Dwelling Place

by Erskine Clarke

  14. JoJ to MJ, 19 August 1847, JTU.

  15. JoJ to MJ, 28 April 1848, JTU; CCJ to MJ, 23 July 1830, JTU. For John Ross’s home on the Coosa, see Gary E. Moulton, John Ross, Cherokee Chief (Athens, Ga., 1978). For Elizur Butler, see Jill Norgren, Cherokee Cases: Two Landmark Federal Decisions in the Fight for Sovereignty (Norman, Okla., 2004).

  16. JoJ to MJ, 27 October 1847, JTU; CCJ to Mary Robarts, 4 May 1849, JTU.

  17. Federal Census, 1840, Liberty County, Ga. For Eliza Robarts’s slaves who remained in Liberty County, see TS to CCJ, 16 December 1850, JTU; EM to MJ, 10 January 1850, JTU; Eliza Robarts to CCJ, 22 January 1859, JTU. Eliza Robarts to CCJ, 18 December 1847, JTU. CPB, 64–71.

  18. CCJ to TS, 26 January 1850, JTU; Eliza Robarts to MJ, 25 December 1854, JTU; Mary Robarts to MJ, 6 January 1855, JTU; Eliza Robarts to MJ, 10 November 1856, JTU; CCJ to Eliza Robarts, 13 December 1862, JTU.

  19. CCJ to Betsy and William Maxwell, 4 October 1848, JTU.

  20. JJ and MSJ to EM, 11 November 1848, JTU.

  21. CCJ to WM, 2 February 1849, JTU

  22. CCJ to Betsy and William Maxwell, 4 October 1848, JTU; CCJ to TS, 14 December 1848, JTU.

  23. CCJ to WM, 2 February 1849, JTU; Myers, Children of Pride, 1663; JJ and MSJ to Betsy Maxwell, 11 November 1848; CCJ to JoJ, 2 April 1849, JJUG.

  24. CCJ to Mary Robarts, 4 May 1849, JTU; Daniel W. Hollis, The University of South Carolina, 2 vols. (Columbia, 1951), 1: 161–162. See also Daniel W. Hollis, “James Henley Thornwell and the South Carolina College,” Proceedings of the South Carolina Historical Association, 1953, 17–36.

  25. MJ to MSJ, 11 June 1847, JTU. For Cocke’s Alabama experiment, see Randal Miller, ed., Dear Master: Letters of a Slave Family (Ithaca, N.Y., 1978). For Cocke’s visits with the Jones family, see CCJ to WM, 23 December 1848, JTU; CCJ to MSJ, 24 December 1849, JTU.

  26. CCJ to WM, 23 December 1848, JTU; CCJ to Mary Robarts, 4 May 1849, JTU.

  27. CCJ to JoJ, 2 April 1849, JJUG.

  28. CCJ to TS, 24 October 1848, JTU.

  29. CCJ to TS, 14 December 1848, JTU; CCJ to WM, 2 February 1849, JTU. On masters’ care for elderly slaves, see Morgan, Slave Counterpoint, 334.

  30. CCJ to TS, 2 May 1849, 26 June 1849, JTU.

  31. CCJ to Betsy and William Maxwell, 4 October 1848, JTU; CCJ to WM, 2 February 1849, JTU; CCJ to TS, 26 January 1850, JTU.

  32. CCJ to TS, 23 December 1848, 24 March 1849, JTU.

  33. For slave resistance generally, see Robert William Fogel, Without Consent or Contract: The Rise and Fall of American Slavery (New York, 1989), 154–198. Eliza Robarts to JoJ, 8 July 1847, JJUG. On runaways, see John Hope Franklin and Loren Schweninger, Runaway Slaves: Rebels on the Plantation (New York, 1999); John W. Blassingame, The Slave Community: Plantation Life in the Ante-Bellum South (New York, 1972), 104–131.

