Liberation of Paris : How Eisenhower, De Gaulle, and Von Choltitz Saved the City of Light (9781501164941)
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early attitudes toward war against Germany, 2–3
economy of, 20
Fifth Republic in, 202, 203
films in, 19, 95
First French Army, 55, 100
Fourth Republic in, 200, 202
Free France and Free French forces, 27–39, 41, 50, 55, 91, 96, 100, 101, 185
French Committee of National Liberation (FCNL), 39–42, 46–51, 57, 61, 83, 124
French Forces of the Interior (FFI), 42, 51, 83, 89–92, 94, 95, 97, 99, 101–9, 124, 141–43, 167, 170–71, 173, 175, 176, 190–91, 194, 199–200
French Second Armored Division, 54–56
German armistice with, 7–9, 12, 27, 31
German defense in, 65–87, 137
German female office workers in, 158–59
German invasion of, 4–7, 5
German occupation of, 7–14, 7, 17–21
Jews in, 17–18, 98, 188
militia (Milice) in, 17, 173
National Assembly, 18, 52, 62
Normandy, see Normandy
North Africa and, see North Africa
Paris, see Paris
Paris Commune in, 92, 95, 113, 113n, 115, 116, 126, 181, 182, 183, 200
Poland and, 3
politics and governments in, 113
Provisional Government of the French Republic, 50, 53, 83, 84, 92, 95, 96, 101, 102, 106–7, 132, 169, 171
Resistance in, see French Resistance
Revolution in, 113
Soviet Union and, 93, 200
strikes in, 58
Third Republic in, 9, 10, 14, 113, 113n
Vichy regime in, 7, 10, 13, 14, 17, 20, 27–33, 35, 36, 49, 61, 62, 94, 97–98, 104, 113, 127, 173, 181, 187–88, 200
war declared on Germany by, 2, 3
weapons in, 8
women in, and Germans, 19–20, 201
in World War I, 1, 3, 7
writers in, 19
Franco, Francisco, 16
Franco-German Committee, 13
Francs-Tireurs et Partisans, 89
Freemasons, 14
French Communist Party (PCF), 3, 10–11, 12, 17, 33, 39, 42, 58, 59, 61, 91–95, 98–100, 103, 104, 175, 176, 178, 182, 183, 188, 191, 199, 200
French Resistance, 15, 20, 76, 82, 85, 188, 194 barricades and, 107
Choltitz and, 81–82, 84–85, 89, 100, 164
de Gaulle and, 27, 39, 41–42, 49, 57–58, 85–86, 89–91, 199
Francs-Tireurs et Partisans, 89
French Forces of the Interior (FFI), 42, 51, 83, 89–92, 94, 95, 97, 99, 101–9, 124, 141–43, 167, 170–71, 173, 175, 176, 190–91, 194, 199–200
National Council of the Resistance (CNR), 39, 175, 177–80, 186, 199
in Paris, 12, 17, 57, 58, 61, 62, 81–85, 89–110, 121, 152, 153, 155, 157, 181–82, 186, 190
police and, 81–82, 84, 97–105, 109
Front National de la Police, 98, 99
Gallois, Roger (Roger Cocteau), 108–10, 121–22, 124, 125
Gamelin, Maurice, 4, 6
Gare Montparnasse, 134, 164, 171, 175–76
Gaullists, 36, 49, 98, 101–7, 143, 201
Gault, James, 192–93
George VI, King, 136
Germany, 205
Germany, Nazi, 2–3, 12, 31, 36, 69, 203, 205 Africa and, 17
and Allied invasion of France, 50, 53–54, 56, 57
