The third and last part of the dreams of an opium-eater has a lamentable title, which, however, is well justified, “Suspiria de profundis.” In one of these visions appeared three unforgettable figures, mysteriously terrible like the Grecian “Moires” and the “Mothers” of the second “Faust.” These are the followers of Levana, the austere goddess who takes up the new-born babe and perfects it by sorrow. As there were three Graces, three Fates, three Furies, three Muses in the primitive ages, so there were three goddesses of sorrow; they are our Notre-Dame des Tristesses. The eldest of the three sisters is called Mater lacrymarum, or Our Lady of Tears; the second Mater suspiriorum, Our Lady of Sighs; the third and youngest, Mater tenebrarum, Our Lady of Darkness, the most redoubtable of all, and of whom the strongest cannot dream without a secret terror. These mournful spectres do not speak the language of mortals; they weep, they sigh, and make terrible gestures in the shadows. Thus they express their unknown sorrows, their nameless anguish, the suggestions of solitary despair, all that there is of suffering, bitterness, and sorrow in the depths of the human soul. Man ought to take warning from these initiators: “Thus will he see things that ought not to be seen, sights which are abominable, and unspeakable secrets; thus will he read the ancient truths, the sad, great, and terrible truths.”
One can imagine that Baudelaire did not spare De Quincey the reproaches he addressed to all those who sought to attain the supernatural by material means; but, in regard to the beauty of the pictures painted by the illustrious and poetical dreamer, he showed him great good will and admiration.
About this time Baudelaire left Paris and pitched his tent in Brussels. One must not presume that this journey was taken with any political idea, but merely from the desire of a more tranquil and reposeful life, far away from the distractions and excitements of Paris. This change does not appear to have been a particularly profitable one for him. He worked little at Brussels, and his papers contain only sketchy notes, summaries almost hieroglyphical, which he alone could resolve. His health, instead of improving, was impaired, more deeply than he himself was aware, as the climate did not agree with him. The first symptoms manifested themselves in a certain slowness of speech, and a more and more marked hesitation in the choice of his words; but, as Baudelaire often expressed himself in a solemn and sententious way, one did not take much notice of this embarrassment in speech, which was the preface to the terrible malady that carried him off.
The rumour of Baudelaire’s death spread in Paris with the winged rapidity of bad news, faster than an electric current along its wire. Baudelaire was still living, but the news, though false, was only premature; he could not recover from the attack. Brought back from Brussels by his family and friends, he lived some months, unable to speak, unable to write, as paralysis had broken the connecting thread between thought and speech. Thought lived in him always — one could see that from the expression of his eyes; but it was a prisoner, and dumb, without any means of communication, in the dungeon of clay which would only open in the tomb. What good is it to go into the details of this sad end? It is not a happy way to die; it is sorrowful, for the survivors, to see so fine and fruitful an intelligence pass away, to lose in a more and more deserted path of life a companion of youth.
Besides the “Flowers of Evil,” translations of Edgar Poe, the “Artificial Paradises,” and art criticisms, Baudelaire left a little book of “poems in prose” inserted at various periods in journals and reviews, which soon became without interest for vulgar readers and forced the poet, in his noble obstinacy, which would allow of no concession, to take the series to a more enterprising or literary paper. This is the first time that these pieces, scattered and difficult to find, are bound in one volume, nor will they be the least of the poet’s titles to the regard of posterity.
In the short Preface addressed to Arsène Houssaye, which precedes the “Petits poèmes en prose,” Baudelaire relates how the idea of employing this hybrid form, floating between verse and prose, came to him.
“I have a little confession to make to you. It was in turning over, for the twentieth time, the famous ‘Gaspard de la nuit’ of Aloysius Bertrand (a book known to me, to you, and several of our friends — has it not the right to be called famous?) that the idea came to me to attempt something analogous and to apply to the description of modern life, or rather to a modern and more abstract life, the process that he has applied to the painting of an ancient time, so strangely picturesque.
“Who among us, in these days of ambition, has not dreamt of the miracle of poetical, musical prose, without rhythm, without rhyme, supple enough and apt enough to adapt itself to the movements of the soul, to the swaying of a dream, to the sudden throbs of conscience?”
It is unnecessary to say that nothing resembles “Gaspard de la nuit” less than the “Poems in Prose.” Baudelaire himself saw this after he commenced work, and he spoke of an accident, of which any other than he would have been proud, but which only humiliated a mind which looked upon the accomplishment of exactly what it had intended as an honour.
We have seen that Baudelaire always claimed to direct his inspiration according to his own will, and to introduce infallible mathematics into his art. He blamed himself for producing anything but that upon which he had resolved, even though it is, as in the present case, an original and powerful work.
