9. CCJ, Almanac 1862, 5 March 1862, JTU.
10. For the mobilization of slaves for the Confederate war effort, see Thomas C. Bryan, Confederate Georgia (Athens, Ga., 1953), 132–133; Bell Irvin Wiley, Southern Negroes, 1861–1865 (New Haven, 1938), 114–122.
11. CCJ, Almanac 1862, 4 April 1862, 3 October 1862, 19 October 1862, JTU; MJ to CCJj, 16 April 1862, CJUG; CCJ to CCJj, 14 June 1862, CJUG.
12. CCJ to CCJj, 28 April 1862, CJUG; James O. Breeden, Joseph Jones, M.D.: Scientist of the Old South (Louisville, Ky., 1975), 118–121.
13. CCJj to CCJ, 30 April 1862, CJUG; CCJ, Almanac 1862, 26 April 1862; CCJ to CCJj, 28 April 1862, CJUG.
14. Lawrence W. Levine, Black Culture and Black Consciousness: Afro-American Folk Thought from Slavery to Freedom (New York, 1977), 100; CCJ, Almanac 1862, 26 April 1862.
15. CCJ to Eliza Robarts, 5 July 1862, JTU.
16. CCJ to CCJj, 10 July 1862, CJUG; Laura Maxwell Buttolph to MJ, 12 December 1857, JTU; CCJ, Almanac, 26 December 1857, JTU.
17. CCJ to CCJj, 10 July 1862, JTU; Laura Maxwell Buttolph to MJ, 7 August 1862, JTU.
18. David Buttolph to JoJ, 28 July 1862, JJUG.
19. CCJ to CCJj, 10 July 1862, CJUG; David Buttolph to JoJ, 28 July 1862, JJUG; CCJ, Almanac, 1 August 1862, 18 August 1862, 14 September 1862, JTU; LauraMaxwell Buttolph to MJ, 7 August 1862, JTU; CCJ to MSJM, 23 September 1862, JTU; and cf. James C. Scott, Domination and the Art of Resistance: Hidden Transcripts (New Haven, 1990), 197; Leon F. Litwack, Been in the Storm So Long: The Aftermath of Slavery (New York, 1979), 55.
20. CCJ to CCJj, 11 November 1861, CJUG. Cf. CCJ to JoJ, 15 September 1862, JJUG.
21. CCJj to CCJ, 16 October 1862, CJUG.
22. CCJ to CCJj, 30 September 1862, CJUG.
23. CCJ to JoJ, 15 September 1862, JJUG; Irwin Rahn to CCJ, 23 September 1851, JTU; MJ to CCJj, 24 September 1863, CJUG. A note in CCJ’s hand lists those going to Indianola and those staying in Liberty County, box 20, folder 4, JTU. SJMC to CCJ, 14 November 1862, JTU; CCJ, Almanac, 18 November 1862, JTU.
24. CCJ to CCJj, 10 November 1862, CJUG; CCJj to CCJ, 10 November 1862, CJUG; CCJ to David Buttolph, 14 November 1862, JTU; “Indianola List,” JTU; CCJ, Almanac, 18 November 1862, JTU; JoJ to MJ, 19 May 1863, 16 June 1863, 7 December 1863, JTU; MJ to John Jones, 15 April 1864, JJUG.
25. CCJ, Almanac, 18 November 1862, JTU.
26. Ibid.
27. CCJ, Almanac, 8 December 1862, JTU; CCJ to CCJj, 8 December 1862, CJUG. For the movement of slaves around the South in response to Federal threats, see Litwack, Been in the Storm So Long, 30–36.
28. For the extent of the breakup of the settlements in Liberty County, see CCJ to Eliza Robarts, 13 December 1862, JTU.
29. Litwack, Been in the Storm So Long, 104–166; Ira Berlin and Leslie S. Rowland, eds., Families and Freedom: A Documentary History of African-American Kinship in the Civil War Era (New York, 1997), 21–54.
30. CCJ, Almanac, 18 November 1862, JTU.
31. CCJj to CCJ and MJ, 3 March 1863, CJUG.
32. CCJ, Almanac, 12 March 1863, JTU.
33. MJ to Mary Jones Mallard, 30 March 1863, JTU; CCJj to George Howe, 19 March 1863, in Myers, Children of Pride, 1041–1044.
