by Max Wheeler
particular negation (of individual lexical items) 26.2.1.1
poc/gens + adjective 13.6
scope of 26.2.1
translating un- 4.2.6
Negative polarity items 26.1.5; see also individual word entries
Neuter
article el (lo) 9.2, as antecedent of relative clause 9.2.2, 27.1.3.9, 31.6.2, 31.7, 35.1.1–2; in indirect questions and exclamations 27.1.3.9, 27.2.3; el vs. lo 9.2.1, 9.2.2, 9.2.3, 27.2.3, 31.6.2; preceding adverbs 5.3.1
demonstratives 6.5
pronoun ho 12.5
relative pronoun 9.2.2
never 26.1.5, 26.1.6
n’hi 12.9.4.3
ni 15.1.2, 26.1.2
ni … ni … 15.1.2–3, 26.1.2
ni que 33.3.3
ni (tan sols) 15.1.6, 26.1.6, 33.3.3.1
ningu 8.5, 26.1.5
ningun (= cap) 8.3, 26.1.5
no simple negation 26.1; see also Negation
expletive no 19.2.4v, 33.2.25, or no pas in comparisons 5.2.2
no … gota/no … mica = no … gens 26.1.6
no more/no longer 26.1.9
nomenar 30.6vi
nomes que 33.3.3.1, 34.8
nomes … que 33.2.2.6
Nominalization Chapter 9
of (adjectival) relative clauses 9.1.1, 9.2.2, 31.6.2
of adjectives 9.1.1, 21.1 (abstraction) with neuter article el 9.2.1
of infinitives 20.5
of prepositional phrases 9.1.1.1, 9.2.3
of present participles 21.2, 21.2.1
North Catalonia Preface ps. xii–xiii
specific features of usage in 7.1.1.1, 11.3iii, 17.2.1.2, 22.2.1, 26.1.8
nós 11.3i
Nouns Chapter 1
abbreviations and acronyms 1.2.7
abstract nouns 3.1.4ii
compound nouns 1.1.5, 1.2.3
count and non-count 2.2.3, 3.1.4.2, 8.6, see also cap, gens
plural of Chapter 2; collective nouns 2.2.1; distributives 2.2.2; plural formation 2.1; uses of the plural 2.2
pronominalization of inanimates 11.5.2
suffixation (diminutive, augmentative and evaluative) 2.3
verbal 20.2, 22.3.2
see also Gender
Number agreement (of verb with collective nouns) 2.2.1
Numerals
arithmetical expressions 10.7
cardinal numbers 10.1
collective 10.10
decimals 10.9
fractions 10.9
gender agreement of 10.2
hyphenation 10.3, 37.6i
in time expressions 10.11
‘millions, billions, trillions’ 10.4
musical intervals 10.9
ordinal numbers 10.8, 3.1.4 i(a)
percentages 10.9
punctuation in 10.3
telephone numbers 10.1
u (’one’) 10.5
o 15.1.4
o sia 15.1.4.1
o … o … 15.1.4.2
Object see Direct object, Indirect object, Pronominal clitics
oblidar(-se de) 23.7
obligar a 25.5
oi? (in tag questions) 27.1.1.2
oi que? reinforcing a question 27.1.1.2
on (subordinating conjunction) 33.2.1
adverbial relative 31.7, 31.8, 35.1.1.1
(interrogative) reinforced with a or de 27.1.3.2
one(s), the 9.1.1
Orders and requests see Imperative
Participle see Past Participle, Present Participle
pas in negative constructions 26.1.8, in negative imperatives 26.1.8
expletive no (pas) 5.2.2
passar(-se) 23. 10vii
Passive agent 29.1.2
with ’reflexive passive’ 29.1.3iv, 29.2.1i
Passive voice 29.1–4
formation 29.1.1
long passive (with agent expressed) 29.1.3iv
’passive avoidance’ 29.1.3i–iii, 29.1.4, 29.2. 1ii
pseudo-passive (with veure’s, trobar-se, quedar + participle) 29.1.4 ii(e)