Our poetical language, it must be acknowledged, in spite of the valiant effort of the new school to render it flexible and malleable, hardly lends itself to rare and subtle detail, especially when the subject is la vie moderne, familiar or luxurious. Without having, as at one time, a horror for the calculated word and a love of circumlocution, French verse, by its very construction, refuses particularly significant expressions and if forced into direct statement, immediately becomes hard, rugged, and laborious. “The Poems in Prose” came very opportunely to supply this deficiency, and in this form, which demands perfect art and where each word must be thrown, before being employed, into scales more easy to weigh down than those of the “Peseurs d’or” of Quintin Metsys — for it is necessary to have the standard, the weights, and the balance — Baudelaire has shown a precious side of his delicate and bizarre talent. He has been able to approach the almost inexpressible and to render the fugitive nuances which float between sound and colour, and those thoughts which resemble arabesque motifs or themes of musical phrases. It is not only to the physical nature, but to the secret movements of the soul, to capricious melancholy, to nervous hallucinations that this form is aptly applied. The author of the “Flowers of Evil” has drawn from it marvellous effects, and one is sometimes surprised that the language carries one through the transparencies of a dream, in the blue distances, marks out a ruined tower, a clump of trees, the summit of a mountain, and shows one things impossible to describe, which, until now, have never been expressed in words. This should be one of the glories, if not the greatest, of Baudelaire, to bring within the range of style a series of things, sensations, and effects unnamed by Adam, the great nomenclator. A writer can be ambitious of no more beautiful title, and this the author of the “Poems in prose” undoubtedly merits.
It is very difficult, without writing at great length — and, even then, it is better to direct the reader straight to the poems themselves — to give a just idea of these compositions; pictures, medallions, bas-reliefs, statuettes, enamels, pastels, cameos which follow each other rather like the vertebrae in the spine of a serpent. One is able to pick out some of the rings, and the pieces join themselves together, always living, having each its own soul writhing convulsively towards an inaccessible ideal.
Before closing this Introduction, which, although already too long — for we have simply chased through the work of the author and friend whose talent we endeavour to explain — it is necessary to quote the titles of the “Poems in Prose” — very superior in intensity, concentration, profoundness, and elegance to the delicate fantasies of “Gaspard de la nuit,” which Baudelaire proposed to take as models. Among the
fifty pieces which comprise the collection, each different in tone and composition, we will number “Le Gâteau, “La Chambre double,” “Le Foules,” “Les Veuves,” “Le vieux saltimbanque,” “Une Hémisphère dans une chevelure,” “L’Invitation au voyage,” “La Belle Dorothée,” “Une Mort héroïque,” “Le Thyrse,” Portraits de maîtresses,” “Le Désir de peindre,” “Un Cheval de race” and especially “Les Bienfaits de la lune,” an adorable poem in which the poet expresses, with magical illumination, what the English painter Millais has missed so completely in his “Eve of St. Agnes” — the descent of the nocturnal star with its phosphoric blue light, its grey of iridescent mother-of-pearl, its mist traversed by rays in which atoms of silver beat like moths. From the top of her stairway of clouds, the Moon leans down over the cradle of a sleeping child, bathing it in her baneful and splendid light; she dowers the sweet pale head like a fairy god-mother, and murmurs in its ear: “Thou shalt submit eternally to the influence of my kiss, thou shalt be beautiful after my fashion. Thou shalt love what I love and those that love me: the waters, the clouds, the silence, the night, the great green sea, the shapeless and multiform waters, the place where thou art not, the lover whom thou knowest not, the prodigious flowers, the perfumes that trouble the mind, the cats which swoon and groan like women in hoarse or gentle voices.”
We know of no other analogy to this perfect piece than the poetry of Li-tai-pe, so well translated by Judith Walter, in which the Empress of China draws, among the rays, on the stairway of jade made brilliant by the moon, the folds of her white satin robe. A lunatique only is able to understand the moon and her mysterious charm.
When we listen to the music of Weber we experience at first a sensation of magnetic sleep, a sort of appeasement which separates us without any shock from real life. Then in the distance sounds a strange note which makes us listen attentively. This note is like a sigh from the supernatural world, like the voice of the invisible spirits which call us. Oberon just puts his hunting-horn to his mouth and the magic forest opens, stretching out into blue vistas peopled with all the fantastic folk described by Shakespeare in “A Midsummer Night’s Dream.” Titania herself appears in the transparent robe of silver gauze.
The reading of the “Poems in Prose” has often produced in us these impressions; a phrase, a word — one only — bizarrely chosen and placed, evoke for us an unknown world of forgotten and yet friendly faces. They revive the memories of early life, and present a mysterious choir of vanished ideas, murmuring in undertones among the phantoms of things apart from the realities of life. Other phrases, of a morbid tenderness, seem like music whispering consolation for unavowed sorrows and irremediable despair. But it is necessary to beware, for such things as these make us homesick, like the “Ranz des vaches” of the poor Swiss lansquenet in the German ballad, in garrison at Strasbourg, who swam across the Rhine, was retaken and shot “for having listened too much to the sound of the horn of the Alps.”
THÉOPHILE GAUTIER.