Britain’s war with, 2, 3, 8, 10, 12, 16, 92–93
concentration camps of, 18, 79–80
defeat of, 21, 68, 160, 203–5
defense of French occupation, 65–87, 137
Denmark invaded by, 4
France declares war on, 2, 3
France invaded by, 4–7, 5
France occupied by, 7–14, 7, 17–21
French armistice with, 7–9, 12, 27, 31
French attitudes toward going to war against, 2–3
French collaborationists with, 16, 18, 19, 20, 100, 173–74, 174, 201
French economy and, 20
French women and, 19–20, 201
Gestapo of, 13, 18, 66n, 79, 80, 151
Luftwaffe of, 75, 150, 165, 191
in Normandy, 68–70
Norway invaded by, 4
Panzer divisions of, 6, 74, 84, 196
Paris bombed by, 191
Paris defense of, 65–87, 137, 165–67, 172–73
Paris occupation, 1, 2, 2, 10–13, 16–21, 66, 83, 143, 153–54, 186
Paris occupation ends, 161
Paris retreat of, 183–84
Poland invaded by, 2, 3
Sippenhaft (imprisoned families) law in, 72, 74, 158
in Sitzkrieg or drôle de guerre with France, 3
Soviet pact with, 3
Soviet war with, 16, 17, 33, 65–67, 160
SS of, 13, 18, 66n, 79–80, 82, 83, 85, 95, 104, 107, 125, 165, 172–73
surrender in Paris, 157, 158, 161, 164, 166–73, 171, 175–76, 203
U.S. war with, 17
Gerow, Leonard, 130–34, 131, 136, 137, 183–85, 193, 195, 197n Eisenhower and, 132n, 197–98
Gestapo, 13, 18, 66n, 79, 80, 151
Giraud, Henri, 35–37, 40, 42 in Algeria, 39, 40, 40
at Casablanca Conference, 37, 38
Goebbels, Joseph, 19
Grand Palais, 151–52, 155
Grant, Ulysses, 121, 126, 205
Great Britain: Africa and, 9
British Expeditionary Force, 6
British Foreign Office, 27
Combined Chiefs of Staff, 47–48, 52, 59, 116–21
France and, 9–10, 23–32, 38, 42
Germany’s war with, 2, 3, 8, 10, 12, 16, 92–93
Poland and, 3
Gribius, André, 129
Grün, Hildegarde, 160
Guderian, Heinz, 6, 148n
Guillebon, Jacques, 131, 132
Guitry, Sacha, 13
Haislip, Wade, 129, 130, 195–96, 197
Halifax, Edward Wood, Lord, 24, 29, 32
Hamm, Leo, 105
Hansen, Chester, 193
Hemingway, Ernest, 111, 173
Henriot, Phillipe, 188
Himmler, Heinrich, 80, 95
Hitler, Adolf, 2, 12, 13, 14n, 15, 16, 17, 25, 32, 54, 70, 82, 84, 157, 196, 204, 205 assassination plot against, 12–13, 65, 66, 68, 70–71, 70, 78, 94, 148n
Choltitz and, 66–72, 74–75
“Is Paris burning?” question of, 159
Model and, 65–66, 147
Paris and, 1, 11, 11, 65, 74–76, 84, 147, 149, 150, 156, 159, 161, 164, 191, 201
Pétain and, 15
Sippenhaft (imprisoned families) law of, 72, 74, 158
Stalin and, 3
Hodges, Courtney, 56–57, 123, 126, 130
Holland, 18
Honneur de la Police, 98, 102
Hoover, Herbert, 114
Hôtel de Ville, 105, 105, 139, 140, 141–44, 175, 177–81, 180, 188
Hôtel Matignon, 106
Hotel Meurice, 73, 73, 74, 78, 85, 103, 137, 148, 157, 159–60, 166–68
Hugo, Victor, 107
Huhm, Major, 80
Hull, Cordell, 29, 33