true passive vs. adjectival participle constructions with ser/estar 21.1, 29.1.3vi, 30.5
use of 29.1.3
Past anterior tense 17.2.4
Past participle 16.5.3, 18.2.2, 21.1
absolute clauses with 21.1.3, 33.3.1ii
adjectival function 21.1
agreement in compound tenses 17.2.1.2, 21.1.2
expressing condition or concession 21.1.3, 34.8.2
for English ‘-ing’ form 18.1.3ii, 21.1.3, 21.2.1
forming participle phrases 21.1.3
in passive constructions 21.1.2i; see also Passive voice
in periphrases with modal 18.2.2
negation of 26.2.1.1ii
with ser/estar 30.5
Past subjunctive 16.5.10.1
perfective (analytic form) 16.5.10.2, 19.2.4iii–v
pensar + infinitive 18.2.1
per
contraction with definite article 3.1.1, 14.1
vs. per a 14.1.4
see also Agent, passive
per més/molt que 33.3.3.1
per part de 29.1.2
per qué? 27.1.3.2
per tal com 33.3.1 (i)
Perfect tense 16.5.12, 17.2.2
contrasted with preterite 17.1.2.1, 17.2.2
and see Compound tenses
Periphrastic preterite 16.5.6.2, 17.1.2
però 15.1.5.1
però vs. sinó 15.1.5.2
perqué (‘because’) 33.3. li, (‘in order that’) 33.3.2
contrasted with per qué? 27.1.3.2
Personal article 3.3
morphology 3.3.1
usage of 3.3.2
per’xó 15.1.5.1, 33.3.3.1
petit 4.2.1
pitjor 5.2.1, 13.4
please 28.4
Pleonastic pronouns (redundant) 12.8, 23.7, 29.2.1i(d), 31.2.2, 33.3.4.1, 36.4–5
Pluperfect tense 17.2.3
pluperfect subjunctive for conditional perfect in consequence clauses 34.6.3
Plural formation
basic rule 2.1.1
of adjectives 4.1.4; gender-marked in plural 4.1.3.4
of compound nouns 2.1.6
of definite article 3.1
of demonstratives 6.2
of indefinites 8.3
of indefinite article 3.2.1
of possessives 7.1–2
of pronominal clitics 12.1
of proper names 2.1.8
of quantifiers 8.2
of stressed pronouns 11.1–2
Pluralia tan turn (plurals without singular) 2.1.7, 3.2.4iii, 8.6iii
poc 8.2, 26.1.6
poder + infinitive 18.2.1
posar-se 30.6ii
Possessives Chapter 7
adjectival and pronominal functions 7.1.1, 7.3
agreement of 7.1
complement of prepositions and participles 7.5, 14.2.3
forms of 7.1
inanimate or non-personal possessors 7.4.2
other possessive constructions 7.4, 12.3.2.3v, 25.4
position and use of 7.1.2
possession via dative clitics 7.4.1, 25.4
propi 8.3
relative 31.2.2, 31.5
unstressed adjectives (mon/ton/son) 7.2
prendre(’s) 23.10 vii
Preposition stranding 31.1.3, 35.1.1, 35.2
Prepositions
atonic (a, amb, de, en, per/per a) 14.1; see also a, a vs. en, per vs. per a
compound 14.3
contraction with definite article 3.1, 14.1
dropped before conjunction que 4.2.4, 14.1.5, 32.3–5
governing infinitives 20.3.1–2, 25.6
governing possessives 7.5
in cleft sentences 35.1.1.1, 35.1.2.1
tonic 14.2; non-derived 14.2.1; derived from gerunds/participles 14.2.2; simple forms or alternative compounds (with de) 14.2.3; used as adverbs 11.5.2iii
with stressed pronouns 11.5.2ii
Present indicative tense 16.5.5