34. MJ, Journal, 16 March 1863, JTU.
35. Myers, Children of Pride, 1042; David Buttolph, “Funeral Sermon for the Rev. Charles Colcock Jones,” JTU.
32. THE REFUGE
1. RQM, “Common Place Book,” 18 June 1863, PHSM; CCJj to MJ, 3 April 1863, CJUG.
2. MJ to CCJj, 5 June 1863, CJUG.
3. JoJ to MJ, 24 March 1863, JTU; HHJ to MJ, 25 March 1863, JTU; George Howe to MJ, 28 March 1863, JTU; Joseph Williams to John Jones, 26 April 1863, JJUG.
4. James O. Breeden, Joseph Jones, M. D.: Scientist of the Old South (Lexington, Ky., 1975), 125, 127, 159, 198. Joseph Jones, Medical and Surgical Memoirs, vol. 3 (New Orleans, 1890), 405–418, contains JJ’s medical investigations at Andersonville, together with sketches of arms and legs infected with gangrene. See also Horace H. Cunningham, Doctors in Gray: The Confederate Medical Service (Baton Rouge, 1958), esp. 239–244. Dunwody Jones is quoted in James M. McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era (New York, 1988), 801–802.
5. CCJj to MJ, 31 August 1863, 12 October 1863, CJUG.
6. Robert Manson Myers, ed., The Children of Pride: A True Story of Georgia and the Civil War (New Haven, 1972), 1516; CCJ to CCJj, 20 December 1861, CJUG; CCJj to MJ, 4 August 1863, CJUG.
7. Eva Eve Jones to MSJM, 23 April 1864, JTU.
8. Cf. Anne C. Rose, Victorian America and the Civil War (New York, 1992).
9. MJ to CCJj, 29 May 1863, CJUG.
10. CCJ to CCJj, 27 January 1863, 23 February 1863, CJUG; CCJj to CCJ and MJ, 14 February 1863; CCJ, Almanac 1863, 16 February 1863, 24 February 1863, JTU.
11. MJ to MSJM, 5 March 1864, 16 March 1863, 30 March 1863, JTU.
12. RQM to MSJM, 23 September 1863, 30 September 1863, 6 October 1863, JTU; RQM, “Record of Pastor,” 1863, PHSM.
13. MJ to MSJM, 8 December 1863; RQM to MSJM, 21 January 1863, JTU.
14. MSJM to MJ, 11 December 1863, 20 December 1860, 8 February 1864, JTU.
15. MSJM to MJ, 10 March 1864, JTU.
16. Stanley P. Hirshson, The White Tecumseh: A Biography of General William T. Sherman (New York, 1997), 207–223; MSJM to MJ, 27 May 1864, 7 June 1864, 11 June 1864, 23 June 1863, JTU.
17. McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, 749–750; Hirshson, White Tecumseh, 223–224. Cf. JoJ to MSJM, 1 July 1864, JTU; and see MSJM to Laura Maxwell Buttolph, 18 July 1864, JTU.
18. MJ to SJMC, 22 July 1864, JTU; RQM, “Record of Pastor,” 19 July 1864, PHSM.
19. RQM, “Common Place Book,” 7 September 1864, PHSM; CCJ to Eliza Robarts, 13 December 1862, JTU; MSJM to MJ, 19 October 1864, 26 August 1864, JTU.
20. Hirshson, White Tecumseh, 252–253; Sarah Blackwell Temple, The First Hundred Years: A Short History of Cobb County, Georgia (Atlanta, 1935), 332–334, 534.
21. Hirshson, White Tecumseh, 252–253.
22. Breeden, Joseph Jones, 164.
23. Carolyn Clay Swiggart, Shades of Gray: The Clay and McAllister Families of Bryan County, Georgia, During the Plantation Years (ca. 1760–1888) (Darien, Conn., 1999), 32.
24. The following account of Yankee raids of Montevideo is drawn largely from the overlapping diaries of MJ and MSJM. For a textual analysis of the diaries, see David Gruning, “A Note on the Civil War Diaries in the Charles Colcock Jones Collection,” JTU. Hereafter given as MJ and MSJM, Diaries. The page numbers refer to the typed copy of the diaries in JTU.
