Wilmington's Lie
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Daniels, Josephus. Editor in Politics . Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1941.
———. Tar Heel Editor. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1939.
Dawes, Charles G. A Journal of the McKinley Years. Chicago: Lakeside Press, R.R. Donnelley & Sons Company, 1950.
Dennett, John Richard. The South as It Is . Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 2010.
deRosset, William Lord. Pictorial and Historical New Hanover County and Wilmington, North Carolina, 1723–1938. Wilmington: Author, 1938.
Dixon, Thomas. The Leopard’s Spots: A Romance of the White Man’s Burden, 1865–1900. New York: Doubleday, Page & Co., 1902.
Downs, Gregory P. After Appomattox: Military Occupation and the Ends of War. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2015.
Du Bois, W. E. Burghardt. Black Reconstruction: An Essay Toward a History of the Past Which Black Folk Played in the Attempt to Reconstruct Democracy in America, 1860–1880. New York: Russell & Russell, 1935.
Edmonds, Helen G. The Negro and Fusion Politics in North Carolina, 1894-1901 . Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1951.
Evans, William McKee. Ballots and Fence Rails: Reconstruction of the Lower Cape Fear. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1995.
Foner, Eric. Reconstruction —America’s Unfinished Revolution, 1863–1877. New York: Harper & Row, 1988.
———. A Short History of Reconstruction, 1863–1877. New York: Harper & Row, 1990.
Foner, Philip S. The Voice of Black America: Major Speeches by Negroes in the United States, 1797–1973, Volume 1: 1797–1900. New York: Capricorn Books, 1975.
Foner, Philip S., and Robert James Branham, eds. Lift Every Voice: African American Oratory, 1787–1900. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 1998.
Gerard, Philip. Cape Fear Rising. Durham, NC: John F. Blair, 1994.
Gilmore, Glenda Elizabeth. Gender and Jim Crow: Women and the Politics of White Supremacy in North Carolina, 1896–1920. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1996.
Godwin, John L. Black Wilmington and the North Carolina Way: Portrait of a Community in the Era of Civil Rights Protest. Lanham, MD: University Press of America, 2000.
Goldfield, David R. Cotton Fields and Skyscrapers: Southern City and Region, 1607–1980. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1982.
Gray, Thomas R. The Confessions of Nat Turner, the Leader of the Late Insurrection in Southampton, Va., as Fully and Voluntarily Made to Thomas. R. Gray. Baltimore: Lucas and Deaver, 1831.
Hahn, Steven, Steven F. Miller, Susan E. O’Donovan, John C. Rodrigue, and Leslie S. Rowland, eds. Freedom: A Documentary History of Emancipation, 1861–1867. Series 3: Volume 1, Land and Labor, 1865. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2008.
Hamilton, J. G. de Roulhac. Reconstruction in North Carolina. Gloucester, MA: Peter Smith, 1964.
Horn, Stanley F. Invisible Empire—The Story of the Ku Klux Klan, 1866–1871. Montclair, NJ: Patterson Smith, 1969.
Hossfeld, Leslie H. Narrative, Political Unconscious and Racial Violence in Wilmington, North Carolina. New York: Routledge, 2005.
Howell, Andrew J. The Book of Wilmington. Published privately, 1930.
Justesen, Benjamin R. George Henry White—An Even Chance in the Race of Life. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2001.
Keech, William R. The Impact of Negro Voting: The Role of the Vote in the Quest for Equality. Chicago: Rand McNally & Company, 1968.
Keith, Benjamin F. Memories. Raleigh: Bynum Printing Company, 1922.
Kantrowitz, Stephen. Ben Tillman & the Reconstruction of White Supremacy. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2000.
Kousser, J. Morgan. The Shaping of Southern Politics: Suffrage Restriction and the Establishment of the One-Party South, 1880–1910. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1974.
Larsen, Lawrence H. The Rise of the Urban South. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1985.
———. The Urban South: A History. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1990.
Lefler, Hugh Talmadge, and Albert Ray Newsome. North Carolina: The History of a Southern State. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1963.
Mabry, William Alexander. The Negro in North Carolina, Politics Since Reconstruction . New York: AMS Press, 1940.
Mann, Albert W. History of the Forty-Fifth Regiment, Massachusetts Volunteer Militia. Boston: Wallace Spooner, 1908.
Merry, Robert W. President McKinley: Architect of the American Century. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2017.