use of 17.1.1; as future 17.1.1, 17.1.4; as polite request 28.4; demonstratives with historic present 6.3; in temporal expressions, for English past tense 17.2.2
simple vs. progressive (continuous) forms 17.1.1, 18.1 1, 18.1.3
Present participle 21.2
nominalization of 21.2, 21.2.1
vs. gerund 21.2.1
Present perfect tense see Perfect tense
Present subjunctive 16.5.9
Preterite (past perfective indicative) tense 16.5.6.2, 17.1.2
use of (contrasted with perfect)17.1.2.1, 17.2.2, (contrasted with imperfect) 17.1.3.1
Progressive (continuous) verb forms 18.1
imperfect 17.1.3v, 17.1.3.1
perfect 17.2.2, 18.1.3v
preterite 17.1.2.1ii, 18.1.1iii
Pronominal clitics Chapter 12
adverbial pronouns 12.6–7
clitic raising (mobile object pronouns) 12.2.3, 18.2.1.1, 20.2.1iii, 34.6.5; affecting pronoun groups 12.9.4
clitic doubling 25.3, 25.4, with left/right detachment 36.4–5; see also Pronominal clitics: redundant pronouns
direct and indirect objects 12.3.1.1, 12.3.2.1–3, 25.3–4
els hi in colloquial vs. normative usage 12.9.3.5
en 12.6, 25.2.1, 25.6–7; with ‘unaccusative’ verbs 25.2.1
groups of more than two pronouns 12.9.5–6
hi 12.7, 25.6–7; as indirect object (animate) 12.9.3.3 (inanimate) 12.3.2.3, 12.7ii, 25.4; idioms with 12.7vi–vii
ho (neuter) 12.3.2.1, 12.5
in compound tenses 17.2.1.2
in verbal periphrases 18.2.1.1
non-standard forms 12.1.2, 12.3.2.2, 12.9.3.5
position 12.2, 22.2.1, 28.3; before verb 12.2.1; after verb 12.2.2
redundant pronouns 12.8, 23.7, 29.2.1i(d), 31.2.2, 33.3.4.1, 36.4–5
reflexive 12.3.1.2, 12.4
single pronoun forms 12.1.1–2
two-pronoun groups 12.9; 1st- and 2nd-person forms combined 12.9.3.6; 3rd-person combinations 12.9.3.3; els hi 12.9.3.5; impossible combinations 12.9.3.9; involving pronominal verbs 12.9.3.7; l‘hi/n’hi 12.9.3.4; mobility of 12.9.4; order of combination 12.9.2 (table), 12.9.3.1 (pages 204–205); phonetic contact in groups 12.9.3.8; with ‘reflexive passive’29.2. 1i(d)
see also es, Pronominal verbs
Pronominal verbs Chapter 23
denoting change of state 23.5iii, 30.6
reciprocal meaning 23.3
reflexive meaning 23.2; emphasis of reflexive subject or object 23.2iv–v
‘reflexive passive’ function (with inanimate subjects) 23.4, 29.2
special uses involving verbs of motion 23.6; remembering/forgetting 23.7; consumption 23.8; knowledge/perception 23.9; and others 23.10
transitivity/intransitivity, ‘detransitivization’ 23.1ii, 23.4
variant patterns in translation 23.5
verbs with pronominal form only 23.5ii
with clitic groups 12.9.3.7, 23.1
with prepositional objects 23.5iii, 23.7
Pronominalization of adjective phrases 4.2.4
Pronouns
adverbial (en, hi) 12.6–7
demonstrative 6.4, in relative clauses 6.6, 31.6.1–2
indefinite 8.5
neuter ho 12.3.2.1, 12.5
personal (stressed) Chapter 11; as subject 11.1–3, use and omission 11.5, 25.2.1; with imperative 28.3; duplication with unstressed clitics25.3–4; ’strong’ (prepositional objects) 11.4, use and omission 11.5.2; si (3rd-person reflexive) 11.4.2, 23.2v