25. MJ and MSJM, Diaries, 1–2.
26. Ibid., 4.
27. Ibid., 5; RQM, “Common Place Book,” 7 September 1865.
28. MJ and MSJM, Diaries, 5–11.
29. Ibid., 11. For Audley King, see Joseph LeConte, ‘Ware Sherman: A Journal of Three Months’ Personal Experience in the Last Days of the Confederacy (Berkeley, 1937), 24–25, 51.
30. MJ and MSJM, Diaries, 11–13.
31. Ibid., 14.
32. Ibid., 14–29; Hirshson, White Tecumseh, 264; Leon F. Litwack, Been in the Storm So Long: The Aftermath of Slavery (New York, 1979), 122.
33. Raymond Harris to MJ, 25 November 1867, JTU; MJ and MSJM, Diaries, 33–35.
34. MJ and MSJM, Diaries, 37. See also LeConte, ‘Ware Sherman, 43, for light from burning plantations.
35. MJ and MSJM, Diaries, 23, 41; Margaret Rebecca Miller, “Diary,” in Robert Long Groover, Sweet Land of Liberty: A History of Liberty County, Georgia (Roswell, Ga., 1987), 171–175; RQM, Plantation Life Before Emancipation (Richmond, 1892), 230.
36. MJ, Journal, [22 December? 1864], JTU.
37. Ibid.
38. MJ and MSJM, Diaries, 18, 25, 33.
39. Ibid., 23, 30.
40. Ibid., 42–43.
41. Ibid., 23; Claim of Davy Stevens and Claim of Linda Roberts, Liberty County, Georgia, Case Files, Southern Claims Commission, Records of the 3rd Auditor, Allowed Case Files, Records of
the U.S. General Accounting Office, RG 217 (National Archives, Washington, D.C.). For an analysis of the claims of former slaves in Liberty County against the U.S. government for confiscation of their property by Union troops, see Dylan Pennigroth, “Slavery, Freedom, and Social Claims to Property Among African Americans in Liberty County, Georgia, 1850–1880,” Journal of American History 84 (1997): 405–435; Philip D. Morgan, “The Ownership of Property by Slaves in the Mid-Nineteenth-Century Low Country,” Journal of Southern History 49 (August 1983): 399–420. For Toney Stevens, see Groover, Sweet Land of Liberty, 49.
42. MJ to JoJ, 30 January 1865, JTU. Cf. Pennigroth, “Slavery, Freedom, and Social Claims to Property,” 406.
43. MSJM to MJ, 8 March 1865, JTU.
44. MJ to SJMC, 25 March 1865, JTU.
45. MJ, Journal, April 1865, JTU.
46. MJ, Journal, March 1865, JTU.
33. THE PROMISED LAND
1. Laura Buttolph to MJ, 30 June 1865, JTU. This letter in Laura Buttolph’s hand, with the date written later, is not the same letter written by Buttolph to MJ on the same date that is in Robert Manson Myers, ed., The Children of Pride: A True Story of Georgia and the Civil War (New Haven, 1972), 1277. Much of the content and language of the two letters are the same. For the colony of freed people on St. Catherine’s Island, see Robert Long Groover, Sweet Land of Liberty: A History of Liberty County, Georgia (Roswell, Ga., 1987), 51–52.
2. MJ to CCJj, 18 September 1863, CJUG; JoJ to MSJM, 1 July 1864, JTU; RQM, “Common Place Book,” 7 August 1864, PHSM; JoJ to MJ, 21 August 1865, JTU.
3. See note 24 in chapter 32 above. MJ and MSJM, Diaries, 43–44.
4. For an example of CCJ’s class analysis, see CCJ, Eleventh Annual Report of the Association for the Religious Instruction of the Negroes, in Liberty County, Georgia (Savannah, 1846). For racism in proslavery thought, see Larry E. Tise, Proslavery: A History of the Defense of Slavery in America, 1701–1840 (Athens, Ga., 1987).
5. Leon F. Litwack, Been in the Storm So Long: The Aftermath of Slavery (New York, 1979), 167–220.
6. MJ to JoJ, 18 September 1865, JJUG; MJ to CCJj, 6 September 1865, CJUG; Groover, Sweet Land of Liberty, 51. Cf. also James C. Scott, Domination and the Art of Resistance: Hidden Transcripts (New Haven, 1990), 45–69.
7. Except for the next reference, Cato disappears from the Jones materials at Tulane and the University of Georgia after November 1865.
8. “Negro Money” in CCJ, “Memoranda Book,” 24 January 1866, JTU; Nancy to Julia King, 5 April 1866, Midway Museum, Midway, Georgia; MJ to MSJM, 14 May 1866, JTU.
