[614] In M. E. Bradford, A Better Guide Than Reason: Federalists and Anti-Federalists (New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction, 1994; orig. published 1979), 194.
[615] Kaufmann, The Rise and Fall of Anglo-America., 22.
[616] See Paul Wolff Mitchell, “The Fault in His Seeds: Lost Notes to the Case of Bias in Samuel George Morton’s Cranial Racial Science,” PLOS Biology (October 4, 2018), unpaginated. Mitchell confirmed the accuracy of Morton’s measurements.
https://journals.plos.org/plosbiology/article?id=10.1371/journal.pbio.2007008#pbio.2007008.s001
[617] Strong, The New Era, 81.
[618] Tuveson, Redeemer Nation, 142.
[619] Thomas Babington Macaulay, History of England from the Accession of James II, Vol 1. (Philadelphia: Porter and Coates, 1848); quoted in Tuveson, Redeemer Nation, 144.
[620] Tuveson, Redeemer Nation, 144. Tuveson also summarizes John Lothrop Motley’s The Rise of the Dutch Republic which contrasts Germanic and Celtic peoples, the former characterized by “popular sovereignty”
[621] Kaufmann, The Rise and Fall of Anglo-America., 19.
[622] Ibid., 37.
[623] Ibid., 44–45.
[624] Ralph Waldo Emerson, English Traits (London: G. Routledge & Co., 1857), 27.
[625] Ibid., 28.
[626] Ibid., 25.
[627] Kaufmann, The Rise and Fall of Anglo-America, 44.
[628] See the section labeled “The Period of Ethnic Defense: 1880–1965” below.
[629] Ibid., 59.
[630] Ibid., 65.
[631] Ibid.
[632] Eric P. Kaufmann, The Rise and Fall of Anglo-America (Cambridge, MA: Harvard, 2004).
[633] Kaufmann, The Rise and Fall of Anglo-America, 88–89.
[634] Kaufmann, The Rise and Fall of Anglo-America, 153.
[635] See MacDonald, The Culture of Critique, Ch. 7.
[636] Quoted in Kaufmann, The Rise and Fall of Anglo-America, 144.
[637] This is based on my experience at the University of Wisconsin–Madison in the 1960s. My attraction to the left during this period was much more toward the hippie version. The Jewish students so central to the leftist counterculture tended much more toward political radicalism.
See: Kevin MacDonald, “Memories of Madison,” VDARE.com (March 18, 2009).
https://vdare.com/articles/memories-of-madison-my-life-in-the-new-left
[638] MacDonald, The Culture of Critique, passim.
[639] Quoted in Kaufmann, The Rise and Fall of Anglo-America, 90; my emphasis.
[640] Quoted in Ibid., 90.
[641] Ibid., 47.
[642] Ibid., 47.
[643] Ibid., 49.
[644] Ibid.
[645] Thomas Tombs, The English and Their History, 245; inner quote from Oliver Cromwell.
[646] Quoted in Kaufmann, The Rise and Fall of Anglo-America, 124.
[647] Ibid., 130.
[648] Ibid., 105.
[649] Ibid., 137.
[650] Ibid., 144.
[651] Ibid., 52.
[652] MacDonald, The Culture of Critique, Ch. 2.
[653] Kaufmann, The Rise and Fall of Anglo-America, 92.
[654] Ibid.
[655] Ibid.
[656] Ibid.
[657] MacDonald, Separation and Its Discontents, Ch. 7.
[658] “$10,000 Fund Presented to Dr. Felix Adler,” The New York Times (May 5, 1901).
https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1901/05/05/101072405.pdf
[659] MacDonald, The Culture of Critique, Ch. 3.
[660] House Reports, No. 350 (1924), 16.
[661] Israel Zangwill, quoted in Joseph Leftowich, Israel Zangwill (London: James Clark & Co., Ltd., 1957, 161)
[662] Kevin MacDonald, A People That Shall Dwell Alone: Judaism as a Group Evolutionary Strategy (Bloomington, IN: iUniverse, 2002; orig. published: Westport, CT: Praeger, 1994), Chs. 3 and 4.
[663] Kaufmann, The Rise and Fall of Anglo-America, 96.
[664] Ibid., 97.
[665] Ibid., 97–98.
