redirection gestures, 292 294
57, 314f
response style of others, recognizing,
acceptable lies, 12
290, 291
accounts of subjective mental state, in CBSA, 63
scapegoating, 287 288
accuracy
“SOFTEN” protocol, 294
See also validation of FAINT
stimuli for, 289
FAINT, 168 169, 169t
sympathetic arousal, 284 285
of polygraph, 309 310, 313
vacuum gestures, 292
accurately reported details misunderstood, in
warning signs, 294
CBSA, 62
“Agreement for Cooperation” form, IZCT, 306
acquaintance tests, 306 307
Air Force General Question Technique
ACTH (adrenocorticotropic) hormones, 19 20
(AFMGQT), 305
active deceit, 12 13
airline passenger screening. See passenger screening
ADA (American with Disabilities Act), 236 237
airport, security at, 241. See also passenger screening
adaptive behavior, 209 210
alcoholics, 237
adaptors, 106, 107 108, 107f, 123
alignment, body, 110 111
Addison, M. E., 136
alleged offender, focused questions about, 212
adrenocorticotropic (ACTH) hormones, 19 20
alleged sex abuse victims. See NICHD Investigative
Advanced Physics Laboratory, Johns Hopkins
Interview Protocol
University, 321
alternative questions, Integrated Interrogation
Advice of Rights form, 250
Technique, 261 262
AFMGQT (Air Force General Question Technique),
amendments to Constitution, 247
305
American Association of Police Polygraphists, 310
After Interview Interview
American College of Gastroenterology, 319 320
pre employment interviewing, 236
American Polygraph Association, 310, 313
scoring, 141
American with Disabilities Act (ADA), 236 237
aggression
Amnesty International, 225 226
in animals, 288 289, 288f
Ampère, Andre´, 6
catharsis, 288
amygdala, 121
caused by attacks, 286
anger, venting, 288. See also aggression
dealing with, 293, 294
“Animal Electricity” paper, 5 6
defining, 285
animals, aggression in, 288 289, 288f
displacement of, 286 287
ANS (autonomic nervous system), 18, 19.
frustration, 286
See also parasympathetic nervous system;
as instinct, 285 286
sympathetic nervous system
intention movements of attack, 291
anti climactic dampening, 91 92
369
370
INDEX
anxiety, 13, 15
behavior. See aggression; nonverbal behavioral
Apprehension Sketch A 3, 48f, 51f, 54f, 56f
assessment
Apprehension sketches, MITT
Behavioral Analysis Interview (BAI)
case study, 153, 156 157, 160, 163
accuracy, 184
overview, 41 42, 41f, 43f
compared to other systems, 186f, 187f
approach approach conflict, 23
projective questions, 99 100
approach avoidance conflict, 24
behavioral manifestations, of sexual abuse, 211
arms, in nonverbal behavioral assessment, 123 126
Behnke, R.R, 316
arousal, sympathetic. See sympathetic nervous system
Bender, Frank, 271
arson comparison questions, 92
Benussi, Vittorio, 7
arson example, Integrated Interrogation Technique,
Bhati, Sujeeta, 315
266 271
Bill of Rights, 247
“ASIT POLYSUITE” Scoring Algorithm, 314f
biological signs, involuntary, 129 130
assertion, force of, 255
biting lips, 120 121
Assertive Option: Your Rights and Your Responsibilities,
blackbirds, aggression in, 288 289
The, 290
blind from birth children, nonverbal behavior in, 108
assertive people, 290
blinking, 118
assumptive questions, 235
blood pressure, in physiological truth tests, 7
attacks, aggression caused by, 286
bluffing during interrogations, 259
attitude of interviewer, 34 35
blushing, 129
Attitudinal questions, 236
body alignment, 110 111
attorneys, advising, 250
body language, interviewer, 293
attribution of perpetrator’s mental state, in
Body Watching, 114
CBSA, 63
Book of Genesis, 1
audience, removing, 293
brain fingerprinting, 319, 319f
Auditory Constructed eye cue, 132 133, 132f
Brandon, Susan E, 315
Auditory Digital eye cue, 132f, 135
Branscomb, H, 316
auditory processing mode, 131
“Breadboard Polygraph”, 8
Auditory Remembered eye cue, 132f, 134
breathing, in physiological truth tests, 7, 7f
“Aussagepsychologie, Die”, 6
Brenner, M., 316
automatic indications of deception, 99
Brown v. Mississippi, 248
autonomic nervous system (ANS), 18, 19.