9. MJ to CCJj, 26 November 1865, JTU; cf. Litwack, Been in the Storm So Long, 292, from which the above point is drawn. See also Elizabeth Regosin, Freedom’s Promise: Ex-Slave Families and Citizenship in the Age of Emancipation (Charlottesville, 2002).
10. MJ, Journal, 16 March 1866, JTU; Mary E. Robarts to MJ, 11 April, 1867.
11. MJ to JoJ, 1 December 1865, JJUG; Mrs. LeCounte Baggs, interview by author, Liberty County, Ga., 12 May 2002.
12. For those living at Carlawter, see “Memorandum of Agreement, Montevideo Plantation,” 1866 and 1867, CJUG.
13. “Memorandum of Agreement, Montevideo Plantation,” 1866, 1867, CJUG; Office of B.R.F. and A. L., Walthourville, to July [Reece] and Jesse [Reece], 23 April 1866, JTU; MJ to SJMC, 1 May 1866, JTU; MJ to CCJj, 28 May 1866, CJUG; “Memorandum of Agreement, White Oak Plantation,” 1870, CJUG.
14. MJ to JoJ, 18 September 1865, JJUG.
15. Ibid.; JoJ to MJ, 9 January 1866, JTU.
16. MJ to JoJ, 1 December 1865, JJUG; MJ to MSJM, 9 December 1865, JTU.
17. MJ, Journal 21 November 1867, JTU; MJ to MSJM, 4 March 1867, JTU. For the renting of land at Arcadia by former Jones slaves, see “Memorandum of Agreement, Arcadia Plantation,” 1866, CJUG. In 1868 MJ paid Porter $150 to repair buildings at Montevideo. See note signed by “Porter Way, January 4, 1868,” JTU. See also Thomas F. Armstrong, “From Task Labor to Free Labor: The Transition Along Georgia’s Rice Coast, 1820–1880,” Georgia Historical Quarterly 64 (Winter 1980): 432–437. A number of contracts between white plantation owners and freed people in Liberty County can be found in “Records of the Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands,” Record Group 105, National Archives, Washington, D.C. Included are contracts for the Retreat, South Hampton, and Laurel View.
18. MJ to MSJM, 9 December 1865, JTU.
19. Ibid.
20. For the ways in which memory can shatter the ideological claims of a dominant class, see Michael Walzer, Interpretation and Social Criticism (Cambridge, Mass., 1987); Hans-Georg Gadamer, Truth and Method (New York, 1984), esp. “Hermeneutics and Historicism,” 460–491; Paul Ricoeur, The Conflict of Interpretations (Evanston, Ill., 1974).
21. “Minutes of the Session, Midway Congregational Church,” 21 May 1852, PHSM. For the implication of surnames for slaves, see Herbert G. Gutman, The Black Family in Slavery and Freedom, 1750–1925 (New York, 1976), 230–256.
22. The surnames are given in “Memorandum of Agreement, Montevideo Plantation,” 1866, 1867, 1869, and in “Memorandum of Agreement, White Oak Plantation,” 1870, CJUG.
23. MJ, Journal, 4 November 1866, JTU.
24. Charles A. H. Maxwell, Advance Through Storm: History of Midway First Presbyterian Church (Pembroke, Ga., 1966), 7–11; Fifth Annual Report of the General Assembly’s Committee on Freedmen, of the Presbyterian Church, in the United States of America (Pittsburgh, 1870), 17, 28; Third Annual Report of the [Northern] Presbyterian Committee of Missions for Freedmen, to the General Assembly of the Presbyterian Church (1873), 8, PHSM; Groover, Sweet Land of Liberty, 53.
25. Minutes of the New Sunbury Association, Held with Jones’ Creek Church, Liberty County, Ga., November 24, 25, and 26, 1866 (Savannah, 1867); Molene Herbert Chambless Burke, interview by author, Walthourville, Ga., 14 March 1997.
26. For a positive appraisal of CCJ’s continuing influence among the blacks of Liberty County, see Lillie Walthour Gillard, “A Chronicle of Black History in Liberty County, Georgia,” in Liberty County, Georgia: A Pictorial History, compiled by Virginia Fraser Evans (Statesville, N.C., 1979), 113–114. For a critical view, see Mrs. Walthour, Liberty County, Ga., interview by Andrew Polk Watson, Fisk University Social Science Institute, 1930.
