Catalan
Page 75
altre 8.3
altri 8.5
amb 14.1.2
absence of indefinite article after 3.2.3iv
amb que 32.4.2, 33.3.3.1
replaced before an infinitive 14.1.2, 20.3.1.1
(or en) with modes of transport 3.2.3iv
ambdós 8.2
a mesura que 32.2.2.2
Analytic (periphrastic) preterite 16.5.6.2, 17.1.2
see also Preterite tense
anar and anar-se’n 23.6.1
anar a 18.2.1
Anglicisms 17.2.2, 18.1.1, 18.1.3iv-v
aquí 6.3
a penes (temporal conjunction) 32.2.2.6
Arguments (of verbs) 25.1, 25.6, 36.4
Arithmetical expressions 10.7
arribar a ser 30.6vi
article salat 3.1.2
Articles see Definite article, Indefinite article, ‘Intensifying article’, Neuter article el, Personal article
as (temporal) 32.2.2.2
Aspect 17.1.2.1, 17.1.3.1, 17.2.4
affecting use of passive 29.1.3v
Augmentative suffixes 2.3.2, 4.1.5
Auxiliary verbs 16.5.6.2, 16.5.10.2, 16.5.12, 17.2.1.2, 18.1
modal auxiliary with infinitive 18.2.1, 20.2. liii
modals allowing clitic raising 12.2.3
Balearic usage Preface p.xiii
specific features of 3.1.2, 3.3.2, 5.3.2, 7.2,8.2.1, 11.4.1, 12.1.1, 12.1.2 vi, 12.5, 12.9.3.2, 16.1.1, 16.2.3, 16.5.5, 16.5.9, 16.5.11, 17.2.1.2, 20.1.3, 24.1, 25.3, 26.1.9, 28.2, 28.3, 29.1.2
bastant 8.2
introducing clause with perquè 33.3.2.1
bé/ben 13.4
be Chapter 30, 23.10ii–iii, vi, see also estar, haver-hi, ser
become 23.1iii, 30.6
bo/bon 4.2.1
both … and 15.1.3.1
ç (ce trencada) 37.1
ca (= casa de) contraction with definite article 3.1.1, 14.1
cada 8.3
cada u/cadascú 8.5
cada un/cadascun 8.3
cada vegada que 33.2.2.3
caldre 25.2.2
cap 8.3, 8.4, 8.6, 26.1.5
Castilianisms 3.2.3vi, 9.2.1, 17.1.4i, 17.1.5ii, 18.1.1, 29.2.1, 31.4.3, 32.1, 34.6.3
cert 8.3
Clauses
adverbial Chapter 33, 19.4; cause 33.3.1; concession 19.4.2, 33.3.3 (see also Concessive expressions); manner 19.4.6, 33.2.3; of place 33.2.1; purpose 19.4.4, 33.3.2; purpose/result/cause indicated by verbal mood 33.3.4; result 19.4.5, 33.3.4; time 19.4.7, 33.2.2
as objects of prepositions 32.4.1–2
comparative 5.1–3
complement Chapter 32, 19.2
object 32.2
subject 32.1
with noun or adjective 32.3
conditional Chapter 34, 15.3
indirect question 27.1.2, 27.1.3.8
non-finite (with infinitive) Chapter 22, (with participle) 21.1.3, (with gerund) 22.2.3–4
relative see Relative clauses
see also Conditional sentences, Conjunctions, Subjunctive
Cleft sentences Chapter 35
agreement of copular verb 35.1.1.2, 35.1.2.2
cleft and pseudo-cleft constructions 35.1
prepositions in 35.1.1.1, 35.1.2.1
stylistic issues 35.2
Clitics see Pronominal clitics
ço 6.5
com 13.4, 15.4, 33.2.3
adverbial relative 31.7, 31.8, 35.1.1.1
com a (vs. com) 14.3.1
com … de (in indirect questions) 27.1.3.9 (in exclamations) 27.2.2.2ii, 27.2.3
com (que) 33.3.1ii
com si 34.7.2
in exclamations 13.6, 27.2.2, 27.2.3
interrogative 20.3.1.3, 27.1.3.2, 27.1.3.9
Combination of weak (object) pronouns see Pronominal clitics
cometes baixes 37.7
Comma 27.1.3.6, 31.1.2, 34.1.1, 36.4, 36.5, 37.7
with numerals 10.3, 10.9
Commands see Imperative
Comparison Chapter 5
and adverbial clauses of manner 33.2.3ii
constructions expressing equality 5.1
constructions expressing inequality 5.2
correlative constructions (‘ the more/less …the more/less’) 5.4
del que (= ‘than’) 5.2.3, 31.6.2
expletive no/no pas (‘than’) 5.2.2
relative superlative 5.3.1
synthetic forms (major, menor, millor, pitjor) as adjectives and adverbs 5.2.1, 13.4
Complementizers 15.2–4
Compound nouns (plural forms of) 2.16, (with or without hyphen) 37.6
