Escape from Paris
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Lefort, Captain, to Major Donald Darling, April 21, 1945.
Mercier, Madame Germaine, to Joseph Cornwall (via Major John F. White Jr., MIS-X Paris), June 4, 1945.
Olynik, Michael, to Dr. Joseph Gorjux, January 4, 1946.
Pasco, Jean, to Ralph H. Saltsman Jr., June 28, 1993.
Purdy, Ann L., to Major W. F. Heyman, QMC, September 11, 1944.
Saltsman, Ralph H., Jr., to Dr. Eugene M. Emme, October 5, 1981.
, to Lawrence H. Templeton, July 26, 1993.
, to Claude-André Simoneau, December 30, 1997.
, to Lawrence H. Templeton, February 14, 1998.
Templeton, Lawrence H., to Louise M. Dickson, n.d.
, to Ralph H. Saltsman Jr., February 22, 1998.
Unknown, to Louise M. Dickson, April 18, 1944.
Warner, Captain J. W., to Effie B. Belcher, July 24, 1944.
White, Major John F., to Major Donald Darling, March 19, 1945.
, to Madame Veuve Denise Morin, May 14, 1946.
Memoirs
Miller, Marguerite Brouard. The World War II Years of Marguerite. Self-published, 2002.
Saltsman, Ralph H., Jr. My Story. Unpublished typescript. 1945.
. Good Time Cholly II. Self-published, 1993.
. Return to Normandy. Self-published, 1993.
SECONDARY SOURCES
Books
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Bowers, Peter M. Fortress in the Sky. Granada Hills, CA: Sentry Books, 1976.
Bowman, Martin. B-17 Flying Fortress Units of the Eighth Air Force, Part 1. Botley, Oxford, UK: Osprey, 2000.
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Darling, Donald. Sunday at Large: Assignments of a Secret Agent. London: William Kimber, 1977.
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Douglas, Graeme. Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress: Owner’s Workshop Manual. Minneapolis, MN: Zenith Press, 2011.
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Foot, M. R. D. SOE in France. London: Her Majesty’s Stationary Office, 1976.
Foot, M. R. D., and J. M. Langley. MI9: Escape and Evasion, 1939–1945. London: Bodley Head, 1979.
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Hope, Bob. I Never Left Home. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1944.
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Jablonski, Edward. Flying Fortress. New York: Doubleday, 1965.
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Kozak, Warren. LeMay: The Life and Wars of General Curtis LeMay. Washington, DC: Regnery Publishing, 2009.
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Langley, J. M. Fight Another Day. London: Collins, 1974.
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Leixner, Leo. Von Lemberg bis Bordeaux. Munich: Verlag Franz Eher Nachfolger GmbH, 1941.
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Lewis, Richard L., and William R. Larson. Hell Above and Hell Below: The Real Life Story of an American Airman. Wilmington, DE: Delapeake Publishing, 1985.
Miannay, Patrice. Dictionnaire des agents doubles dans la Résistance. Paris: Le Cherche Midi, 2005.
Miller, Donald L. Masters of the Air: America’s Bomber Boys Who Fought the Air War Against Nazi Germany. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2006.
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Muratori-Philip, Anne. L’Hotel Des Invalides (La memoire des lieux). Paris: Complexe, 1992.
Nauroth, Holger. Jagdgeschwader 2 “Richthofen.” Altglen, PA: Schiffer Publishing, 2004.
Neave, Airey. Saturday at MI-9. London: Trinity Press, 1969.
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Nijboer, Donald. Gunner: An Illustrated History of World War II Aircraft Turrets and Gun Po
sitions. Erin, ON: Boston Mills Press, 2001.
Oehmichen, Hermann, and Martin Mann. Der Weg der 87: Infanterie-Division. Self-published, 1969.
Ottaway, Susan. A Cool and Lonely Courage: The Untold Story of Sister Spies in Occupied France. New York: Little, Brown, 2014.
Ottis, Sherri Greene. Silent Heroes: Downed Airmen and the French Underground. Lexington, KY: University Press of Kentucky, 2009.
Overy, Richard. The Bombers and the Bombed: Allied Air War Over Europe, 1940–1945. London: Penguin Books, 2013.
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Rossiter, Margaret L. Women in the Resistance. New York: Praeger, 1986.