[666] David Hackett Fischer, Albion’s Seed: Four British Folkways in America (Oxford, U.K.: Oxford University Press, 1989); see Ch. 7.
[667] MacDonald, “American Transcendentalism.”
[668] Thomas P. Slaughter, The Beautiful Soul of John Woolman, Apostle of Abolition (New York: Hill & Wang, 2008).
[669] Kaufmann, The Rise and Fall of Anglo-America, 101.
[670] Kallen is discussed in Kevin MacDonald, The Culture of Critique, Ch. 7:
Reflecting the utility of cultural pluralism in serving internal Jewish group interests in maintaining cultural separatism, Kallen personally combined his ideology of cultural pluralism with a deep immersion in Jewish history and literature, a commitment to Zionism, and political activity on behalf of Jews in Eastern Europe (Sachar 1992; Frommer 1978).
Kallen (1915, 1924) developed a “polycentric” ideal for American ethnic relationships. Kallen defined ethnicity as deriving from one’s biological endowment, implying that Jews should be able to remain a genetically and culturally cohesive group while participating in American democratic institutions. This conception that the United States should be organized as a set of separate ethnic-cultural groups was accompanied by an ideology that relationships between groups would be cooperative and benign: “Kallen lifted his eyes above the strife that swirled around him to an ideal realm where diversity and harmony coexist” (Higham 1984, 209).
Morris Frommer, “The American Jewish Congress: A History, 1914–1950,” (2 vols.). Ph.D. Dissertation, Ohio State University, 1978).
John Higham, Send These to Me: Immigrants in Urban America, rev. ed. (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1984).
Horace M. Kallen, “Democracy versus the Melting Pot,” The Nation 100 (February 18 and 25, 1915):190–194, 217–220.
Horace M. Kallen, Culture and Democracy in the United States (New York: Arno Press, 1924)
Howard M. Sachar, A History of Jews in America (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1992), 425ff.
[671] Ibid., 102.
[672] Randolph Bourne, “Trans-national America” (July, 1916).
http://www.theatlantic.com/issues/16jul/bourne.htm
[673] Kaufmann, The Rise and Fall of Anglo-America, 158.
[674] Ibid., 156.
[675] Kevin MacDonald, “Preface to the First Paperback Edition of The Culture of Critique,” (Bloomington, IN: AuthorHouse, 2002), liii.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/329029251
[676] Kaufmann, The Rise and Fall of Anglo-America. 26.
[677] Ibid., 68–69.
[678] Ibid., 71.
[679] MacDonald, The Culture of Critique, 259–261.
[680] N. W. Cohen, Not Free to Desist: The American Jewish Committee, 1906–1966 (Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society of America, 1972), 41.
[681] Ibid., 49.
[682] E. A. Ross, The Old World and the New: The Significance of Past and Present Immigration to the American People (New York: The Century Company, 1914), 144–145).
[683] Roger Daniels, Not Like Us: Immigrants and Minorities in America, 1890–1924 (Chicago: Ivan R. Dee, 1997).
[684] Kaufmann, The Rise and Fall of Anglo-America. 81..
[685] Herbert S. Lewis, “The Passion of Franz Boas,” American Anthropologist 103, no 2 (June, 2001):447–467, 453.
[686] MacDonald, The Culture of Critique, Ch. 2.
[687] MacDonald, Separation and Its Discontents, Ch. 5.
[688] Kevin MacDonald, “Enemies of My Enemy. Review of The ‘Jewish Threat’: Anti-Semitic Politics of the U.S. Army by Joseph W. Bendersky,” The Occidental Quarterly 1, no. 2 (Winter 2001): 63–77, 63.
[689] Neil Baldwin, Henry Ford and the Jews: The Mass Production of Hate (New York: Public Affairs, 2001).
[690] Quoted in Ibid., 59.
[691] David Starr Jordan, Unseen Empire: A Study of the Plight of Nations that Do Not Pay Their Debts (Boston: American Unitarian Association, 1912), 19–20.
[692] George W. Stocking, Race, Evolution, and Culture: Essays in the History of Anthropology (New York: Free Press, 1968), 286.
[693] Gelya Frank, “Jews, Multiculturalism, and Boasian Anthropology,” American Anthropologist 99 (1997):731–745.