Burgoon, J., 118
See also parasympathetic nervous
“buy” signs, watching for, 262
system (PNS); sympathetic nervous system
avoidance avoidance conflict, 23
C
Axciton Instrument Company, 310
calming gestures, 124f
calmness, of interviewer, 293
B
Campbell, Stuart, 108
background checks, 237 238
Cannon, W. B., 22
Backster, Cleve
card players, eye behavior of, 115
anti climactic dampening, 91 92
“Cardio Pneumo Psychogram”, 8
comparison questions, 94
carotid artery, 130
freezing, 112
catharsis, 288
innocent/guilty suspect terminology, 97
CBSA. See Criterion Based Statement Analysis
photo of, 25f
“Central Park Jogger”, 228
psychological set, 24
Cestaro, V.L., 315 316
Tri Zone Comparison Technique, 303
Chambers v. Florida, 248
“Backster S K Y” polygraph test, 303, 307 308
Chao, E.Y., 316
“Backster’s Exploratory” polygraph test, 303
charts, IZCT, 308 309
backward body lean, 110 111
chest expansion, 110
BAI. See Behavioral Analysis Interview
chewing lips, 121
bank theft case study, 144 145, 147 150
child molestation example, Integrated Interrogation
barriers, arms and hands as, 123, 124f
Technique, 262 266
INDEX
371
children, interviewing
“concealed information tests”, 300 301
constitutional rights, 210
conditioning
interviewer influence, 210 211
Classical/Pavlovian, 22, 23, 23f
NICHD Investigative Interview Protocol
operant, 289 290
of Alleged Sex abuse Vict
ims, 213 215, 216 218
confessions.
overview, 213
See also Integrated Interrogation Technique
overview, 209
Brown v. Mississippi, 248
props and drawings, 211
Chambers v. Florida, 248
questions, 211, 212, 213
Escobedo v. Illinois, 248 249
recall and recognition memory, 211
false, 228 230
sexual abuse, signs of, 211
Frazier v. Cupp, 251
special considerations, 209 210
illegal questioning, evidence obtained from, 251
chin position, 114, 115f
during interrogations, 274 275
China, trial by ordeal in, 2
intrinsic and extrinsic misrepresentations, 251 252
CI (counterintelligence interrogation), 226 227
Lynumn v. Illinois, 251
CIA. See KUBARK Intelligence Manual
McNabb v. United States, 248
clasped hands, 125, 126f
Miranda v. Arizona, 249 250
Classical conditioning, 22, 23, 23f
Oregon v. Mathiason, 251
clearing throat, 120
overview, 247
closed eyes, 118
People v. Lyons, 250
closed ended questions, 90
pressing for, 262 276
closeness to suspect, 262 276
State v. Anderson, 247 248
clothing, interviewer, 14
suspect willingness to waive Miranda rights, 251
clusters of nonverbal behavior, 136
Tidwell v. Superior Court for Humboldt County, 250
cockpit safety, 240
written, 281 282
coding, personal, 99
Yarborough v. Alverado, 251
Cody, M.J., 316
confidence, interrogator, 27 28
coercion. See forced confessions; torture
conflict, physiological changes due to, 23, 24
cognitive dissonance, 24
constitutional rights, 210
color, facial, 123, 129
contact, eye, 115, 116, 117, 118f
combat, trial by, 2
contextual embedding, in CBSA, 60
commission, lying by, 12 13
conversation, reproduction of in CBSA, 61
communication, flow of, 28, 29, 29b
convincing suspect to tell truth, 274 276
communication skills, 209
corrections, spontaneous, in CBSA, 63, 64
comparative response questions, 302
counsel, right to, 248 249
comparison question polygraph techniques
counterintelligence interrogation (CI), 226 227
Air Force General Question Technique, 305
countermeasure questions, 306
Integrated Zone Comparison Technique,
countermeasures, 314
305 309, 306
courting gestures, 120, 127 128
Matte Quadra Trak, 304
covering mouth, 121 122
Reid General Question technique, 302
credibility, signs of in SCAN, 69 70
Tri Zone Comparison Technique, 303, 304
credibility of testimony. See forensic statement
comparison questions
analysis
See also comparison question polygraph techniques
credit reports, 237 238
example of, 101, 103
crime specific characteristics, in CBSA, 65
in Forensic Assessment Interview, 92 94
Criminal Man, The, 5
scoring answers to, 148 149
criminal record checks, 233
competence, interviewer, 13, 14 15, 14f
Crisis Prevention Institute, Inc, 293
compliant false confessions, 229
crisscrossing of arms and legs, 123
complimenting suspect, 260
Criterion Based Statement Analysis (CBSA)
computerized polygraph systems, 313 314,
evaluating criteria, 66
314f, 315f
General Characteristics category, 60
Conan Doyle, Arthur, 108 109
Motivation Related Contents category, 63, 64, 65
372
INDEX
Criterion Based Statement Analysis (CBSA) (Continued)
distribution of scores, FAINT, 169 173, 171t
Offense Specific Elements category, 65
Dixon, Joe Wheeler, 228 229
overview, 59
Dr. Phil, 274