Compound tenses 16.5.12, 17.2
auxiliary verbs in 17.2.1.2, 21.1.2
coordination of 17.2.1.4
pronominal clitics in 17.2.1.2
Concessive expressions 17.1.4iii, 19.4.2, 20.4.1, 22.2.4.1, 33.3.3
overlap with conditional meaning 34.8
position of concessive clause 33.3.3.2
verbal mood in 19.4.2, 33.3.3
Conditional perfect tense 16.5.12, 17.2.6
alternative forms 34.6
with modal verb 34.6.5
Conditional sentences Chapter 34, 17.2.6
basic patterns 34.1.1–2
constructions other than with si 34.8.2
fulfilled conditions 34.3
hypothetical and remote conditions 34.5
miscellaneous variations 34.10
non-standard constructions 34.8.1
open conditions 34.2
unfulfilled conditions 34.4
Conditional perfect tense 16.5.12, 17.2.6
Conditional tense 16.5.8
alternative forms 16.5.8, 34.6.1
use of 17.1.5 (as polite request) 28.4
see also Conditional sentences
Conjunctions Chapter 15, Chapter 33, Chapter 34
additive 15.1.6
adversative 15.1.5
causal 33.3.1
compound 15.2.2
concessive 33.3.3
with indicative/subjunctive 19.4.2
conditional 15.3, Chapter 34
coordinating 15.1
distributive 15.1.3
illative 15.1.7
manner 33.2.3
purpose 33.3.2
subordinating Chapter 33
(conditional) Chapter 34
temporal 33.2.2
see also Adverbial clauses, Complement clauses, Conditional sentences
convertir-se (en) 30.6vi
Copular sentences Chapter 30
see also haver-hi, become
Dash (showing quoted speech) 37.7
Dates 10.11
‘on’ with days of the week 13.3
de 14.1.3
contraction with definite article 3.1.1, 14.1
in comparative constructions 5.2, 5.3.1
in conditional expressions (with infinitive in ‘if’ clause) 34.8.1ii (without verb: ‘if I were you’ etc.) 34.9
introducing complements of adjectives 4.2.4
introducing infinitive 20.2.1
linking noun to partitive en 12.6v
passive agent 7.5, 29.1.2
with quantifiers 8.2.1
Definite article 3.1
absence or presence of 3.1.4
article salat 3.1.2
contraction with prepositions 3.1, 14.1
idioms with feminine articles 3.4
in distributive expressions 13.3
in geographical names 3.1.4.5
in relative clauses 31.6.2, 31.7
in time expressions 3.1.4.4iii, 10.11, 13.3
morphology 3.1.1
syntax of 3.1.3
with nominalized infinitive 20.5
deixar (governing infinitive) 25.5
Demonstrative adjectives and pronouns Chapter 6
as nominalizers 9.2.1
deictic functions 6.2–3
forms 6.2
in relative clauses 6.4, 6.5, 6.6, 31.6, 31.7
neuter pronouns 6.5
position of adj
ective 6.3.1
pronominal use 6.4
syntax 6.6
translation issues 6.6
use with perfect tense 17.2.2
d’ençà que 33.2.2.4
descuidar-se 23.7
Desiderative sentences 27.2.4
després que 17.2.4, 19.4.7, 33.2.2.6
des que 33.2.2.4
Déu n’hi do! 12.9.3.4, 24.1.1
deure
in expressions of inference 17.1.4i, 17.1.5ii, 17.2.5, 17.2.6, 18.2.1
Diacritic accents 16.1.4, 37.5.3
Diaeresis 16.1.3, 37.4
Digraphs (l·l, ny) 37.1
Diminutive suffixes 2.3.1, 4.1.5
Direct object 25.3, 25.4.1, 25.5
pronouns see Pronominal clitics
Dislocation 25.3, 25.4; see also Left detachment, Right detachment
Distributives (‘one each’) 2.2.2
distributive expressions (temporal) 13.3, with per 14.1.4.1
diu que 25.2.2
diversos 8.3
dolent 4.2.1
doncs 15.1.7
el see Definite article, Neuter
el qual (compound relative) 31.4
after a preposition 31.4.2
as possessive relative (del qual) 31.2.2, 31.5
used instead of que 31.4.1
vs. el que 31.4.3
els hi 12.9.3.5
en (adverbial pronoun) 12.6
see also Pronominal clitics
en (preposition) 14.1.1
absence of indefinite article after 3.2.3iv
in prepositional phrase adjuncts and complements 14.1.1.7