Morrison, Joseph L. Josephus Daniels, the Small-d Democrat. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1966.
Olmsted, Frederick Law. A Journey in the Seaboard Slave States, with Remarks on Their Economy. London: Sampson Low, Son, and Co., 1856.
Parker, Bowdoin S. History of Edward W. Kinsley Post No. 113. Norwood, MA: Norwood Press, 1913.
Parramore, Thomas C. Carolina Quest. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1978.
Permen, Michael. Struggle for Mastery: Disenfranchisement in the South, 1888–1908. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2001.
Powell, William S. Dictionary of North Carolina Biography. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1979–1996.
———. Encyclopedia of North Carolina. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2006.
———. North Carolina: The Story of a Special Kind of Place. Chapel Hill: Algonquin Books, 1987.
Prather, H. Leon, Sr. We Have Taken a City: Wilmington Racial Massacre and Coup of 1898. Wilmington, NC: NU World Enterprises Inc., 1984.
Reaves, William M. Strength Through Struggle: The Chronological and Historical Record of the African-American Community in Wilmington, North Carolina, 1865–1950, ed. Beverly Tetterton. Wilmington: New Hanover County Public Library, 1998.
Rippy, James Fred. F. M. Simmons: Statesman of the New South, Memoirs and Addresses. Durham: Duke University Press, 1936.
Rove, Karl. The Triumph of William McKinley: Why the Election of 1896 Still Matters. New York: Simon & Schuster Paperbacks, 2015.
Simkins, Francis Butler. Pitchfork Ben Tillman, South Carolinian . Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1944.
Singletary, Otis. Negro Militia and Reconstruction. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1957.
Smith, Jessie Carney, and Carrell Peterson Horton, eds. Historical Statistics of Black America—Media to Vital Statistics. New York: Gale Research, Inc., 1995.
Sprunt, James. Chronicles of the Cape Fear River, 1660–1916. Raleigh: Edwards and Broughton Printing Company, 1916.
Still, William. Still’s Underground Rail Road Records, with a Life of the Author. Narrating the Hardships, Hairbreadth Escapes and Death Struggles of the Slaves in Their Efforts for Freedom. Together with Sketches of Some of the Eminent Friends of Freedom, and Most Liberal Aiders and Advisers of the Road. Philadelphia: William Still, 1886.
Thorne, Jack. Hanover: Or Persecution of the Lowly, Story of the Wilmington Massacre. Published by M. C. L. Hill. Copy in the North Carolina Collection, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. [Jack Thorne is the pen name of David Bryant Fulton.]
Tocqueville, Alexis de. Democracy in America, trans. George Lawrence. New York: HarperCollins, 2006.
Umfleet, LeRae Sikes. A Day of Blood: The 1898 Wilmington Race Riot. Raleigh: North Carolina Office of Archives and History, 2009.
Waddell, Alfred Moore. Some Memories of My Life. Raleigh: Edwards & Broughton Printing Company, 1908.
Walton, Hanes, Jr., Sherman C. Puckett, and Donald R. Deskins Jr. The African American Electorate: A Statistical History. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, Inc., 2012.
Watson, Alan D. Wilmington, North Carolina, to 1861. Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Company, Inc., 2003.
Woodward, C. Vann. Origins of the New South, 1877–1913. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1951.
———. The Strange Career of Jim Crow. New York
: Oxford University Press, 1966.
UNPUBLISHED MEMOIRS/DIARIES
Ashley, Moses. Diary of Moses Ashley, September 1831. M. A. Curtis Papers, Southern Historical Collection, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.
Bellamy, Ellen Douglas. “Back with the Tide: Memoirs of Ellen Douglas Bellamy.” North Carolina Room, New Hanover County Public Library.
Clawson, Thomas W. “The Wilmington Race Riot in 1898, Recollections and Memories.” Louis T. Moore Collection, North Carolina Department of Archives and History, Raleigh.
Cowan, James H. “The Wilmington Race Riot.” Louis T. Moore Collection, New Hanover County Public Library, Wilmington.
Cronly, Jane. “Account of the Race Riot.” Cronly Family Papers, Duke University, Durham.
Hayden, Harry. “White Supremacy or Black Supremacy in the Wilmington Rebellion.” New Hanover County Public Library, Wilmington, NC.
———. “The Wilmington Rebellion.” New Hanover County Public Library, Wilmington, NC.
Henderson, Sally Bettie. Excerpts from Sally Bettie Henderson diary, courtesy of Lisa Adams.