[694] Kevin MacDonald, “Henry Ford and the Jewish Question,” The Occidental Quarterly 2, no. 4 (Winter 2002–2003): 53–77.
http://www.kevinmacdonald.net/HenryFord-2.htm
[695] Ernest Liebold and Billy Cameron, The International Jew (June 12, 1920).
[696] Ibid., June 19, 1920.
[697] Joseph Bendersky, The ‘Jewish Threat’: Anti-Semitic Politics of the U.S. Army (New York: Basic Books, 2000), 244.
[698] Kevin MacDonald, “Preface to the First Paperback Edition of The Culture of Critique.”
[699] Bendersky, The ‘Jewish Threat,’ 245.
[700] Ibid., 250.
[701] Ibid., 252–253.
[702] Ibid., 253.
[703] Ibid., 250.
[704] Ibid., 280.
[705] Ibid., 262.
[706] Carl Degler, In Search of Human Nature: The Decline and Revival of Darwinism in American Social Thought (New York: Oxford University Press, 1991); Frank, “Jews, Multiculturalism, and Boasian Anthropology”; Lewis, “The Passion of Franz Boas; Kevin MacDonald, The Culture of Critique, Ch. 2; Stocking, Race, Evolution, and Culture); George Stocking, “The Ethnographic Sensibility of the 1920s and the Dualism of the Anthropological Tradition,” History of Anthropology 6 (1989): 208–276.
[707] Higham, Send These to Me, 58–59.
[708] See MacDonald, The Culture of Critique, Ch. 6 for a summary.
[709] Kevin MacDonald, “Effortful Control, Explicit Processing and the Regulation of Human Evolved Predispositions,” Psychological Review 115, no.4 (2008): 1012–1031.
[710] Ibid.
[711] The material on the British antislavery movement in this chapter is based on Kevin MacDonald, “The Anti-slavery Movement as an Expression of the Eighteenth-Century Affective Revolution in England: An Ethnic Hypothesis,” in Michael Austin & Kathryn Stasio (eds.), Reasoning Beasts: Evolution, Cognition and Culture in the Long Eighteenth Century (New York: AMS Press, 2013): 3–29.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/312717632
[712] For example, David Sloan Wilson and Lee Alan Dugatkin “Group Selection and Assortative Interactions,” American Naturalist 149 (1997): 336–351.
[713] Kevin MacDonald, “Effortful Control, Explicit Processing and the Regulation of Human Evolved Predispositions,” Psychological Review 115, no. 4 (2008): 1012–1031.
[714] Robert Boyd and Peter J. Richerson, “Punishment Allows the Evolution of Cooperation (or Anything Else) in Sizable Groups,” Ethology and Sociobiology 13 (1995), 171–195; Joseph Henrich and Robert Boyd, “Why People Punish Defectors: Weak Conformist Transmission Can Stabilize Costly Enforcement of Norms in Cooperative Dilemmas.” Journal of Theoretical Biology 208 (2001): 79–89.
[715] David Hackett Fischer, Fairness and Freedom: A History of Two Open Societies, New Zealand and the United States (New York: Oxford University Press, 2012).
[716] In Gertrude Himmelfarb, Roads to Modernity: The British, French, and American Enlightenments (New York: Vintage reprint; orig. published 2004), 131; see discussion below.
[717] Christopher Leslie Brown, Moral Capital (Chapel Hill, NC: North Carolina Press, 2006), 161.
[718] Adam Hochschild, Bury the Chains: Prophets and Rebels in the Fight to Free an Empire’s Slaves (Boston: Mariner Books, 2006), 5; emphasis in text).
[719] Seymour Drescher, Capitalism and Antislavery: British Mobilization in Comparative Perspective (New York: Oxford University Press, 1987), 2.
[720] Brown, Moral Capital, 450.
[721] Ibid., 3–22.
[722] Ibid., 16
[723] Robert Tombs, The English and Their History (London: Penguin Books, 2015; orig. published 2014), 318.
[724] Ibid., 329.
[725] Ibid., 324.
[726] Ibid., 327–328.
[727] In Ibid., 329.
[728] Gertrude Himmelfarb, Roads to Modernity, 134.
[729] Ibid., 142.