Peculiarities of Content category, 61, 62, 63
DoDPI Research Division Staff, 316
research behind, 59 60
Doob, A. N., 287 288
Specific Contents category, 60, 61
doubts about one’s own testimony, in CBSA, 64
standard for expert testimony, 67
Downey, R.G., 316
Statement Validity Analysis, 66 67
drawings, for interviews of children, 211
crossed arms, 123
dress, interviewer, 14
custody, defining, 251
Dreyfus case, 4 5
Customs Behavior Analysis training program,
drug tests, 237
242 244
dry mouth, 2, 3, 120
D
E
DACA (Defense Academy for Credibility
Eckman, Paul, 105
Assessment), 321
EEG (electroencephalographic)/P300 brain wave
daily living skills, 209
monitoring, 319
Damphouse, P, 315
effect, law of, 289
Darwin, Charles, 108, 121
“Effects of Motivation and Item Difficulty on
deceptive persons
Oculomotor and Behavioral Measures of
See also lies; nonverbal behavioral assessment; truth
Deception”, 322
automatic indications of, 99
EGGs (electrogastrograms), 319 320
reaction to projective questions
El Al airline, 241, 242, 242f
example of, 100, 101, 102, 103
elbows, 124, 125f
versus truthful subjects, 97 98, 99, 99b
electricity, in physiological truth tests, 5 6
in reinterview, 142 143
electroencephalographic (EEG)/P300 brain wave
truth verification instrumentation, 318 319, 318f
monitoring, 319
Defense Academy for Credibility Assessment
electrogastrograms (EGGs), 319 320
(DACA), 321
electronic recordings. See recordings
defensive barriers, arms and hands as, 123, 124f
emblems, 105, 107f
Defocused eye cue, 132f, 135
emotionally charged words in questions,
Dektor Counterintelligence, 314
90 91
delay from time of arrest to time of arraignment, 248
empathy, for suspect, 34
demeanor
employee thefts, multisuspect, 169 173
interviewer, 15
employees. See pre employment interviewing
in nonverbal behavior assessment, 110 114
endorphins, 19 20
demonstration tests, 306 307
environment, interview/interrogation, 29 30,
denial of involvement, not allowing, 258
31, 31b
Department of Defense Polygraph Institute, 309
Escobedo v. Illinois, 248 250
Dershowitz, Alan, 227
ethics, and torture, 230
descriptions of interactions, in CBSA, 61
exaggerated forward lean, 110
detailed characteristics of offense, in CBSA, 65
exaggerating numbers, in pre employment
Devil’s Mark, 4
interview, 235
dilation, pupil, 11
7 118, 322
exclusive comparison questions, 94
direct involvement relevant questions, 90
expert testimony, standard for, 67
disabilities, and pre employment interview,
extended eye contact, 116
236 237
exterior incidents, reference to in CBSA, 62
disbelief, 122 123
external associations, related, in CBSA, 62
discharging accused person, in CBSA, 65
external checks, pre employment, 233
displacement activities, 113 114, 113f
extraordinary details, in CBSA, 61
displacement of aggression, 286 287
extrinsic misrepresentations, 251 252
dissonance, cognitive, 24
eye contact, 294
distance relationships, 30, 31
eye cues, neurolinguistic, 132 137
INDEX
373
eye movement, in neurolinguistics, 131
Lynumn v. Illinois, 251
eyebrows, 114 115, 119
Miranda v. Arizona, 249 250
eyes, in nonverbal behavioral assessment,
Forensic Assessment Interview Technique (FAINT)
115 119
See also children, interviewing; Morgan Interview
Theme Technique (MITT); preparation,
F
interview/interrogation; projective questions;
face, nonverbal behavioral assessment of
psycho physiological responses; scoring,
eyes, 115 119
FAINT; validation of FAINT
mouth, 120 122
nonverbal behavior
nose, 122 123
assessment, 105 107
overview, 114 115
establishing norm, 136
facial color, 123, 129
overview, 105 107
FAINT. See children, interviewing; Forensic
posture, 111, 113
Assessment Interview Technique; Morgan
overview, 9
Interview Theme Technique; preparation,
questions
interview/interrogation; projective questions;
comparison, 92 94
psycho physiological responses; scoring,
irrelevant, 89 90
FAINT; validation of FAINT
overview, 89
Fair Credit Reporting Act (FCRA), 237 238
relevant, 90 92
false confessions, 228 230
report format, 220 221
“false key peak of tension tests”, 299 300
forensic statement analysis
false positives/negatives, FAINT, 168 169
See also open statements, in SCAN; SCAN
fanatics, 231
Questionnaire
Farwell, Dr., 319
CBSA
FCRA (Fair Credit Reporting Act), 237 238
evaluating criteria, 66
fear
General Characteristics category, 60
during interviews, 13, 14 15
Motivation Related Contents category, 63, 64, 65
nonverbal behavior indicating, 112, 123
Offense Specific Elements category, 65
offering solutions to alleviate, 260
Nathan J Gordon, William L Fleisher Page 51