Humanité, 10–11, 58, 155, 183
Huntziger, Charles Léon, 8
Île-de-France, 90, 143
Illustration, 11–12
Iraq, 31
Ismay, Hastings, 96
Is Paris Burning? (Collins and Lapierre), 159
Italy, 17, 50, 55, 68
Jay, Hans, 148, 159, 166, 167
Jews, 12, 14, 18, 19, 36 anti-Semitism and, 10, 14
Choltitz and, 68n
in concentration camps, 18
in France, 17–18, 98, 188
Statute on Jews, 14
Jodl, Alfred, 77, 84, 156, 159, 164
Juin, Alphonse, 41, 50, 55, 59, 62, 123, 174, 178, 186
Karajan, Herbert von, 19
Karcher, Henri, 166, 167
Kayser, Otto, 168
Keitel, Wilhelm, 3, 12, 148n
King, Mackenzie, 33
Kirkp
atrick, Helen, 190
Kitzinger, Karl, 75
Kluge, Günther von, 53, 54, 56, 65, 75–78, 148n, 161
Knochen, Helmut, 18
Koenig, Pierre, 34, 34, 41–42, 51, 57, 60, 63, 90–92, 96, 115–16, 123, 136, 181–82, 186, 187, 189–91, 193, 197, 198, 203
Krebben, Cita, 160
Kriegel-Valrimont, Maurice, 170, 186
Krikor, Prilian, 142
Langlade, Paul de, 137, 144–45, 163
Lapierre, Dominique, 159
Laurent, Jean, 25
Laval, Pierre, 10, 16, 17, 61–62, 106
Leahy, William, 10, 49
Lebanon, 31
Lebrun, Albert, 25
Leclerc, Jacques-Philippe, 43, 54–56, 55, 61, 101, 123–24, 126, 129–38, 157, 158, 169, 183–86, 187, 188, 191, 194–97, 196n awards of, 196
Choltitz’s surrender and, 168–72, 175–76
death of, 196n
de Gaulle and, 131, 133–36, 174–76, 176
Dronne’s instructions from, 138
Gerow and, 130–34, 136, 137
Gribius and, 129, 133
Hodges and, 130
Paris and, 133–45, 135, 163–65
Patton and, 129–30
at Strasbourg, 196
Leeb, Wilhelm von, 14n
Léger, Alexis, 30
Le Troquer, André, 178
Ley, Robert, 72
Libya, 34
Liebling, A. J., 173
Louis XVI, 113n
Louis Philippe I, 113n
Louvre, 14, 82, 140, 148
Luftwaffe, 75, 150, 165, 191
Luizet, Charles, 101–4, 143, 144, 171, 177, 178, 186
Lyon, Harold, 109
MacArthur, Douglas, 114, 126, 132n
Maginot Line, 2, 4
Mandel, Georges, 25
Manstein, Erich von, 4–6, 68
Manstein Plan, 4–6
Maranne, Georges, 178–79
Marmier, Lionel de, 59–60
Marseillaise, La, 13–14, 39, 102, 141, 143, 188
Marseilles, 100
Marshall, George, 46, 121, 126–27, 132n, 197
Marshall, S. L. A., 164
Massu, Jacques, 144–45, 144
Mayer, Helmut, 166
McCloy, John J., 47, 59
McIntire, Ross, 48n
Mers-el-Kébir, 9
Middle East, 28, 31, 32
Ministry of War (France), 176–77, 181, 190, 191, 193, 197
Miquelon, 33
Miserables, Les (Hugo), 107
Model, Walther, 67, 79, 84, 85, 147, 148, 148n, 150, 155–56, 158–61, 163, 164 Choltitz and, 78–79
Hitler and, 65–66, 147
Molotov, Vyacheslav, 33, 200
Monnet, Jean, 23
Monod, Robert, 107–8
Montand, Yves, 96
Montgomery, Bernard, 53–54, 57, 60, 192, 203
Morandat, Yves, 106
Morocco, 17, 35
Mortain, 54
Moulin, Jean, 39, 41
Mussolini, Benito, 6
Musy, Jean-Marie, 97
Napoléon I, 16, 113n, 139, 181
Napoléon II (Duc de Reichstadt), 16