  34. CCJ to WM, 2 February 1849, JTU; CCJ to TS, 24 March 1849, JTU; CCJ to Betsy Maxwell, 29 July 1849, JTU; Laura Maxwell to MJ, 25 April 1850, JTU.

  35. CCJ to EM, 19 May 1849, JTU; CCJ to William and Betsy Maxwell, 18 June 1849, JTU; CCJ to TS, 20 July 1849, JTU.

  36. MJ to EM, 30 August 1849, JTU.

  37. CCJ to TS, 26 June 1849, JTU; CCJ to EM, 5 July 1849, JTU.

  38. CCJ to William and Betsy Maxwell, 19 August 1849, 28 September 1849, JTU.

  39. J. H. Thornwell, B. M. Palmer, and Georgia Howe to CCJ, 26 April 1850, together with attached apology from Howe for being so late in giving the invitation and CCJ’s penciled note of indignation. For the theology of a “middle way,” see Erskine Clarke, Our Southern Zion: A History of Calvinism in the South Carolina Low Country, 1690–1990 (Tuscaloosa, 1996), 165–181. See also E. Brooks Holifield, The Gentlemen Theologians: American Theology in Southern Culture, 1795–1860 (Durham, N.C., 1978). Cf. Eugene Genovese, The Southern Tradition: the Achievement and Limitations of an American Conservatism (Cambridge, Mass., 1994).

  40. CCJ to William and Betsy Maxwell, 17 April 1850, JTU; Laura Maxwell to MJ, 25 April 1850, JTU.

  41. CCJ to William and Betsy Maxwell, 23 April 1850, JTU.

  42. In MJ’s hand, note dated 9 October 1857, Maybank.

  43. “Inventory of Marcia’s and Jack’s Clothing,” May 1850, JTU.

  44. “Inscription for Jack and Marcia,” 20 April 1850, in JTU.

  22. PHILADELPHIA

  1. J. J. Janeway to CCJ, 8 May 1850, JTU; “For the Anniversary of the Board of Domestic Missions, October 17, 1850,” JTU.

  2. For classic accounts of the “Protestant Empire” and its assumptions, see Martin E. Marty, Righteous Empire: the Protestant Experience in America (New York, 1970); Sydney E. Ahlstrom, A Religious History of the American People (New Haven, 1972), esp. 403–471.

  3. CCJ to MJ, 30 May 1850, JTU.

  4. Ibid.; MJ to CCJ, 5 June 1850, JTU.

  5. MSJ to CCJ, 10 June 1850, JTU; JoJ, 29 June 1850, JTU; EM to CCJ, 17 June 1850, JTU; CCJ to The Presbyterian Board of Missions, 10 July 1850, JTU.

  6. MJ to CCJ, 12 June 1850, JTU; EM to CCJ, 17 June, 1850, JTU.

  7. MJ to CCJ, 12 June 1850, JTU.

  8. MJ, Journal, 1 June 1850, JTU.

  9. CCJ and MJ to CCJj and JJ, 26 July 1850, CJUG.

  10. Cf. James William Berry, “Growing Up in the Old South: The Childhood of Charles Colcock Jones, Jr.,” (Ph.D. diss., Princeton University, 1981), esp. 266–294; James O. Breeden, Joseph Jones, M.D., Scientist of the Old South (Lexington, Ky., 1975),13–20.

  11. CCJ to CCJj and JJ, 12 September 1850, JTU; Audley Maxwell King to CCJj, 6 May 1850, JTU. See also Robert Manson Myers, ed. The Children of Pride: A True Story of Georgia and the Civil War (New Haven, 1972), 1581, 1586. Laura Maxwell to MJ, 10 February 1855, JTU.

  12. Laura Maxwell to MJ, 24 June 1850, 27 July 1850, JTU; MJ to CCJj and JJ, 1 October 1850, CJUG.

  13. MJ to CCJj and JJ, 7 October 1850, CJUG; JoJ to MJ, 1 October 1850, JTU.

  14. “For the Anniversary of the Board of Domestic Missions, October 17, 1850,” JTU. For the nineteenth century as a period of Protestant expansion, see Kenneth Scott Latourette, A History of Christianity (New York, 1953), esp. chapter 45.