vs. a 14.1.1.3–5, 20.3.1.1, 20.4
with infinitive in temporal (and causal) expressions 14.1.1.5, 20.4
en absolut 26.1.6
encara que (and equivalent concessive conjunctions) 33.3.3
enlloc 26.1.5
ensenyar a/de 25.5
entendre (’s) 23.9vi
es (3 rd-person reflexive clitic) 12.4, Chapter 23
see also Pronominal verbs, ‘Reflexive passive’ construction
esdevenir 30.6i
ésser see ser
estar
compared with ser Chapter 30
estar per + infinitive 18.2.1
estar(-se) 23.10vi, 30.3
estar-se de 30.1
idiomatic phrases with 30.4
some special uses 30.1
with adverbial complements 30.4
with gerund (in progressive tenses) 18.1.1
with past participle or adjective complement 30.5
Ethic dative 12.3.2.3vi, 12.9.3.7,23.1,25.4
Evaluative suffixes 2.3.3, 4.1.5
everything 8.2vi, 12.8.1, see also tot
Exclamation 27.2
absence of indefinite article 3.2.3iv
exclamation mark ¡ 27.2.1
intonation 27.2.1
miscellaneous idioms 27.2.5
with question words 27.2.2
Expletive no 19.2.4v, 33.2.2.5 (in comparisons) 5.2.2
fer
causative governing infinitive 18.2.1, 25.5
expressing weather conditions 25.2.2
fer-se 30.6iv
translating ‘ago’ 13.3, 33.2.2.4i
fins (a) 14.2.3
finsi tot 33.3.3.1
fins que 33.2.2.4ii
força 8.2
former/latter 6.4, 11.5.2i
Future perfect tense 16.5.12, 17.2.5
Future tense 16.5.7
use of 17.1.4
vs. present subjunctive in subordinate clauses 17.1.4.1, 19.3, 19.4.7
gaire 8.2, 8.4, 13.6, 26.1.5
Gender
of nouns Chapter 1; of abbreviations and acronyms 1.2.7; of animal names 1.1.7; of compound nouns 1.2.3 (see also 1.1.5); of foreign words 1.2.8; of nouns ending in -a 1.2.1; of nouns ending other than in -a 1.2.2; of inanimate objects and non-domestic animals 1.2; common gender 1.1.5; derivation of feminine forms 1.1.1–2; irregular gender pairs 1.1.4; metonymic gender 1.2.6 (see also 1.1.5); nouns of fixed gender 1.1.6; typical feminine endings 1.2.1, 1.2.2.2; unexpectedly feminine nouns 1.2.2.4; variable or doubtful gender 1.2.5
homonyms with different gender 1.2.4
of adjectives 4.1, 4.2.3
of definite article 3.1
of demonstratives 6.2
of indefinite adjectives 8.3
of indefinite article 3.2.1
of numerals 10.2
of (past) participle 21.1.2
of personal article 3.3.1
of possessives 7.1, 7.2
of pronominal clitics 12.1
of quantifiers 8.2
of stressed pronouns 11.1, 11.2
see also Neuter
gens 8.2, 8.2.1, 8.4, 8.6, 13.6, 26.1.5
(no …) gens ni mica 13.6, 26.1.6
gent, la (indefinite/impersonal) subject 29.3iv
Gerund 16.5.2, Chapter 22
absolute (adverbial) phrases with 22.2.3, 22.2.4.1
compound (havent + participle) 22.1
expressing condition 22.2.4.1iii, 34.8.2
modifying direct object of verbs of ‘encountering’, representation,perception 22.2.4.3
negation of 26.2.1.1ii
progressive constructions with 18.1.1, 18.1.3
pronominal clitics with 12.2–3, 22.2.1
subject of 22.2.2–3, 22.3.2
syntactic functions of, adverbial 22.2.4.1; adjectival 22.2.4.2
with tot (i)/bo i (temporal and concessive phrases) 22.2.4.1
gran 4.2.1
gros 4.2.1
guanyar-se 23.10iv
haver (auxiliary) 16.5.12, 17.2.1.2 alternative conditional form 16.5.8, 34.6.1
haver de + infinitive 18.2.1, 20.2.1
haver-hi (‘there is’) 12.7v, 25.2.2, 30.1, 31.10i
number agreement with noun phrase argument 25.2.2, 30.1
alternating with ser-hi 30.1
‘Heavy (Noun Phrase) Shift’ 36.3
hi (adverbial pronoun) 12.7
see also Pronominal clitics
ho (neuter pronoun) 12.3.2.1, 12.5
hom 25.2i, 29.3i
un hom 29.3ii
home! 24.1.1
Homographs 37.5.3
how 13.6; interrogative 27.1.3.9; in exclamations 13.6, 27.2.2
