6. For vegetables, see CCJ, Almanac, 1857, JTU. For strawberries at Montevideo and May-bank, see, e.g., Rebecca Eliza Mallard to RQM, 28 March 1848, JTU; CCJ to MJ, 24 April 1860, JTU. For the fame of the Maybank melons, see CCJ to EM, 5 July 1849, JTU; Laura Maxwell to MJ, 6 August 1851, 13 August 1853, JTU. For pickling melons, see MJ to EM, 30 August 1849, JTU.
7. For smokehouses, see John Michael Vlach, Back of the Big House: The Architecture of Plantation Slavery (Chapel Hill, 1993), 63–76. For hog killing, see Rahn to CCJ, 21 February 1851, JTU; RQM, Plantation Life Before Emancipation, 22. For the “large sausage stuffer,” see CCJ and MJ to MSJ, 12 December 1853, JTU.
8. For syrup making, see Irwin Rahn to CCJ, 4 January 1851, JTU; MJ to CCJj, 7 December 1854, CJUG; and cf. William A. Noble, “Antebellum Hopeton and Current Altama Plantations in Georgia: A Study in Contrasts,” in One World, One Institution: The Plantation: Proceedings of the Second World Plantation Conference, ed. Sue Eakin and John Tarver (Baton Rouge, 1989), 71–85.
9. See, e.g., MJ to MSJM, 22 May 1857, JTU; MJ to CCJj, 16 July 1860, CJUG.
10. Quotations from Karen Hess, The Carolina Rice Kitchen: The African Connection (Columbia, S.C., 1992), 17, 26. For the difference between the Chinese and Indian ways of preparing rice, see ibid., 25–35. For the African connection to the low-country rice kitchen, see also Daniel C. Littlefield, Rice and Slaves: Ethnicity and the Slave Trade in Colonial South Carolina (Baton Rouge, 1981),80–88; Judith A. Carney, Black Rice: The African Origins of Rice Cultivation in the Americas (Cambridge, Mass., 2001), 112–115.
11. For pilaus, see Hess, Carolina Rice Kitchen, 36–83. Examples of recipes used for pilau at Montevideo and Maybank can be found in a collection of recipes in JTU (hereafter given as “Recipes,” JTU). These recipes, and many others in the collection, were written down by Mary Jones. Patience as the cook, however, made most use of the recipes. A number were apparently the result of Patience’s own experimenting in the kitchen.
12. “Rice Cake,” “Rice Bread,” in “Recipes,” JTU.
13. “Sea Foam Cake,” “Plain Pound Cake,” “Pound Cake,” and “Fruit Cake,” ibid. See also, e.g., Laura Maxwell to MJ, 29 December 1847, JTU.
14. “Cora’s Light Rolls,” in “Recipes,” JTU.
15. “Oyster Soup,” ibid. For fish, see MJ to CCJj, 21 August 1854, CJUG; CCJ to CCJj, 30 July 1858, CJUG; CCJ to MSJM, 20 August 1858, JTU. For crabs, see MJ to CCJj, 11 May 1854, CJUG.
16. From a facsimile of Mrs. Samuel G. Stoney, Carolina Rice Cook Book (Charleston, S.C., 1901), 4, in Hess, Carolina Rice Kitchen. For game, see Julia King to MJ, 20 August 1855, JTU; MJ to CCJj, 7 December 1854, CJUG; CCJ to MSJ, 26 November 1850, JTU; CCJ to CCJj, 29 December 1852, CJUG; MJ to CCJ, 13 January 1852, JTU.
17. MJ to CCJj and Ruth Jones, 20 September 1860, CJUG; CCJ to MSJ, 12 November 1852, JTU; CCJ to MJ, 20 October 1856, JTU; MJ to CCJj, 11 May 1854, CJUG; MJ to CCJ, 13 January 1852, JTU; Frederick Law Olmsted, A Journey in the Seaboard Slaves States: In the Years 1853–1854, With Remarks on Their Economy (New York, 1904), 2: 34. Cf. Hess, Carolina Rice Kitchen, 5.
18. Cf. B. W. Higman, Montpelier, Jamaica: A Plantation Community in Slavery and Freedom, 1739–1912 (Kingston, Jamaica, 1998), 206–210.