  15. Cf. Benjamin Gildersleeve to CCJ, 6 June 1850, JTU; Robert Manson Myers, A Georgian at Princeton (New York, 1976), passim; CCJ, “Report to the Board of Domestic Missions,” 23 May 1853, JTU.

  16. CCJ to MJ, 7 May 1850, JTU; CCJ to CCJj and JJ, 8 May 1850, CJUG.

  17. CCJ to MJ, 10 May 1851, 27 May 1851, JTU.

  18. CCJ to MJ, 17 May 1851, JTU.

  19. See J. D. B. DeBow, Statistical View of the United States (Washington, D.C., 1854). CCJ to CCJj and JJ, 29 May 1851, CJUG.

  20. CCJ to MJ, 17 June 1851, JTU. See also Myers, A Georgian at Princeton, 159–187.

  21. MJ to CCJ, 5 May 1851, JTU.

  22. CCJ to MJ, 21 June 1851, JTU.

  23. CCJj to CCJ, 19 July 1851, CJUG.

  24. MJ to CCJ, 12 May 1851, JTU.

  25. MJ to MSJ, 12 November 1851, JTU; CCJ to MSJ, 17 November 1851, JTU.

  26. CCJ to CCJj and JJ, 19 November 1851, CJUG. JoJ to MJ, 29 August 1851, 19 May 1853, 17 October 1853, 10 January 1847, JTU. For indications of learning disabilities, see letters of Dunwody Jones in JJUG and JTU, e.g., JoJ to MJ, 12 May 1864, JTU; Dunwody Jones to JoJ, 8 April 1867, JJUG.

  27. CCJ to MSJ, 1 December 1851, JTU.

  28. MJ to CCJj, 25 December 1851, CJUG; Sarah Howe to CCJ, 31 October 1854, JTU.

  29. JoJ to MJ, 9 April 1851, JTU; James Newton Jones to JoJ, 13 June 1853, JJUG; CCJ to CCJj, 9 October 1854, CJUG.

  30. CCJ to MSJ, 1 December 1851, JTU; CCJ to MSJ, 26 November 1851, JTU. See also CCJ to CCJj, 1 December 1851, CJUG; CCJ to MSJ, 1 December 1851, JTU.

  31. CCJ to MSJ, 1 December 1851, JTU.

  32. MJ to CCJ, 20 December 1851, 22 December 1851, 23 January 1832, JTU.

  33. CCJ to MJ, 21 December 1851; CCJ to JoJ, 31 January 1852, JTU.

  34. MJ to CCJ, 5 June 1850, JTU.

  35. MJ to CCJ, 5 January 1852, JTU. See also MJ to CCJ, 13 Janua
ry 1852, JTU.

  36. MJ to CCJ, 14 January 1852, JTU. For the evangelical impulse that led many women to “witness,” see Nancy A. Hardesty, Women Called to Witness: Evangelical Feminism in the Nineteenth Century (Nashville, 1984).

  37. MJ to CCJ, 5 January 1852, JTU; MJ to JoJ, 7 March 1856, JJUG; Obituary for MJ written by JoJ, JJUG. For the varied responsibilities of slaveholding women and for the gender conventions association with them, see Elizabeth Fox-Genovese, Within the Plantation Household: Black and White Women of the Old South (Chapel Hill, 1988), esp. 116–145, 192–197.

  38. CCJ to MJ, 13 January 1852, 23 January 1852, JTU. See Lois A. Boyd and R. Douglas Brackenridge, Presbyterian Women in America: Two Centuries of a Quest for Status (Westport, Conn., 1983); Rosemary Skinner Keller, “Protestant Laywomen in Institutional Churches,” in In Our Own Voices: Four Centuries of American Women’s Religious Writing, ed. Rosemary Skinner Keller and Rosemary Radford Ruether (New York, 1995), 61–108.