possessive 7.3
relative Chapter 31; forms following prepositions 31.3, 31.4.2; see also Relative clauses
weak (object) pronouns
see Pronominal clitics
Proper names 2.1.8, 3.3.2
propi 8.3
prou 8.2, introducing clause with perquè 33.3.2.1
Pseudo-cleft sentences 35.2.2
‘Pseudo-relative’ constructions 27.1.3.9, 31.10iii
puix que 33.3.1i
Punctuation 37.7
in numerals 10.3
pus 5.2, 8.2, 26.1.5, 26.1.9
qualcú 8.5
qualque 8.3
qualque cosa 8.3, 8.6
qualsevol 8.3, 8.5, 8.6
quan (subordinating conjunction) 33.2.2.1, 33.2.2.6
adverbial relative 31.7, 31.8, 35.1.1.1
interrogative 27.1.3.2
quant 8.2
exclamatory 27.2.2.1–2
interrogative 27.1.3.3
Quantifiers 8.1–2
as degree adjectives and adverbs 8.2.2, 13.6
idiomatic use of la de/una de expressing quantity 3.4iii
uns/unes 3.2.4i–iii
with de 8.2.1
que (subordinating conjunction/complementizer) 15.2, Chapter 32
as colloquial subordinator/coordinator 15.2.3iii, 33.2.2.6, 33.3.1i
as degree adverb 13.6, 27.2.2.2
as subordinator in result clauses 33.3.4.1
heading a main clause 15.2.3
in cleft sentences 35.1.1.1, 35.1.1.1
in compound conjunctions 15.2.2, Chapter 33
in exclamations 8.2, 13.6, 27.2.2.1–2
introducing direct questions 15.2.3i; 27.1.1.1; indirect questions 27.1.3.8; echo questions 27.1.1.1
with subjunctive in ‘toned down’ requests 15.2.3v, 19.6, 28.4, 32.2
que (relative) Chapter 31 esp. 31.1–2
in relative clauses of time 31.2.1
non-standard/colloquial constructions with 31.2.2, 31.5
què (interrogative) 27.1.3.1, 27.1.3.3
què (relative) 31.3
quedar(-se) 30.6v
quelcom 8.5, 8.6v
Questions 27.1
adverbial interrogative words 27.1.3.1
direct 27.1.1
emphasis in 27.1.3.7
indirect (with si) 27.1.2
partial (with wh- words), direct 27.1.3; indirect 27.1.3.8; prepositions with wh- words 27.1.3.5
‘pseudo relatives’ in questions 27.1.3.9
question mark ¿ 27.1.1, 37.7
rhetorical (with conditional tense) 17.1.5ii
word order in 27.1.1
qui (interrogative) 27.1.3.1
qui (relative) 31.3
a qui for que 31.2ii
in headless relative clauses 31.7
with pronoun or article antecedent 31.6.1–2
quin (interrogative) 27.1.3.4
(exclamatory) 27.2.2.2ii
rai 24.1.1
recordar(-se de) 12.6iv, 23.7
Reflexive verbs see Pronominal verbs
Reduplicative forms 37.6; see also Ideophones
‘Reflexive passive’ construction 23.4, 25.2 1, 29.1.3ii, 29.1.4, 29.2
constraints on use (grammatical) 29.2. 1i (stylistic) 29.2.1ii, 29.3
number agreement of verb in 29.2.2
overlap with other impersonal constructions 29.2 esp. 29.2.1
pronoun groups with 29.2.1i(d)
see also Pronominal verbs, es
Relative clauses Chapter 31
alternative English constructions 22.1.2, 22.3.1, 31.10
ambiguity in 31.4.4
antecedent of 31.1.1, 31.6
(non-specific) 9.2.2, 31.6.2
headless (free) 20.3.1.3,31.7
in cleft sentences 35.1.1
in comparative constructions (del que = ‘than’) 5.2.3,31.6.2