Napoléon III, 113n, 165–66
National Council of the Resistance (CNR), 39, 175, 177–80, 186, 199
Nazi Germany, see Germany, Nazi
Nordling, Raoul, 79, 85, 99–100, 103–4, 124, 157, 158, 164, 167 Choltitz and, 79–82, 86–87
Nordling, Rolf, 124–26, 147
Normandy, 53, 56, 59–60, 68–70, 79, 86, 92–95, 133, 160 Allied landings in (D-Day), 47, 50–52, 90, 91, 115, 129, 132n
North Africa, 17, 23, 28–30, 34–39, 42, 47, 53, 61, 101, 115, 127 Algeria, Algiers, 9, 17, 35, 39, 40, 40, 50, 52, 55, 96, 145n, 177, 196n, 202
Norway, 4
Notre-Dame, 140, 143, 149, 177, 183, 188–90, 189
Oberg, Carl, 80
Operation Dragoon, 100, 118
Operation Overlord (Normandy landings; D-Day), 47, 50–52, 90, 91, 115, 129, 132n
OSS (Office of Strategic Services), 36, 62, 134
Palais du Luxembourg, 165, 172–73
Paris: Allied advance toward, 54, 108, 129–45, 156, 159–61
Americans in, 111
Arc de Triomphe in, 149, 183, 185, 186, 193, 198, 198
barricades in, 107, 109, 156
Choltitz’s public statement to, 153–55
church bells in, 143, 160–61
collaborationists in, 18, 100, 173–74, 174, 201
Commune in, 92, 95, 113, 113n, 115, 116, 126, 181, 182, 183, 200
cultural life in, 13–14, 19, 95–96
Dronne and, 138–44, 140, 158, 163–64
Eiffel Tower in, 136, 140, 149, 166
Eisenhower and, 56–57, 60–63, 111–13, 115–27, 132, 133, 192–99, 201
Eisenhowers’ residence in, 111–12
electricity and gas in, 155, 189, 201, 203
Élysée Palace in, 176
food shortages in, 20, 97, 106, 121, 154, 155, 191, 200–201
Gare Montparnasse in, 134, 164, 171, 175–76
German bombing of, 191
German defense of, 65–87, 137, 165–67, 172–73
German occupation of, 1, 2, 2, 10–13, 16–21, 66, 83, 143, 153–54, 186
German occupation ends, 161
German orders for destruction of, 76–79, 86–87, 125, 147–51, 159, 161–62, 164, 191, 201
German retreat from, 183–84
German surrender of, 157, 158, 161, 164, 166–73, 171, 175–76, 203
Grand Palais in, 151–52, 155
Hitler and, 1, 11, 11, 65, 74–76, 84, 147, 149, 150, 156, 159, 161, 164, 191, 201
Hitler’s “Is Paris burning?” question, 159
Hôtel de Ville in, 105, 105, 139, 140, 141–44, 175, 177–81, 180, 188
Hôtel Matignon in, 106
Hotel Meurice in, 73, 73, 74, 78, 85, 103, 137, 148, 157, 159–60, 166–68
Jews in, 17–18, 98, 188
Leclerc and, 133–45, 135, 163–65
liberation of, 43, 55, 59, 100, 108, 115, 116, 121–27, 129, 130, 132, 133, 142–45, 155, 163–82, 183, 192, 197, 199–201
liberation of, as prolonging war, 203–5
liberation celebrations, 163–65, 165, 173, 182
Louvre in, 14, 82, 140, 148
Ministry of War in, 176–77, 181, 190, 191, 193, 197
Notre-Dame in, 140, 143, 149, 177, 183, 188–90, 189
Palais du Luxembourg in, 165, 172–73
parade in, 177–78, 181, 183–88, 187
police in, 58, 81–82, 84, 97–105, 109, 155, 177