19. See CCJ to TS, 22 November 1848, 26 June 1849, JTU; CCJ to WM, 23 December 1848, JTU; TS to CCJ, 29 April 1850, JTU; EM to CCJ and MJ, 19 April 1850, JTU; Irwin Rahn to CCJ, 3 November 1851, JTU; CCJ to CCJj, 6 September 1854, CJUG; S. S. Barnwell to CCJ, 5 November 1856, JTU; RQM, Plantation Life Before Emancipation, 31–32. For archaeological evidence of slave use of wild foods in the Georgia low country, see Elizabeth J. Reitz, Tyson Giggs, and Ted A. Rathbun, “Archaeological Evidence for Subsistence on Coastal Plantations,” in The Archaeology of Slavery and Plantation Life, ed. Teresa A. Singleton (Orlando, 1985), 163–187.
20. “Account of Property belonging to Cassius,” note written by CCJ and attached to CCJj to CCJ, 20 March 1857, JTU; RQM, Plantation Life Before Emancipation, 30.
21. MJ to SJMC, 2 December 1852, JTU. For slave food generally in the low country, see Patricia Samford, “The Archaeology of African-American Slavery and Material Culture,” William and Mary Quarterly, 3rd ser., 53, no. 1 (January 1996): 95–97; Leland Ferguson, Uncommon Ground: Archaeology and Early African America, 1650–1800 (Washington, D.C., 1992), 93–99; Beoku-Betts, “‘She Make Funny Flat Cake’;” Philip D. Morgan, Slave Counterpoint: Black Culture in the Eighteenth-Century Chesapeake and Lowcountry (Chapel Hill, 1998), 134–143. For a general assessment of slave diets, see Robert William Fogel, Without Consent or Contract: The Rise and Fall of American Slavery (New York, 1989), 132–142.
22. For hoppin’ john, see Hess,Carolina Rice Kitchen, 93–110; and Morgan, Slave Counterpoint, 141.
23. Cf. MJ to CCJj, 26 September 1859, CJUG.
24. See Hess, Carolina Rice Kitchen, 111–113, for the widespread use of okra in the African diaspora. For the use of okra soup in the settlements, see Roswell King, Jr., “Letter to the Editor,” Southern Agriculturalist 1 (December 1828): 525–527.
25. See CCJ, “Stock on the three Plantations,” Almanac, June 1855, JTU. Cf. CCJ, Almanac, November 1857, JTU. For the purchase of pork for the settlements, see Benjamin Allen to CCJ, 11 April 1853, JTU; Irwin Rahn to CCJ, 19 May 1853, JTU; Montgomery Cumming to CCJ, 22 April 1854, JTU. For the use of beef in slave diets in the low country, see Fogel, Without Consent or Contract 136–137. CCJ to TS, 26 June 1849, JTU. For the killing of cattle for the people in the settlements, see CCJ to TS, 22 November 1848, 23 August 1849, JTU; Andrew [Lawson] to CCJ, 10 September 1852, JTU; CCJ to MJ, 25 November 1859, JTU. For Cato’s cattle, see CCJ, Almanac, November 1857, JTU.
26. Fogel, Without Consent or Contract, 137–147; MJ to CCJ, 5 January 1852, JTU; CCJ to MJ, 24 April 1860, JTU; Eliza Clay to MJ, 30 April 1860, JTU.
27. Cf. Scott, Domination and the Art of Resistance, 33.
28. CPB, 67–69, 72, 78.
28. MONTEVIDEO
1. Charles and Mary Jones moved into the old section of Montevideo in January 1856, following a short stay at Arcadia. See MJ to CCJj, 18 December 1855, CJUG; CCJ to MSJ, 10 January 1856, JTU.
2. See CCJ to Wm. Patterson, 29 August 1856, JTU for details of the renovated Montevideo plantation house.
3. See Robert Manson Myers, ed., The Children of Pride: A True Story of Georgia and the Civil War (New Haven, 1972), 18, for this undated note by MJ found in JTU.
4. Cf. for the layout of plantations and varying perspectives, John Michael Vlach, Back of the Big House: The Architecture of Plantation Slavery (Chapel Hill, 1993).
5. See, e.g., Eliza Robarts to MJ, 10 November 1856, JTU; CCJ, Almanac 1857, 8 March 1857, JTU; CCJ to MJ, 20 October 1856, JTU; CCJ to MSJM, 7 December 1857, JTU.
6. CCJ, Almanac 1858, 15 July 1858, JTU; MJ to CCJj, 11 May 1854, JTU; Myers, Children of Pride, 1691.
7. MSJ to MJ and CCJ, 18 November 1852, JTU; Luther James to CCJ, 2 July 1853, JTU.
8. MSJ to JJ, 21 December 1853, JTU; Myers, Children of Pride, 1478.
9. See Rebecca Mallard to RQM, 12 April 1849, 23 May 1849, JTU.
10. Ethel Davis Hack Martin, Jane Hack Allen, Lillian Norman Boroughs, “Walthour-ville,” in Liberty County, Georgia: A Pictorial History, compiled by Virginia Fraser Evans (Statesville, N.C., 1979), 53–78.