Kinsley, Edward W. “A Little More About Mary Ann Starkey” and “Ordered to Newbern.” Edward W. Kinsley Papers, University of Massachusetts Amherst Libraries.
———. “Raising the First North Carolina Colored Regiment,” Edward W. Kinsley Papers, University of Massachusetts Amherst Libraries.
Rountree, George. “Memorandum of My Personal Recollections of Election of 1898.” Henry G. Connor Papers, Southern Historical Collection, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.
ARTICLES
Abrams, Douglas Carl. “A Progressive-Conservative Duel: The 1920 Democratic Gubernatorial Primaries in North Carolina,” North Carolina Historical Review 55, no. 4 (October 1978).
Bond, James E. “Ratification of the Fourteenth Amendment in North Carolina,” Wake Forest Law Review 89 (1984).
Cash, W. J. “Jehovah of the Tar Heels,” American Mercury, July 1929.
Gatewood, Willard B., Jr. “North Carolina’s Negro Regiment in the Spanish-American War.” North Carolina Historical Review 48, no. 4 (October 1971).
Gunter, Linda. “Abraham H. Galloway (First Black Elector),” Quarterly of the North Carolina Afro-American Historical & Genealogical Society, 5, no. 3 (Fall 1990).
Kirk, J. Allen, Rev. “A Statement of Facts Concerning the Bloody Riot in Wilmington, N.C. Of Interest to Every Citizen of the United States.” Electronic Edition, Documenting the American South, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.
McLaurin, Melton Alonza. “Commemorating Wilmington’s Racial Violence of 1898: From Individual to Collective Memory,” Southern Cultures 6, no. 4 (Winter 2000).
Morris, Charles Edward. “Panic and Reprisal: Reaction in North Carolina to the Nat Turner Insurrection, 1831,” North Carolina Historical Review 62, no. 1 (January 1985).
Nash, June. “The Cost of Violence,” Journal of Black Studies 4, no. 2 (December 1973).
Olsen, Otto H. “The Ku Klux Klan: A Study in Reconstruction Politics and Propaganda,” North Carolina Historical Review 39, no. 3 (July 1962).
Prather, H. Leon. “The Red Shirt Movement in North Carolina 1898–1900. Journal of Negro History 62, no. 2 (April 1977).
Reid, Richard. “Raising the African Brigade: Early Black Recruitment in Civil War North Carolina,” North Carolina Historical Review 70, no. 3 (July 1963).
Rogoff, Leonard. “A Tale of Two Cities: Race, Riots, and Religion in New Bern and Wilmington, North Carolina, 1898,” Southern Jewish History 14 (2011).
Steelman, Bennett L. “Black, White and Gray: The Wilmington Race Riot in Fact and Legend,” North Carolina Literary Review 2, no. 1 (Spring 1994).
Tyson, Timothy B. “The Ghosts of 1898. Wilmington’s Race Riot and the Rise of White Supremacy,” News and Observer, Raleigh, November 17, 2006.
Watson, Richard L., Jr. “Furnifold Simmons: ‘Jehovah of the Tar Heels?’” North Carolina Historical Review 44, no. 2 (April 1967).
Williams, Rachel Marie-Crane. “A War in Black and White: The Cartoons of Norman Ethre Jennett & the North Carolina Election of 1898,” Southern Cultures 19, no. 2 (Summer 2013).
West, Henry Litchfield. “The Race War in North Carolina,” Forum, January 1899.
Zachary, R. E., MD. “Gun-Shot Wounds—with Report of a Case of Gun-Shot Wound of Stomach,” in Transactions of the Medical Society of the State of North Carolina, Forty-Sixth Annual Meeting, Held at Asheville, NC (Charlotte: Observer Printing and Publishing House, 1899).
THESES AND DISSERTATIONS
Appell, Stephen Maro. “The Fight for the Constitutional Convention: The Development of Political Parties in North Carolina During 1867.” Master’s thesis, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 1969.
Cody, Sue Ann. “After the Storm: Racial Violence in Wilmington, North Carolina, and Its Consequences for African Americans, 1898–1905.” Master’s thesis, University of North Carolina at Wilmington, 2000.
Higuchi, Hayumi. “White Supremacy on the Cape Fear: The Wilmington Affair of 1898.” Master’s thesis, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 1980.