[730] Lawrence Stone, The Family, Sex and Marriage in England 1500–1800 (London: Weidenfeld & Nicholson, 1977).
[731] Ibid., 238.
[732] Himmelfarb, Roads to Modernity, 144.
[733] Elie Halévy, The Birth of Methodism in England, trans., Bernard Semmel (Chicago, 1971), 37.
[734] Ibid., 66.
[735] Himmelfarb, Roads to Modernity, 146.
[736] Hochschild, Bury the Chains, 146ff.
[737] Ibid., 310.
[738] Eric Williams, Capitalism and Slavery (Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 1944).
[739] Brown, Moral Capital, 15.
[740] Ibid., 24.
[741] Ibid., 315.
[742] Ibid., 441.
[743] Ibid., 438–439.
[744] Ricardo Duchesne, The Uniqueness of Western Civilization (Leiden, Brill, 2011), 486; emphasis in text; the inner quote is from philosopher David Hume.
[745] Ibid., 481.
[746] Barbara Oakley, Ariel Knafo, Curuprasad Madhavan, and David Sloan Wilson (eds.), Pathological Altruism (New York: Oxford University Press, 2012); see Ch. 8.
[747] Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of the American Psychiatric Association (Washington, DC: American Psychological Association, 2000), 722.
[748] Thomas A. Widiger and Jennifer Ruth Presnall, “Pathological Altruism and Personality Disorder,” in Barbara Oakley, Ariel Knafo, Curuprasad Madhavan, and David Sloan Wilson (eds.), Pathological Altruism (New York: Oxford University Press, 2012): 85–93.
[749] Kevin MacDonald, “Evolution, the Five Factor Model, and Levels of Personality,” Journal of Personality 63 (1995): 525–567.
[750] Carsten K. W. De Dreu, et al., “The Neuropeptide Oxytocin Regulates Parochial Altruism in Intergroup Conflict among Humans,” Science 328, no. 5984 (June, 11, 2010): 1408–1411.
[751] James Ramsey, An Essay on the Treatment and Conversion of African Slaves in the British Sugar Colonies (London: James Phillips, 1784), 2–3.
http://books.google.com/books?id=Zf9AAAAAcAAJ&pg=PR1&source=gbs_selected_pages&cad=3#v=onepage&q&f=false
[752] Thomas Clarkson, Abolition of the African Slave-Trade by the British Parliament, Vol. 1 (Augusta, GA: P. A. Brinsmade, 1830), 24.
https://books.google.com/books?id=YHwNAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false
[753] MacDonald, “Effortful Control, Explicit Processing, and the Regulation of Human Evolved Predispositions.”
[754] Ibid.
[755] See review in Ibid.
[756] William A. Cunningham et al., “Separable Neural Components in the Processing of Black and White faces,” Psychological Science 15 (2004): 806–813.
[757] Alan G. Sanfey, Reid Hastie, Mary K. Colvin, and Jordan Grafman, “Phineas Gauged: Decision-making and the Human Prefrontal Cortex,” Neuropsychologia 41 (2003): 1218–1229.
[758] Joshua D. Greene et al., “Pushing Moral Buttons: The Interaction between Personal Force and Intention in Moral Judgment,” Cognition 111, no. 3 (2009): 364–371.
[759] Kevin MacDonald, “Evolution and a Dual Processing Theory of Culture: Applications to Moral Idealism and Political Philosophy,” Politics and Culture (Issue, #1, April, 2010), unpaginated.
[760] Brown, Moral Capital, 398.
[761] Ibid., 441.
[762] MacDonald, “Effortful Control, Explicit Processing, and the Regulation of Human Evolved Predispositions.”
[763] John Gerring, “Ideology: A Definitional Analysis,” Political Research Quarterly 50 (1997): 957–994; Kathleen Knight, “Transformations of the Concept of Ideology in the Twentieth Century,” American Political Science Review 100 (2006): 619–625.
[764] Kevin MacDonald, “Evolution, Psychology, and a Conflict Theory of Culture,” Evolutionary Psychology 7, no. 2 (2009): 208–233.
[765] Himmelfarb, The Roads to Modernity, 19.
[766] Ibid, 31.
[767] Ibid., 51.
Individualism and the Western Liberal Tradition Page 47