  39. MJ to CCJj, 25 December 1851, CJUG; MJ to CCJ, 13 January 1852, JTU.

  40. MJ to CCJ, 16 January 1852, JTU.

  41. CCJ to MJ, 26 January 1852, JTU. Cf. CCJ to JoJ, 31 January 1852, JJUG.

  42. MJ to CCJ, 16 January 1852, 26 January 1852, 30 January 1852, JTU.

  43. See Minutes of the General Assembly, Presbyterian Church in the U.S.A., 1840–1852, PHSM; DeBow, Statistical View. For the expansion of Protestantism generally, see Curtis D. Johnson, Redeeming America: Evangelicals and the Road to Civil War (Chicago, 1993).

  44. MJ to CCJj, 17 February 1852, CJUG.

  45. SJMC to Charles Edward Maxwell, 22 March 1852, JTU.

  46. MJ to Laura Maxwell, 23 March 1852, JTU; Telegram, Charles Edward Maxwell to CCJ, 30 March 1852, JTU.

  47. CCJ to CCJj and JJ, 31 March 1852, CJUG; CCJ to CCJj and JJ, 1 April 1852, 2 April 1852, JTU.

  48. CCJ to SJMC, 3 April 1852, JTU; MJ to CCJj and JJ, 26 April 1852, CJUG.

  49. Mary Robarts to CCJ and MJ, 27 April 1852, JTU; JoJ to CCJ and MJ, 7 May 1852, JTU.

  50. JoJ to MJ, 23 April 1853, 17 October 1853, JTU.

  51. Charles West to CCJ, 28 November 1852, JTU.

  52. CCJ to J. J. Janeway and Members of the General Assembly’s Board of Missions, 2 December 1852, JTU; R. Happersett to CCJ, 14 December 1852, JTU; CCJ to CCJj, 29 December 1852, CJUG; Eliza Mallard to RQM, 19 January 1853, JTU.

  53. CCJ, Report to the Board of Domestic Missions, 25 May 1853, JTU. See CCJ to MJ, 1 January 1852, JTU; Henry Foote to CCJ, 26 February 1853, JTU; CCJ to CCJj and JJ, 26 November 1851, CJUG; CCJ to MJ, 5 January 1852, JTU. Thomas Fleming to CCJ, 19 August 1852, JTU; CCJ to SJMC, 13 December 1852, JTU. Note on Retirement, Spring of 1853, JTU. Action of the Board of Missions in Relation to the Health of C. C. Jones, 13 June 1853, JTU.

  54. CCJ to MJ, 10 June 1853, JTU.

  55. CCJ to MJ, 10 July 1853, 11 July 1853, 13 July 1853, 16 July 1853, 20 July 1853, JTU.

  56. CCJ to MJ, 20 July 1853, JTU; MJ to CCJ, 22 July 1853, JTU.

  57. The Papers of Frederick Law Olmsted, ed. Charles Capen McLaughlin, vol. 2, Slaveryin the South, ed. Charles E. Beveridge, Charles Capen McLaughlin, and David Schuyler (Baltimore, 1981), 162, 166, 168. Cf. Julia Floyd Smith, Slavery and Rice Culture in Low Country Georgia (Knoxville, 1985), 66.

  58. CCJ, Thirteenth Annual Report of the Association for the Religious Instruction of the Negroes, in Liberty County, Georgia (Savannah, 1848), 14–15; Olmsted Papers, 2: 173–177. Cf. marginal notes by CCJ in letter from Isaac Brown to CCJ, 31 July 1854, JTU.

  59. See Lori Merish, “Sentimental Consumption: Harriet Beecher Stowe and the Aesthetics of Middle-Class Ownership,” American Literary History 1, no. 1 (1996): 1–33; Andrew Burstein, Sentimental Democracy: The Evolution of America’s Romantic Self-Image (New York, 1999).