Hyphen(ation) 26.2.1.1, 37.6
with numerals 10.3, 37.6i
i 15.1.1
i tant! 24.1.1
Ideophones 24.2
idò 13.6
igual (a/de) 5.1, 8.3
igual que 33.2.3
Imperative Chapter 28
alternative ways of ordering and requesting 28.4
forms 16.5.11; coincidences with subjunctive 28.1–2
indirect 19.2.3, 32.2
negative 28.2
positive 28.1
pronominal clitics with 12.2.2, 12.9.3.2, 28.3
‘toned down’ 15.2.3v, 19.6, 28.4, 32.2
Imperfect subjunctive 16.5.10.1
alternating with imperfect indicative in conditions 34.4–5
-ra forms 34.6.2
Imperfect tense 16.5.6.1
contrasted with preterite 17.1.3.1
use of 17.1.3.1; in conditional clauses 17.2.6, 34.4–5; in consequence clauses (for conditional) 34.6.4
Impersonal constructions
denoting weather conditions 25.2.2
other impersonal constructions 29.3
with es 25.2.1, 29.2
with ‘subjectless’ verbs 25.2.2
see also es, Pronominal verbs, ‘Reflexive passive’ construction
Indefinite article 3.2, 8.3, 8.6ii
absence or presence of 3.2.3, 30.2
appreciative use of 3.2.5
as antecedent of relative construction 31.6.2
as impersonal subject 29.3iii
morphology 3.2.1
special uses of plural uns/unes 3.2.4–5, 8.3, 8.6ii
syntax of 3.2.2
Indicative mood Chapter 17
Indirect object 12.3.2.3, 25.4,
25.5
pronouns see Pronominal clitics
verbs taking either direct or indirect object 25.4.1
Indirect questions 20.3.1.3, 27.1.2, 27.1.3.8–9
(with si) 15.3.2
Infinitive 16.5.1, Chapter 20
after adverbial adjuncts 20.3.1.2
after en in temporal phrases 14.1.1.5, 20.4
after verbs of permitting/prohibiting, etc. 25.5
after verbs of request or command 20.2.1i
as verbal noun 20.2, 22.3.2
compound 17.2.1.2, 20.1, 20.4, 34.6.5
in conditional clauses 34.8
in conditional perfect with modal verbs 34.6.5
in indefinite relative clauses and indirect questions 20.3.1.3, 31.10ii
introduced by de 20.2.1
modifying direct object of verbs of perception 20.3, 22.2.4.3iii, 25.5
negation of 26.2.1.1ii
nominalized 20.5
non-pronunciation of final -r 16.5.1
passive 20.2, 20.2.1i
prepositions before infinitive complement 20.3.1.1
pronominal clitics with 12.1.2, 12.2, 16.5.1
subject of 20.2.2
Infinitive phrases
as elements of finite clauses 20.3; phrases with de alternating with que clauses 20.3.1.2
Information focus, affecting word order 36.2–5
-ing forms 21.1.3, 21.2.1, 22.1.2, 22.2.4.2, 22.3
’Intensifying’ article 27.1.3.9, 27.2.3
Interjections 24.1
Interrogation see Questions
Irregular verbs
of conjugation II 16.6.1
of conjugation III 16.6.2
of mixed conjugation 16.3
ja 13.3
ja no 26.1.9
Left detachment 36.4
in questions 27.1.3.6
in relation to passive 29.1.4ii
see also Word order
l’hi 12.9.3.4
l·l (ela geminada) 37.1
llur(s) 7.1.1.1
lo (dialect variant for m. definite article) 3.1.1 (non-standard neuter article) 9.2.1,27.2.3,31.6.2
see also Neuter
mai 26.1.5
major 5.2.1
mal (adjective) 4.2.1
mal/malament (adverb) 13.4, mal formulating negative wishes 27.2.4ii
manco (Bal. = menys) 5.2, 8.2, 13.6
mant 8.3
massa 8.2, introducing clause with perquè 33.3.2.1
mateix 8.3, 11.4.2, 23.2iv–vii
Measurements 10.12
menor 5.2.1
mentre (que) 33.2.2.2, 33.3.3.1, 34.8
menys 5.2, 8.2
mès 5.2, 8.2
mi (strong first-person object pronoun) 11.4.1
mig 3.2.3vi, 8.2, 10.9
millor 5.2.1, 13.4
Modals
modal with infinitive 18.2.1, 20.2. 1iii
modals allowing clitic raising 12.2.3
molt 8.2
mon (unstressed possessive adjective) 7.2
Mood see Indicative, Subjunctive
morir 21.1.1
morir(-se) 23.10i
Negation Chapter 26
negative raising 26.2.1.2