Prince Eugene barracks in, 165–66
prisoners in, 79–80
Resistance in, 12, 17, 57, 58, 61, 62, 81–85, 89–110, 121, 152, 153, 155, 157, 181–82, 186, 190; see also French Resistance
revolt in, 152–56
Saint Bartholomew’s Day massacre in, 160
strikes in, 58, 94, 97–101, 109
Tomb of the Unknown Soldier in, 185–86, 185, 198
truce in, 82–86, 104–5, 107–9, 115, 151
Twenty-Eighth Infantry march in, 195, 195
in World War I, 1
Paris Committee of National Liberation (CPL), 96, 175, 177–80, 186, 199
Parodi, Alexandre, 41, 85, 92, 93, 94–96, 98, 101–3, 106, 143–44, 177, 178, 186, 188
Pasteur (Guitry), 13
Patch, Alexander, 60, 100
Patton, George, 53–54, 56, 60, 65, 95, 100, 101, 109–10, 125, 129, 130, 195, 197 Leclerc and, 129–30
Paulus, Friedrich von, 17
Paxton, Robert, 10
PCF, see French Communist Party
Pearl Harbor, 17, 32, 127, 132n
Pershing, John J., 111, 112, 112, 114, 193
Pétain, Philippe, 4, 6, 7, 8–10, 9, 14, 15, 16, 17, 20, 25, 27, 29, 35, 49, 92, 181, 188, 188n on collaboration, 16
Hitler and, 15
Roosevelt and, 29, 33
Piaf, Edith, 96
Pius XI, Pope, 188n
Pius XII, Pope, 188n
Poland, 2, 3 Warsaw Uprising in, 95, 99
Police et Patrie, 98–99, 102
Posch-Pastor von Camperfeld, Erich, 124
Powell, Robert, 109
Price, Xenophon, 115n
Prince Eugene barracks, 165–66
Pyle, Ernie, 163, 173, 182
Quebec Conference, 41
Reid, Robert, 188
Repiton, Phillippe, 131–32
Resistance, see French Resistance
Reynaud, Paul, 4, 7, 14, 15, 23–25, 177 de Gaulle and, 23–25
resignation of, 25
Ribbentrop, Joachim von, 13, 151
Riding, Alan, 16
Rol, Colonel (Henri Tanguy), 89–92, 90, 94, 96–103, 105–8, 142–43, 175–76, 186, 199–200 surrender document and, 170–71, 175–76
Roman Catholic Church, 9, 10, 113, 188, 188n
Rommel, Erwin, 6–7, 34, 56, 148n
Roosevelt, Franklin Delano, 10, 29, 30, 42, 46, 53, 57, 62, 111, 114 at Casablanca Conference, 37, 38
Churchill and, 33, 36–38, 40–42, 50–51
death of, 48n
de Gaulle and, 29, 32, 35, 37–38, 40, 48–49, 57, 58, 194
Eisenhower and, 46–49, 127, 201
failing health of, 48
McCloy and, 47
North Africa and, 35–37, 47, 192
Pétain and, 29, 33
at Quebec Conference, 41
Rundstedt, Gerd von, 4–6, 14, 56, 148n, 156, 204
Russia, see Soviet Union
Saint Bartholomew’s Day massacre, 160
Saint-Phalle, Alexandre de, 124
St. Pierre, 33
Sartre, Jean-Paul, 19
Schlieffen Plan, 2, 4, 203
Seine, 54, 56, 60, 62, 65, 77, 84, 95, 101, 117, 119, 129, 130, 137, 139, 141, 147
Senegal, 29
SHAEF (Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Force), 49, 51, 117–18, 190–91
Shaw, Irwin, 173
Sibert, Edwin, 121, 122, 124, 126
Sicily, 20
Siegfried Line, 121
Sippenhaft (imprisoned families) law, 72, 74, 158
Smith, Walter Bedell, 46, 51, 123
Soviet Union, 20, 93 de Gaulle and, 33
FCNL and, 41
Finland and, 3