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Shneck, Donald R., and Ralph H. Shneck. Cheerio and Best Wishes. West Lafayette, IN: Purdue University Press, 2013.
Shoemaker, Lloyd. The Escape Factory: The Story of MIS-X. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1990.
Slater, Harry E. Lingering Contrails of the Big Square A. Self-published, 1980.
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Newspaper Articles
Baltimore Sun. “General Forrest Lost in U.S. Raid on Kiel June 13.” June 25, 1943.
Bend (OR) Bulletin. “Redmond Flier Gets Air Medal.” August 14, 1943.
“Funeral Sunday for Redmond Man.” April 22, 1949.
Chicago Tribune. “Hitler at Tomb of Napoleon, a Conqueror, Too.” June 27, 1940.
Daily Mail (London). “Beat 25 Fighters at Kiel.” June 14, 1943.
Daily Sketch (Manchester, UK). “Fortresses Smashed Suicide Squadrons.” June 20, 1943.
Daily Times-News (Burlington, NC). “Captain Dickson Aims for Paris and Sports Arena.” August 8, 1942.
Daily Tribune (Greeley, CO). “Five Coloradoans Get Flying Cross.” September 10, 1943.
Daily Variety (Hollywood, CA). “Film Men Made Military History in World War I.” January 7, 1942.
Decatur (IL) Herald. “When Jeff Dickson Died…” June 18, 1944.
Oakland (CA) Tribune. “Yanks Weather Kiel Ack-Ack, But Bike Handlebars Too Tough.” August 6, 1943.
St. Petersburg (FL) Times. “Shot Down in France, Dodges Nazis, Escapes, Tells Story.” November 6, 1943.
Sandusky (OH) Register. “Jefferson Davis Dickson Is Missing in Action.” March 22, 1944.
Tampa (FL) Tribune. “Wife Says Dickson Died in Air Battle.” June 13, 1944.
The Times (Shreveport, LA). “Raceland Sergeant Lost in European Battle Area.” August 3, 1943.
Times Herald (Olean, NY). “Lucky Finding of Napoleon Relics Cited—Scattered Along Roadway.” October 18, 1940.
Monographs
“It’s the Little Things: Escape and Evasion in World War II.” Oron P. South, U.S. Arctic, Desert, Tropic Information Center, Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama, n.d.
“Were They Prepared? Escape and Evasion in Western Europe, 1942–1944.” Major Laura C. Counts, USAF Air Command and Staff College, April 1986. DTIC.
Magazine/Journal Articles
Armstrong, James E. “The Voyage of the Suzanne-Renne.” The Communicator (newsletter of the U.S. Air Forces Escape & Evasion Society), March 8, 2012.
Beatty, Jerome. “Ringmaster of Paris.” American Magazine, February 1939.
. “Ringmaster of Paris” (condensed). Reader’s Digest, June 1939.
Coté, Amy. “Wehrmacht Perceptions of Paris and the French During the Second World War.” The Corvette: The University of Victoria Undergraduate Journal of History 1, no. 1 (2013).
Grant, Rebecca. “Escaping the Continent.” Air Force, October 2014.
Paine, Ralph Delahaye, Jr. “France Collapsed From Internal Decay.” Life, July 8, 1940.
Rossiter, Margaret L. “Le Rôle Des Femmes Dans La Résistance En France.” Guerres Mondiales et Conflits Contemporains, July 1989.
Saltsman, Ralph H., Jr. “Air Battle at Kiel.” Air Power History, Summer 1989.
Seiss, Karlheinz. “Jäger und Ihre Beute.” Luftflotte West: Herausgegeben von Der Luftflotte 3, no. 30 (July 30, 1943).
Slater, Harry. “That’s the Way It Was: Eight Over Kiel.” Nostalgic Notes (94th Bomb Group Association newsletter), March 1977.
Templeton, Lawrence E. “If Memory Serves Me Correctly.” Nostalgic Notes, March 1980.
Unknown Author. “Hitler and Napoleon: Two ‘Little Corporals’ Meet in Paris.” Life, August 15, 1940.
Unknown Author. “Mission: Le Bourget—14 July 1943.” Nostalgic Notes, March 1976.
Unknown Author. “Mr. Five By Five.” Nostalgic Notes, December 1988.