neuter el as antecedent 9.2.2, 31.6.2
nominalization of 9.1.1
non-standard constructions 31.2.2
ordinal as antecedent 10.8
possessive 31.2.2, 31.5
prepositions in 31.1.3, 31.3, 31.4.2–3, 35.1.1, 35.2
redundant pronominal clitics in 12.8.2, 25.4, 31.2.2
related to adverbial clauses (of manner) 33.2.3i (of result) 33.3.4.1
restrictive and non-restrictive types 31.1.2
subjunctive in 19.3
temporal 31.2.1
word order in 31.1.3, 36.6
see also In
finitive, Pseudo-relative constructions, individual word entries
Requests 17.1.1ii, 17.1.3ii, 17.1.5ii, 28.4
res 8.5, 8.6, 26.1.5
Right detachment 36.5
see also Word order
riure(’s) 23.10v
saber + infinitive 18.2.1
Salutations 24.1
segons com 33.2.3
sempreque 33.2.2.3, 33.3.3.1
sengles 8.3
sense 26.1.3
absence of indefinite article after 3.2.3iv
sense que 19.2.4iv, 26.1.3, 33.2.3, 34.8
Sentence composition: elements and grammatical relations Chapter 25, Chapter 36
see also Adjuncts, Word order
ser Chapter 30
absence of indefinite article in complements of 3.2.3i–ii
alternative conditional form 16.5.8, 34.6.1; alternative past participle 21.1.1
as auxiliary in compound tenses 17.2.1.2, 21.1.2
choice between ser and estar with adjectival complements (animate subjects) 30.5.1 (inanimate subjects) 30.5.2
impersonal use 25.2.2, 29.4ii, 30.1
in cleft sentences Chapter 35
indicating identity, set membership, profession 30.2
with past participle 21.1, 30.5 (passive construction) 29.1
vs. estar with location/time predicates 30.3
si (‘if’) 15.3, Chapter 34 esp 34.7–8
see also Conditional sentences, Indirect questions
si (strong 3rd-person reflexive pronoun) 11.4.2, 23.2v
si us plau/sisplau 28.4
since 32.2.2.4
sinó 15.1.5.2, 26.1.4
sinó vs. peró 15.1.5.2
sinó vs. si no 15.3i
som-hi?/! 24.1.1
some, any, something (translation) 8.6
son (unstressed possessive adjective) 7.2
sort que 19.2.2
Spelling Chapter 37 (verbs) 16.1
alternations c/qu, g/gu, c/c, j/g, qu/qü, gu/gü 16.1.2, 37.3.1
alternations in word-final vs. word-internal position 1.1.1iv, 2.1.3, 2.1.5.2–3, 4.1.2, 37.3.2
forms of pronominal clitics in groups 12.9.6
forms of single pronominal clitics 12.1.1
Stress 37.5.1
Subject 25.2
impersonal 25.2, 29.2
Subjunctive mood Chapter 19, 16.5.9–10
and indicative mood, general remarks 19.2.1–2
alternating with indicative mood 17.1.4.1, 17.2.5, 19.2.4iii–v, 19.3, 19.4.7, 33.2.2.5, 33.3.2–4, 34.4–5
vs. indicative mood, in various types of adverbial clause 19.4.1–7: causal 19.4.1; concessive 19.4.2, 33.3.3; conditional 33.2.2.3, Chapter 34; manner 19.4.6, 33.2.3; purpose and result 19.4.4–5, 33.2.3, 33.3.2, 33.3.4; temporal 19.4.7; in expressions of supposition or appearance 19.2.4iii; request vs. statement 19.2.3; ‘waiting’ vs. ‘hoping’ 19.2.4v
in clauses dependent on verbs of emotion or evaluation 19.2.2
in clauses dependent on verbs of doubt or denial 19.2.4iv, 26.2.1.2
in complement clauses 19.2, 32.1–3