11. CCJ to MSJ, 22 October 1855, JTU; MJ to MSJ, 10 March 1855, 3 October 1855, JTU; RQM, Plantation Life Before Emancipation (Richmond, 1892), 20–28.
12. MSJ to Mary Jones Taylor, 5 November 1856, JTU; T. S. Baker to RQM, 25 August 1846, JTU; MJ to CCJ, 26 May 1852, JTU; “Minutes of the Session, Midway Congregational Church,” May 1852, PHSM.
13. RQM to MSJM, 13 July 1869, 4 September 1856, JTU. A number of the love letters between RQM and MSJ are in Myers, Children of Pride; see, e.g., 231–235, 251–253, 258–260, 271–272, 280–281, 283–286.
14. MJ to CCJj, 2 April 1857, CJUG; Sarah Howe to MJ, 10 April 1857, JTU; John H. Cocke to CCJ, 14 April 1857, JTU.
15. CCJ, Almanac 1857, 15 January 1857, 8 March 1857, JTU; CCJj to CCJ, 14 March 1857, JTU; CCJ to CCJj, 2 October 1856, CJUG.
16. Isabel King to MJ, 15 April 1857, JTU.
17. CCJ, Almanac 1857, 4 April 1857, 22 April 1857, JTU; RQM to MSJM, 13 July 1869, JTU; MJ to SJMC, 9 April 1857, JTU.
18. CCJ to CCJj, 27 April 1857, CJUG; CCJ, Almanac 1857, 27 April 1857, JTU.
19. See Indenture Between MSJ and RQM, County Record O, 316, 1857, SCLC.
20. Ibid.
21. “Tax Returns for C. C. Jones, Jun., Joseph Jones, and M. S. Jones for 1857,” 1 April 1857, JTU.
22. For the character of Charles Berrien Jones and his relationship with CCJ and MJ, see MJ to CCJ, 5 January 1852, JTU; EM to CCJ, 8 March 1852, JTU; C. B. Jones to CCJ, 11 July 1852, JTU; CCJ to CCJj, JJ, and MSJ, 10 January 1853, CJUG; MJ to CCJj, 29 March 1854, CJUG; C. B. Jones to MJ, 24 July 1856, JTU; MSJM to MJ, 18 March 1865, JTU.
23. HHJ to JoJ, 6 February 1860, JJUG; MJ to EM, 24 September 1846, JTU; HHJ to CCJ, 4 May 1857, JTU.
24. MJ to MSJM, 22 May 1857. See also Minutes of the General Assembly of the Presbyterian Church in the United States of America with an Appendix (Philadelphia, 1857).
25. MJ to MSJM, 10 July 1857, 1 August 1857, JTU.
26. JoJ to CCJ and MJ, 1 June 1857, JTU; Myers, Children of Pride, 1573; Joseph Lumpkin to CCJ, 26 April 1858, JTU.
27. Myers, Children of Pride, 1568.
28. JoJ to CCJ, 4 May 1858, JTU; MJ to JJ, 13 May 1858, JTU. I have concluded by reviewing the ages of the children at Montevideo that Porter and Patience’s Robin was the child nursed by Mary Sharpe Mallard. See CPB, 73.
29. MJ to CCJj, 19 June 1858, CJUG.
30. See, e.g., MJ, Journal, 21 October 1860, JTU.
29. THE RETREAT III
1. CCJ to MSJ, 29 December 1856, JTU; Last Will and Testament of Joseph Jones, Will Record, 1824–1850, PCLC; “White Oak Plantation (S. M. Cumming) in Account Current with CCJ,” MPB, 49; Eliza Robarts to SJMC, 5 November 1857, JTU.
2. “Facts Respecting the Case of Infanticide on Montevideo Plantation,” enclosure in letter CCJ to CCJj, 10 November 1859, CJUG. See also Dr. Thomas Middleton Stuart to CCJ, November 1859, JTU.
3. CCJ, The Religious Instruction of the Negroes in the United States (Savannah, 1842), 135; CCJ, Almanac 1859, 3 November 1859, JTU.