February 20th, 1868.
L’AUTEUR DES FLEURS DU MAL
SELECTED POEMS OF CHARLES BAUDELAIRE DONE INTO ENGLISH VERSE BY GUY THORNE
EXOTIC PERFUME
(Parfum exotique)
With eve and Autumn in mine eyes confest,
I breathe an incense from thy heart of fire,
And happy hill-sides tired men desire
Unfold their glory in the weary West.
O lazy Isle! where each exotic tree
Is hung with delicate fruits, and slender boys
Mingle with maidens in a dance of joys
That knows not shame, where all are young and free.
Yes I thy most fragrant breasts have led me home
To this thronged harbour; and at last I know
Why searching sailors venture on the foam....
— ’Tis that they may to Tamarisk Island go.
For there old slumberous sea-chants fill the air
Laden with spices, and the world is fair.
THE MURDERER’S WINE
(Le vin de l’assassin)
My wife is stiffened into wax.
— Now I can drink my fill.
Her yellings tore my heart like hooks,
They were so keen and shrill.
’Tis a King’s freedom that I know
Since that loud voice is still.
The day is tender blue and gold,
The sky is clear above ...
Just such a summer as we had
When first I fell in love.
... I’m a King now! Such royal thoughts
Within me stir and move!
I killed her; but I could not slake
My burning lava-wave
Of hideous thirst — far worse than that
Of some long-tortured slave —
If I had wine enough to fill
Her solitary, deep grave.
In slime and dark her body lies;
It echoed as it fell.
(I will remember this no more.)
Her tomb no man can tell.
I cast great blocks of stone on her,
The curb-stones of the well.
We swore a thousand oaths of love;
Absolved we cannot be
Nor ever reconciled, as when
We both lived happily;
... ’Twas evening on a darkling road
When the mad thing met me.
We all are mad, this I well think.
... The madness of my wife
Was to come, tired and beautiful,
To a madman with a knife!
I loved her far too much, ’twas why
I hurried her from life.
I am alone among my friends,
And of our sodden crowd
No single drunkard understands
I sit apart and vowed.
They do not weave all night, and throw
Wine-shuttles through a shroud!
True love has black enchantments; chains
That rattle, and damp fears;
Wan phials of poison, dead men’s bones,
And horrible salt tears.
Of this the iron-bound drunkard knows
Nothing, nor nothing hears.
I am alone. My wife is dead,
And dead-drunk will I be
This self-same night, a clod on earth
With naught to trouble me.
A dog I’ll be, in a long dog-sleep,
Oblivious and free!
The chariot with heavy wheels
Comes rumbling through the night.
Crushed stones and mud are on its wheels,
It is a thing of might!
The wain of retribution moves
Slowly, as is most right.
It comes, to crack my guilty head
Or crush my belly through,
I care not who the driver is;
God and the devil too
— Sitting side by side — can do no more
Than that they needs must do!
MUSIC
(La Musique)
Music can lead me far, and far
O’er mystical sad seas,
Where burns my pale, high-hanging star
Among the mysteries
Of Pleiades.
My lungs are taut of sweet salt air;
The pregnant sail-cloths climb
The long, gloom-gathering ocean stair.
I don the chord-shot cloak of Time
While the waves chime!
Fierce winds and sombre tempests come
And bludgeon heavily
All our vibrating timbers ... drum
Most passionately. O Sea!
Liberate me!
So shall thy mighty void express
Both depths and surface. There
Opens thy magic mirror; men confess
To Thee their sick despair
... No otherwhere.
THE GAME
(Le jeu)
In faded chairs old courtesans
The stones and metal rattle in
Each dry and withering ear,
As lackadaisical they loll,
And preen themselves, and peer.
Their mumbling gums and lipless masks
— Or lead-white lips — are prest
Around the table of green cloth;
And withered hands, possest
Of Hell’s own fever, vainly search
In empty purse or breast.
Beneath the low, stained ceiling hang
Enormous lamps, which shine
On the sad foreheads of great poets
Glutted with things divine,
Who throng this ante-room of hell
To find the anodyne.
I see these things as in a dream,
With the clairvoyant eye,
And in a cottier of the den
A crouching man descry;
A silent, cold, and envying man
Who watches. It is I!
I envy those old harlots’ greed
And gloomy gaiety;
The gripping passion of the game,
The fierce avidity
With which men stake their honour for
A ruined chastity.
I dare not envy many a man:
Who runs his life-race well;
Whose brave, undaunted peasant blood
Death’s menace cannot quell.
Abhorring nothingness, and strong
Upon the lip of Hell.
THE FALSE MONK
(Le mauvais moine)
Upon the tall old cloister walls there were
Some painted frescoes showing Truth; so we,
Seeing them thus so holy and so fair,
Might for a space forget austerity.
For when the Lord Christ’s seeds were blossoming,
Full many a simple, pious brother found
Collected Poetical Works of Charles Baudelaire Page 55