  60. Harriet Beecher Stowe, A Key to Uncle Tom’s Cabin; Presenting the Original Facts and Documents upon which the Story is Founded (1853; rpt. Port Washington, N.Y., 1968), 67.

  61. See, e.g., ibid., 39, 42, 127–129, 199–200, 244–250.

  62. Ibid., 42, 244, 127, 244.

  23. CARLAWTER III

  1. MJ to CCJj, 31 January 1856, CJUG; CCJ to TS, 26 January 1850, JTU.

  2. RQM, Plantation Life Before Emancipation (Richmond, 1892), 39–40; cf. Robert William Fogel, Without Consent or Contract: The Rise and Fall of American Slavery (New York, 1989), 47. For Cato’s ownership of two horses, see “Negro Money” in CCJ, “Memoranda Book,” JTU. For slave ownership of horses and cattle in Liberty County, see Philip D. Morgan, “The Ownership of Property by Slaves in the Mid-Nineteenth Century Low Country,” Journal of Southern History 49, no. 3 (August 1983): 399–420; Larry E. Hudson, Jr., “‘All That Cash’: Work and Status in the Slave Quarters” in Working Toward Freedom: Slave Society and Domestic Economy in the American South, ed. Larry E. Hudson, Jr. (Rochester, 1994): 77–94; Thomas F. Armstrong, “From Task Labor to Free Labor: The Transition Along Georgia’s Rice Coast, 1820–1880,” Georgia Historical Quarterly 64 (Winter 1980): 432–437.

  3. TS to CCJ, 23 October 1853, 10 November 1851, JTU. Cf. Irwin Rahnto CCJ, 3 November 1851, JTU. Cf. also Philip D. Morgan, Slave Counterpoint: Black Culture in the Eighteenth-Century Chesapeake and Lowcountry (Chapel Hill, 1998), 200–201.

  4. CCJ to TS, 23 December 1848, 23 August 1849, JTU; James Newton Jones to CCJ, 30 April 1850, JTU; TS to CCJ, 29 April, 1850, JTU.

  5. TS to CCJ, 23 December 1850, 4 January 1851, 22 January 1851, 17 March 1851, JTU. Cf. Morgan, Slave Counterpoint, 179–187.

  6. TS to CCJ, 17 March 1851, JTU.

  7. TS to CCJ, 29 November 1850, 16 December 1850, JTU; WM to CCJ, 2 December 1850, JTU; CCJ to TS, 4 December 1850, JTU; EM to MJ, 10 December 1850, JTU.

  8. TS to CCJ, 16 December 1850, 29 November 1850, 23 December 1850, JTU; EM to MJ, 10 December 1850, JTU; HHJ to CCJ and MJ, 7 April 1851, JTU.

  9. HHJ to CCJ and MJ, 7 April 1851, JTU.

  10. For an earlier expression of the controversy between planters and the Riceboro merchants, see CCJ to TS, 23 August 1849, JTU. For the broader conflict between merchants and planters see Morgan, “Ownership of Property;” Morgan, Slave Counterpoint, 300–317, 412–420. Cf. also James C. Scott, “Making Social Space for a Dissent Subculture,” in Domination and the Art of Resistance: Hidden Transcripts (New Haven, 1990), esp. 120–124.

  11. CCJ to Cato Jones, 28 January 1851, JTU.

  12. For the driver’s role and relationship with white masters, see Morgan, Slave Counterpoint, 218–225; Peter Kolchin, “Reevaluating the Antebellum Slave Community: A Comparative Perspective,” Journal of American History 70, no. 3, (1983): 595–596; James M. Clifton, “The Rice Driver: His Role in Slave Management,” South Carolina Historical Magazine 82 (October 1981): 331–353; William L. Van DeBurg, The Slave Drivers: Black Agricultural Labor Supervisors in the Antebellum South (Westport, Conn., 1979).