Hodges, Alexander Weld. “Josephus Daniels, Precipitator of the Wilmington Race Riot of 1898.” Honors essay, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 1990.
McDuffie, Jerome A. “Politics in Wilmington and New Hanover County, North Carolina, 1865–1900: The Genesis of a Race Riot.” Ph.D. dissertation, Kent State University, 1979.
Rivers, Patrick. “Unholy Minglings: Miscegenation and the ‘White Revolution’ in Wilmington, North Carolina, 1898–1900.” Master’s thesis, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 1992.
Underwood, Evelyn. “The Struggle for White Supremacy in North Carolina.” Master’s thesis, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 1943.
Wooley, Robert Howard. “Race and Politics: The Evolution of the White Supremacy Campaign of 1898 in North Carolina.” Ph.D dissertation, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 1977.
GOVERNMENT PUBLICATIONS AND DOCUMENTS
1898 Wilmington Race Riot Report. 1898 Wilmington Race Riot Commission. LeRae Umfleet, Principal Researcher. Research Branch, Office of Archives and History, North Carolina Department of Cultural Resources. May 31, 2006.
Contested Election Case of Oliver H. Dockery v. John D. Bellamy from the Sixth Congressional District of the State of North Carolina. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1899.
Manuscript minutes, Wilmington Board of Aldermen, November 10, 1898. North Carolina Department of Archives and History, Raleigh.
National Archives Materials Relating to the 1898 Wilmington Race Riot. RG 60, General Records of the Department of Justice, Box 1117A “Year Files,” 1887–1904. File 17743-1898. Transcribed August 2000, North Carolina Department of Archives and History. New Hanover County Public Library.
Report of the Commanding Officer of Naval Battalion, Headquarters, N.C. Naval Battalion, Wilmington, NC, December 1, 1898, Reports on the Riot at Wilmington, November 22, 1898, North Carolina Public Documents, Document No. 9, North Carolina Collection, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.
Colonel Walker Taylor, Reports on the Riots at Wilmington, Adjutant-General, State of North Carolina, November 22, 1898, documents Nos. 9, 29.
Report of the Joint Committee on Reconstruction, at the First Session Thirty-Ninth Congress. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1866.
Robert Dale Owen, James McKaye, and Samuel G. Howe, “Preliminary Report of the American Freedmen’s Inquiry Commission,” to E. M. Stanton, June 30, 1863, in US Adjutant General’s Office, Negro in the Military Service, roll 2, vol. 3, pt. 1: Military Employment 1863.
Report of the Joint Select Committee to Inquire into the Condition of Affairs in the Late Insurrectionary States, Made to the Two Houses of Congress February 19, 1872. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1872.
United States Congress and O. M. Enyart, A Biographical Congressional Dictionary, 1774–1903
. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1903.
The Democratic Hand Book, 1898. Prepared by the State Democratic Executive Committee of the North Carolina Democratic Party, State Executive Committee, Raleigh: Edwards and Broughton, 1898. North Carolina Collection, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.
NEWSPAPERS AND PERIODICALS
Afro Magazine
Afro-American, Washington, DC
American Mercury
Atlanta Constitution
Baltimore Afro-American
Baltimore Sun
Brooklyn Daily Eagle
Cape-Fear Recorder
Charleston News and Courier
Charlotte Daily Observer
Charlotte Observer
Chicago Record
Collier’s Weekly
Daily Dispatch, Wilmington, NC
Daily Journal, Wilmington, NC
Daily Record, Wilmington, NC
Douglass’ Monthly
Ebony
Editor & Publisher
Evening Dispatch, Wilmington, NC
Evening Star, Washington, DC
Evening Times, Washington, DC
Fayetteville Observer
The Freeman, Indianapolis
Indianapolis Recorder
Jet
Literary Digest
Morning Post, Raleigh, NC
Morning Star, Wilmington, NC
New Berne Daily Journal
New National Era
News and Observer, Raleigh, NC
New York Journal
New York Times
New York World
North Carolina Times
Philadelphia Inquirer
Philadelphia Record
Philadelphia Times
Providence Journal
Raleigh Gazette
Raleigh Register
Raleigh Sentinel
The Record , Wilmington, NC
Richmond Times
Semi-Weekly Messenger , Wilmington, NC
Union-Republican, Winston-Salem, NC
Washington Bee
Washington Post
Washington Times
Weekly Standard, Raleigh, NC
Wilmington Daily Post
Wilmington Evening Dispatch
Wilmington Herald