27. See “Teacher’s Monthly School Report,” 1867–1869, Liberty County, Ga., in Freed-men’s Bureau Records, National Archives, Washington, D.C.
28. “Documents Illustrating the Historical Development of Dorchester Academy and Dorchester Center, Parts I and II, selected by The Amistad Research Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, from Archives of the American Missionary Association.”
29. Litwack, Been in the Storm So Long, 451–501; and cf. Edmund L. Drago, Initiative, Paternalism, and Race Relations: Charleston’s Avery Normal Institute (Athens, Ga., 1990).
30. For the decline of rice as an important crop in the low country, see Peter A. Coclanis, The Shadow of a Dream: Economic Life and Death in the South Carolina Low Country, 1670–1920 (New York, 1989).
31. CCJj to MJ, 16 November 1865, JTU; MJ to MSJM, 8 January 1867, JTU.
32. CCJ to MJ, 15 November 1865, JTU.
33. CCJ to Ruth Jones, 11 May 1888, Rare Book, Manuscript, and Special Collections Library, Duke University.
34. MJ, Journal 28 July 1865, JTU.
35. Eva Jones to MJ, [?] March 1866, 26 June 1866, JTU.
36. Moses Greenwood to RQM, 13 January 1866, 21 May 1866, JTU; B. M. Palmer to RQM, 19 May 1866, JTU; MJ to MSJM, 20 June 1866, JTU; Laura Buttolph to MSJM, 17 July 1866, JTU; RQM, “Commonplace Book,” 27 August 1866, PHSM.
37. James O. Breeden, Joseph Jones, M.D.: Scientist of the Old South (Lexington, Ky., 1975), 169–175.
38. MJ to MSJM, 28 May 1866, JTU.
39. Laura Buttolph to MJ, 21 August 1866, JTU.
40. MJ to MSJM, 4 March 1867, 15 May 1867, JTU; Eliza Clay to MJ, 9 January 1867, JTU.
41. MJ, Journal, 31 November [sic] 1867, JTU.
&nb
sp; 42. MJ to MSJM, 1 October 1867, JTU.
43. MJ, Journal, 9 December 1867, JTU.
44. Ibid., 12 January 1868.
45. R. Harris to MJ, 25 November 1867, JTU;
46. MJ to MSJM, 8 January 1869, JTU.
47. Ibid.
48. MJ to SJMC, 24 April 1869, JTU.
49. RQM to MSJM, 13 July 1869, JTU.
50. “Record of Marriages of Colored Persons, 1866–1874,” PCLC.
INDEX OF NAMES
Notes: GC and LPC (always at end of main entry) indicate references in the Genealogical Charts and the List of Principal Characters, respectively. Boldface type indicates a photograph.
AFRICAN AMERICANS
Abram (1772–1805)
Abram (1822–?) (Roberts); GC
Abram (Little); GC
Abram (Scriven); GC; LPC
Abream. See Abram (Scriven)
Adam; GC; LPC
Affy (Affee)
Agrippa (Stevens); GC
Albert; GC
Andrew (Lawson): driver; emancipation of; at home in Maybank; hunter; husband of Mary Ann; labors of; Mary Ann, children with; Mary Ann, grandchildren with; GC; LPC
April
Augustus; GC
Beck (Rebecca); GC; LPC
Bella (Stevens); GC
Ben
Ben Lowe. See Lowe, Ben
Bess
Betsy (wife of Cato)
Betty
Bryan, Andrew
Caesar (Howe plantation)
Caesar (Little)
Cash. See Cassius (1811–1857+) (Cash)
Cassius (1811–1857+) (Cash): brother of Cato; child of Lizzy and Robinson; children of; emancipation, hope of; entrepreneur; family of; field slave; Phoebe, affair with; resistance, strategies of; sale of; GC; LPC
Cassius (1837–1869+) (Jones); GC; LPC
Cassius (brother of Lizzy)
Cato (Holmes): brother of Cassius; child of Lizzy and Robinson; emancipation; husband of Betsy; leadership of; relatives of; resistance, strategies of; work of; GC; LPC
Charles (blacksmith)
Charles (Lawson); child of Andrew and Mary Ann; emancipation of; family of; husband of Lucy; Jones slave; oxcart driver; GC; LPC
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