4. CCJj to CCJ, 11 November 1859, 23 November 1859, CJUG; MJ to CCJ, 25 November 1859, JTU.
5. CCJ to CCJj, 10 December 1859, CJUG.
6. For the record of Lucy’s whipping, see the notes by CCJ on the back of “Facts Respecting the Case of Infanticide on Montevideo Plantation,” enclosure in letter CCJ to CCJj, 10 November 1859, CJUG. For an earlier and particularly brutal whipping ordered by the court in Liberty County, see Ralph Betts Flanders, Plantation Slavery in Georgia (Chapel Hill, 1935), 262. For the use of the whip on plantations, see Laura to CCJ, June, 1852, JTU; and cf. William Dusinberre, Them Dark Days: Slavery in the American Rice Swamps (New York, 1996), 126–128, 254–260; Philip D. Morgan, Slave Counterpoint: Black Culture in the Eighteenth-Century Chesapeake and Lowcountry (Chapel Hill, 1998), 266–267.
7. CCJj to CCJ, 12 December 1859, CJUG. Cf. Martha Hodes, White Women, Black Men: Illicit Sex in the Nineteenth–Century South (New Haven, 1997), 52, 82, 137, 150.
8. CCJ, Almanac 1859, 19 December 1859, 21 December 1859, JTU; and see MJ to CCJj, 20 September 1863, 15 December 1859, CJUG.
9. MJ to MSJM, 9 December 1858, JTU; HHJ to MJ, 25 March 1863, JTU; Abby Jones to MJ, 8 January 1859, JTU; CCJ, Almanac 1859, 3 January 1859, JTU.
10. JoJ to MJ, 16 January 1859, JTU; John Jones to MJ, 16 July 1859, JTU; CCJ, Almanac, 6 January 1860, JTU.
11. See Ira Berlin, Generations of Captivity: A History of African-American Slaves (Cambridge, Mass., 2003), 161–244, for the massive movement of slaves out of the old seaboard to the west.
12. Eliza Robarts to CCJ, 22 January 1859, JTU.
13. HHJ to MJ, 4 November 1854, JTU. See gravestones of children of Henry Hart Jones and Abigail Jones in Midway cemetery.
14. CCJ, Almanac, 23 March 1859, JTU; HHJ to JoJ, 25 April 1859, JJUG.
15. HHJ to JoJ, 6 February 1860, JJUG.
16. Ibid. See also HHJ to Thomas King, 13 April 1860, JJUG, in which HHJ refers to the written confessions of the children; CCJ to MJ, 24 April 1860, JTU.
17. Last Will and Testament of Nathaniel Varnedoe, Will Record, 1850–1863, PCLC, 232–233; CCJ to CCJj, 24 April 1856, CJUG. See “Negro Money” in CCJ, “Memoranda Book,” JTU.
18. Plenty Varnedoe to CCJ, 19 August 1859, JTU; JoJ to MJ, 16 January 1859, JTU.
19. Ben Lowe to Beck [Jones], 21 October 1860, 23 July 1860, JTU; J. A. Anderson to CCJ, 26 December 1860, JTU.
20. CCJ to CCJj, 3 October 1861, CJUG. See Will of A. Maxwell, Will Record, 1824–1850, 11 January 1841, PCLC; “List of Negroes of Mrs. Julia King, 1854,” Roswell King file, Midway Museum, Midway, Ga.; CCJ to CCJj, 6 September 1854, CJUG; Will of Roswell King, Jun., Will Record, 1824–1850, 4 September 1854, PCLC; CCJ, Almanac 1859, 20 January 1859, JTU.
21. CCJj to CCJ and MJ, 11 September 1858, JTU; HHJ to MJ, 11 October 1858, JTU; Abream Scriven to Dinah Jones, 19 September 1858, JTU.
22. MSJM to MJ, 10 March 1863, JTU.
23. Robert Manson Myers, ed. The Children of Pride: A True Story of Georgia and the Civil War (New Haven, 1972), 1505–1506; CCJ to CCJj, 19 October 1859, CJUG.
24. See, e.g., CCJ, Almanac 1859, passim, JTU.
25. Charles Scribner to CCJ, 9 July 1860, JTU.
26. For WilliamStatesLee, Sr., and the character of the Edisto Island Presbyterian Church, see Erskine Clarke, Our Southern Zion: A History of Calvinism in the South Carolina Low Country, 1690–1990 (Tuscaloosa, 1996), 126, 225, and 305.
27. MJ to CCJj, 16 July 1860, CJUG.
30. SOUTHERN ZION
1. CCJ to CCJj, 15 October 1860, CJUG; and cf. James William Berry, “Growing Up in the Old South: The Childhood of Charles Colcock Jones, Jr.” (Ph.D. diss., Princeton University, 1981), 266–294; James O. Breeden, Joseph Jones, M.D., Scientist of the Old South (Lexington, Ky., 1975), 13–20.
