
“The reason negroes” News and Observer, May 31, 1898.
On a train Gatewood, “North Carolina’s Negro Regiment,” 385.
In Macon, a Atlanta Constitution, November 30, 1898.
In each case Gatewood, “North Carolina’s Negro Regiment,” 383–385.
Sixteen: Degenerate Sons of the White Race
“These degenerate sons” Prather, We Have Taken a City, 86.
He sometimes rode Ibid., 50.
Melton, then forty-eight Ibid.
Perhaps not coincidentally Contested Election Case, 369–372.
“White men had” Ibid., 360–361.
French, a native Evans, Ballots and Fence Rails, 114.
“Everything Required in” Wilmington Herald, March 7, 1865.
He was praised Wilmington Herald, August 4, 1898.
For a commission Daily Dispatch, Wilmington, N.C., October 20, 1865.
He secured a Wilmington Post, August 13, 1867.
He also found Daily Journal, Wilmington, N.C., September 25, 1869.
“Because Gizzard French” Ibid.
He had created Evans, Ballots and Fence Rails, 116.
As chief deputy Contested Election Case, 222.
He was such Wilmington Post, January 1, 1882.
He warned that Wilmington Messenger, October 21, 1898.
After threats by Rountree, “Memorandum of My Personal Recollection,” 8.
“rights of lawful” McDuffie, “Politics in Wilmington,” 640–643.
But they replaced Prather, We Have Taken a City, 91.
“have given their” Edmonds, The Negro and Fusion Politics, 159.
Norwood said he Wilmington Messenger, November 4, 1898.
Seventeen: The Great White Man’s Rally and Basket Picnic
The cornet band Wilmington Messenger, October 22, 1898.
“The Old North” Fayetteville Observer, October 22, 1898. News and Observer, October 22, 1898. Wilmington Messenger , October 22, 1898.
He had worn Stephen Kantrowitz, Ben Tillman and the Reconstruction of White Supremacy (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2000), 39.
Tillman had earned Francis Butler Simkins, Pitchfork Ben Tillman, South Carolinian (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1944), 315.
He said they Kantrowitz, Ben Tillman, 241.
“than to have” Simkins, Pitchfork Ben Tillman, 397.
“the most miserable” Kantrowitz, Ben Tillman , 16, 23.
“seize the first” Ibid., 67.
The white riflemen Ibid., 65–71.
“I have nothing” Ibid., 261.
“We stuffed ballot” Ibid., 400.
“South Carolina had” Fayetteville Observer, October 22, 1898.
“Send him to” Wilmington Messenger, October 22, 1898.
He departed to Fayetteville Observer, October 22, 1898.
But few of Prather, We Have Taken a City, 84–85.
Eighteen: White-Capping
In many cases Rogoff, “A Tale of Two Cities,” 41.
“I am with” Ibid., 51.
“The condition of affairs” Contested Election Case, 8–9.
On October 20 Daily Record, Wilmington, N.C., October 20, 1898, courtesy of a project to preserve copies of the Daily Record. John Jeremiah Sullivan and Joel Finsel, University of North Carolina, Wilmington, Cape Fear Museum, Williston Middle School, Friends School of Wilmington, cited in Star-News, Wilmington, N.C., July 21, 2017.
Some blacks who Winston-Salem Union-Republican, March 15, 1900. Cronly, Account of the Race Riot, 4.
“Colored people …” Contested Election Case, 363.
Threatening them only Riot Commission Report, 103.
The men confirmed Morning Star, Wilmington, N.C., October 18, 1898. 129 Black men continued Reaves, Strength Through Struggle, 495.
The next day’s Wilmington Messenger, October 2, 1898. Morning Star, Wilmington, N.C., October 2, 1898.
“I was whipped” Contested Election Case, 138–141.
Nineteen: Buckshot at Close Range
He looked like United States Congress and O. M. Enyart, A Biographical Congressional Dictionary, 1774–1903 (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1903).
It was immediately H. Leon Prather Sr., “The Red Shirt Movement in North Carolina, 1898–1900,” Journal of Negro History 62, no. 2 (April 1977): 177.
Question twelve mentioned Edmonds, The Negro and Fusion Politics, 234.
“Absolutely none, and” Morning Star, Wilmington, N.C., November 3, 1898.
“The negroes, as” Weekly Star, Wilmington, November 4, 1898.
The article pointed News and Observer, October 25, 1898.
“Russell was in” Daniels, Editor in Politics, 303.
Even within the Prather, We Have Taken a City, 101–102. News and Observer, October 25, 1898.
In
the meantime News and Observer , October 25, 1898.
“all ill-disposed persons” Wilmington Messenger, October 26, 1898.
“until old North” News and Observer , November 6, 1898.
In a front-page Ibid.
“Pick the Winner” Ibid.
But the city’s Semi-Weekly Messenger , Wilmington, N.C., November 4, 1898.
“We will rule” Wilmington Messenger, October 29, 1898. News and Observer, October 29, 1898.
In Tarboro, on Prather, “The Red Shirt Movement in North Carolina,” 178.
In Charlotte, nearly Wilmington Messenger, October 22, 1898.
“not a single” Contested Election Case, 136.
“For ten miles” Prather, “The Red Shirt Movement in North Carolina,” 178.
“White Supremacy” Wilmington Messenger, November 3, 1898.
Kitchin drew the Ibid.
“We cannot outnumber” Semi-Weekly Messenger, Wilmington, N.C., November 4, 1898.
The group decided Hayden, The Wilmington Rebellion, 16. McDuffie, “Politics in Wilmington,” 622.
Twenty: A Drunkard and a Gambler
His wife, Gabrielle Glenda Elizabeth Gilmore, Gender and Jim Crow: Women and the Politics of White Supremacy in North Carolina, 1896–1920 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1996), 206.
She was thirty-three Ibid., 217.
She and her James Sprunt, Chronicles of the Cape Fear, 1660–1916 (Raleigh: Edwards and Broughton Printing Co., 1916), 450–451.
He was excused Report of the Joint Select Committee to Inquire into the Condition of Affairs in the Late Insurrectionary States, Made to the Two Houses of Congress, February 19, 1872 (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1872), 354–361.
“a waste of” Waddell, Some Memories of My Life, 109–112.
“the cultivated gentleman” Wilmington Post, May 5, 1876; June 2, 1876.
Waddell poleaxed the Wilmington Post, May 19, 1876.
“as if by magic” Wilmington Post, May 5, 1876.
“placing a pistol” Wilmington Post, May 19, 1876.
Waddell was hauled Wilmington Post, May 5, 1876.
Waddell’s brother and Daily Journal, Wilmington, N.C., May 17, 1876.
Cassidey later reported Wilmington Post , May 19, 1876.
“I now make” Wilmington Post , June 9, 1876.
He lost his Prather, We Have Taken a City , 87.
“He had been” Contested Election Case, 378–379.
Waddell later bragged Rountree, “Memorandum of My Personal Recollection.”