Miscellaneous
Ranvoisy, Emmanuel, Odette Christienne, and Frédéric Plancard. “Le Régiment Sapeurs-Pompiers de Paris, 1938–1944.” Organizational history produced by the Office of the Mayor of Paris, 2011.
Notes
CHAPTER 1
1. The USAAC was redesignated the U.S. Army Air Forces, USAAF, on June 20, 1941.
2. Mollie’s subterfuge worked far better than she might have imagined. In the 1910 federal census the head of the Campbell household is M. S. Campbell, who is clearly marked as female. Yet even some descendants have made the mistake of assuming that the entry referred to Marion S. Campbell, and that it was Mollie who had deserted the family.
3. The headquarters for Air Corps technical training was at Chanute Field, Illinois.
4. Joe Cornwall’s successful completion of the Flexible Gunnery Course resulted in the changing of his MOS from 911 to 612, Airplane Armorer-Gunner.
5. The Minnesota-based prepared-foods firm George A. Hormel and Company introduced a canned beef stew in 1935 under the Dinty Moore brand. Like the company’s later canned meat offering—Spam—Dinty Moore beef stew was a staple in American households (and in many military mess halls) throughout the late 1930s.
6. A unit’s TO&E lays out in exhaustive detail the number of people to be assigned to a specific unit, by rank and job title. And, as the name indicates, the same document also details every piece of equipment the unit is required to have, by designation and nomenclature for such larger items as aircraft and vehicles, and by individual part number for smaller items.
7. USAAF planners had decided that most Britain-bound multi-engine aircraft would be flown across the Atlantic by their
combat crews, rather than by ferry pilots.
8. As we shall see in the following chapters, the nickname applied to the Fortresses flown by Ed Purdy and his crew evolved over time.
9. Racially insensitive by today’s standards, the artwork was in keeping with the cultural mores of its time. It was also far tamer, and far less offensive, than many other examples of nose art to be found at that time on American military aircraft.
10. Andover is now known as Perth-Andover.
11. There were two guns in each of the B-17’s two manned, power-operated turrets (top and ball); two in the tail position; one in each of the waist positions; one firing upward from the radio operator’s position; and three in the navigator/bombardier position in the aircraft’s nose. Of the latter, two weapons were fixed to fire out either side of the compartment and were referred to as “cheek” guns, while the third was fitted into a flexible mount in the upper center part of the glazed Plexiglas nose. This single nose weapon was added as a “field modification” in order to give Fortress crews a better chance of successfully engaging enemy aircraft attacking from directly ahead.
12. Clarence “Smokey” Rebuck was a patient on the same tuberculosis ward at Fitzsimons hospital as Jesse Gypin. Details of Clara’s first and second marriages, and of how she and Joe Cornwall met, were provided during interviews conducted by the author with her son, Nathan Gypin. The interview is hereafter cited as Harding-Gypin 2017.
13. In February 1942 then Brigadier General Eaker—having been tapped to lead VIII Bomber Command—arrived in England with a small team of officers to begin laying the groundwork for the arrival of the men and aircraft tasked with carrying out the United States’ planned daylight precision bombing campaign against Germany. Eaker’s team included thirty-three-year-old Major Bernie Lay Jr., who had been an Air Corps bomber pilot in the interwar years before transferring to the reserves in order to pursue a civilian career as an aviation writer. His autobiographical book I Wanted Wings was turned into a popular 1941 movie, which brought Lay to the attention of Eaker, who himself held a degree in journalism. Lay had returned to active duty in 1939 after the outbreak of war in Europe, and Eaker sought him out and added him to his staff. Initially assigned to head the Army Air Forces in Great Britain (AAFGB) history and film office, Lay flew several combat missions and was eventually tapped to command a B-24 group. He was ultimately shot down but evaded capture and returned to England. After the war he and another Eighth Air Force veteran, screenwriter Sy Bartlett, cowrote Twelve O’Clock High, a fictionalized account of the birth and early operations of the USAAF’s Britain-based bomber force that was made into a 1949 hit motion picture starring Gregory Peck. Lay’s nonfiction account of his time on the run in Occupied France, published in 1945 as I’ve Had It and later reissued as Presumed Lost, is both excellent history and a great read.