2. CCJ to JoJ, 11 November 1850, JJUG; MJ and CCJ to CCJj and JJ, 21 November 1850, CJUG; and cf. CCJ to MJ, 11 July 1853, JTU.
3. CCJ to CCJj, 7 November 1859, CJUG.
4. CCJj to CCJ and MJ, 18 October 1860, CJUG.
5. CCJ to CCJj, 27 October 1860, CJUG.
6. MJ to CCJj, 15 November 1860, CJUG; CCJ to CCJj, 15 November 1860, CJUG.
7. CCJ to CCJj, 19 November 1860, CJUG.
8. Robert Long Groover, Sweet Land of Liberty: A History of Liberty County, Georgia (Roswell, Ga., 1987), 147–148.
9. Breeden, Joseph Jones, 68–87.
10. JJ, Agricultural Resources of Georgia: Address Before the Cotton Planters Convention of Georgia at Macon, December 13, 1860 (Augusta, Ga., 1861), 10.
11. CCJ to MSJM, 13 December 1860, JTU.
12. CCJ to CCJj, 20 April 1861, 10 July 1862, CJUG; CCJ to David Porter, 30 April 1861, JTU.
13. CCJj to CCJ, 25 June 1861, in Robert Manson Myers, ed., The Children of Pride: A True Story of Georgia and the Civil War (New Haven, 1972), 701; MJ to CCJ, 2 July 1861, JTU.
14. CCJ to CCJj, 2 July 1861, CJUG; CCJj to CCJ and MJ, 29 July 1861, in Myers, Children of Pride, 723.
15. CCJ to William States Lee, 26 August 1861, JTU.
16. Ibid.
17. John Johnson and A. G. Redd to CCJ, 24 September 1861, JTU.
18. CCJ to John Johnson and A. G. Redd, 16 October 1861, JTU.
19. John Johnson to CCJ, 18 November 1861, JTU.
20. CCJ to John Johnson, 25 December 1861, JTU. Cf. Catherine Clinton, “Caught in the Web of the Big House: Women and Slavery,” in Women and the Family in a Slave Society, ed. Paul Finkelman (New York, 1989), 9–24.
21. Minutes of the Session, First Presbyterian Church, Columbus, Ga., 1861–1863, PHSM. See CPB, 72; MJ to CCJj, 19 March 1866, CJUG.
22. Er
skine Clarke, Our Southern Zion: A History of Calvinism in the South Carolina Low Country, 1690–1990 (Tuscaloosa, 1996), 210–215; CCJ to David Porter, 30 April 1861, JTU.
23. MJ to CCJj, 3 December 1861, CJUG.
24. Clarke, Our Southern Zion, 207–215.
25. CCJ, Religious Instruction of the Negroes. An Address Delivered before the General Assembly of the Presbyterian Church, at Augusta, Ga., December 10, 1861 (Richmond, n.d.), 24.
31. INDIANOLA
1. James M. McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era (New York, 1988), 308–336.
2. Mary Robarts to MJ, 31 May 1861, JTU.
3. Ibid.; JoJ to CCJ and MJ, 31 July 1861, JTU.
4. Robert Manson Myers, ed., The Children of Pride: A True Story of Georgia and the Civil War (New Haven, 1972), 725; MJ to CCJj, 25 July 1861, CJUG; JoJ to CCJ and MJ, 31 July 1861, JTU.
5. CCJ to CCJj, 8 December 1862, CJUG. For the role of religion in the Civil War, see Randall M. Miller, Harry S. Stout, and Charles Reagan Wilson, eds., Religion and the American Civil War (New York, 1998); James W. Silver, Confederate Morale and Church Propaganda (Gloucester, Mass., 1964); James H. Moorhead, American Apocalypse: Yankee Protestants and the Civil War, 1860–1869 (New Haven, 1978).
6. CCJ to CCJj, 11 September 1861, CJUG; CCJ to RQM, 30 November 1861, JTU; Malcolm Bell, Jr., Major Butler’s Legacy: Five Generations of a Slaveholding Family (Athens, Ga., 1987), 352–371.
7. MJ to CCJj, 3 December 1861, CJUG; CCJ, Almanac 1862, 25 February 1862, 17 March 1862, JTU; CPB, “List of People, March 25, 1862,” JTU.
8. CCJ, Almanac 1862, 25 February 1862, 31 December 1862, JTU; Wm. C. Stevens to CCJ, 30 March 1861, JTU; CCJ to CCJj, 3 October 1861, CJUG.
Dwelling Place Page 80