  13. Cato Jones to CCJ, 3 March 1851, 3 September 1852, JTU.

  14. Cato’s letters to CCJ provide an excellent example of what James C. Scott has called “the public transcript” between dominant elites and subordinates. See Scott, “The Public Transcript as a Respectable Performance,” in Domination and the Art of Resistance, 45–69, and ibid., 1–16.

  15. CCJ, The Religious Instruction of the Negroes in the United States (Savannah, 1842), 110. Cf. Scott, Domination and the Art of Resistance, 70–107.

  16. For the relationships between white mistresses and personal servants, see Catherine Clinton, The Plantation Mistress: Women’s World in the Old South (New York, 1982); Elizabeth Fox-Genovese, Within the Plantation Household: Black and White Women of the Old South (Chapel Hill, 1988), esp. 157–167, 178–186. For owners having a particularly close relationship with slaves with whom they have spent much of their adult lives, see Morgan, Slave Counterpoint, 334–335.

  17. CCJ to EM, 24 December 1837, JTU; EM to CCJ, 29 March 1838, JTU; Laura Maxwell to MJ, 25 April 1850, JTU; MJ to MSJ, 12 June 1850, JTU; MJ, Journal, 1850, JTU.

 
18. For Cassius’s ownership of a mare and a buggy, see CCJ to CCJj, 18 March 1857, CJUG; CCJ, “Account of Property belonging to Cassius left to be given away and to be sold as he desired by his former Master,” note attached to CCJj to CCJ, 20 March 1857, JTU.

  19. CCJ to TS, 12 February 1851, JTU. See also MJ to CCJ, 30 May 1851, JTU.

  20. TS to CCJ, 29 October 1850, 14 November 1850, JTU.

  21. TS to CCJ, 14 November 1850, JTU; Cato Jones to CCJ, 3 March 1851, JTU.

  22. CCJ to TS, 8 April 1850, JTU; MJ to CCJ, 30 May 1851, JTU.

  23. TS to CCJ, 27 August 1851, JTU.

  24. Irwin Rahn to CCJ, 1 September 1851, JTU; TS to CCJ, 13 October 1851, 4 November 1851, JTU.

  25. TS to CCJ, 14 July 1851, 6 August 1851, JTU; CCJ to TS, 23 August 1851, JTU.

  26. TS to CCJ, 6 September 1851, 22 January 1851, JTU; CCJ to TS, 26 January 1850, 12 February 1851, 6 March 1851, JTU.

  27. TS to CCJ, 25 September 1851, 23 October 1851, JTU; CPB, 68–69, JTU.

  28. JJ, M.D., “Outline of Investigations into the Nature, Causes and Prevention of Endemic and Epidemic Diseases, and More Especially Malarial Fever, During a Period of Thirty Years,” in Medical and Surgical Memoirs: Containing Investigations on the Geographical Distribution, Causes, Nature, Relations, and Treatment of Various Diseases, 1855–1890 (New Orleans, 1890), 3: n.p.

  29. See Fogel, “Fetal and Childhood Malnutrition and Their Affect on Slave Mortality,” in Without Consent or Contract, 142–147.

  30. For the synergistic interaction of diet, worms, malaria, and other diseases, see Kenneth F. Kiple and Virginia Himmelsteib King, Another Dimension to the Black Diaspora: Diet, Disease, and Racism (Cambridge, 1981), 113–116.

  31. For slave hunting and fishing in the low country, see Ras Michael Brown, “‘Walk in the Feenda’: West-Central Africans and the Forest in the South Carolina–Georgia Low-country,” in Central Africans and Cultural Transformations in the American Diaspora, ed. Linda M. Heywood (Cambridge, 2002), 305–317.

  32. RQM, Plantation Life Before Emancipation (Richmond, 1892), 26.

  33. TS to CCJ, 27 August 1851, JTU; Laura Maxwell to MJ, 13 August 1853, JTU; Laura Maxwell Buttolph to MJ, 5 September 1859, JTU; RQM, Plantation Life Before Emancipation, 27. Cf. Thomas S. Baker to RQM, 5 May 1849, JTU.