by Livia Kohn
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Zhou Shixiu
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Names of Authors Cited
Akizuki Kan’ei
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Kobayashi Masayoshi
Araki Kengo
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Asano Haruji
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Kobayashi Yoshihiro
Asano Yuichi
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Kokusho Kankokai Í—ZÊ|
Chen Bing
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Kondo Hiroyuki
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Chen Cheng-siang Øøª
Li Huichuan
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Dong Qixiang
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Li Ling
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Duan Yuming
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Li Qing
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Lin Guoping
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Fan Chunwu
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Liu Xiangming
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Fukui Fumimasa
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Liu Zhiwan
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Fukui Kojun
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Liu Zhiwen
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Fukunaga Mitsuji
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Liu Zhongyu
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Fuma Susumu
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Lü Chuikuan
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Furuie Shinpei
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Luo Yixing
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Guan Xiang
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Mabuchi Masaya
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Maruyama Hiroshi Ysª
Harada Masami
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Matsumoto Koichi QªE@
Hu Fuchen
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Misaki Ryoshu
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Huang Junjie
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Mitamura Keiko
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Huang Shiqing
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Miyakawa Hisayuki ct|”
Mizokuchi Yuso
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Ikeda Tomohisa
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Mizuno Minoru
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Mori Yuria
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Jiang Boqian
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Nan Huaijin
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Kamitsuka Yoshiko ´ÔQl
Kawai Kozo
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Ofuchi Ninji
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310
Names of Authors Cited
Pang Pu
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Wang Jianchuan
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Peng Wenyu
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Wang Ming
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Wang Qiugui
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Qiao Qingquan
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Wang Zhizhong
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Rueh Yih-fu
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Xiao Dengfu
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Xu Dishan
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Sahara Yasuo
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Xu Xiaowang
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Sakade Yoshinobu ¡XªŚakai Tadao
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Yamada Masaru
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Sano Koshi
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Yamada Toshiaki
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Shiga Ichiko
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Yang Cenglie
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Shimamori Tetsuo qÀık
Yoshikawa Tadao
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Shiratori Yoshiro
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Yoshioka Yoshitoyo j£qé
Song Enchang
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Yu Min
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Takeuchi Fusashi
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Zheng Zhenduo
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Tsuchiya Masaaki
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Contributors
Co-editors
Livia Kohn is Professor of Religion and East Asian Studies at Boston University. She received her Ph.D. from Bonn University, Germany, after which she undertook post-doctoral studies at Kyoto University, Japan. A specialist of medieval Chinese religion and especially Daoism, she has written and edited many works, including Taoist Meditation and Longevity Techniques (1989), Early Chinese Mysticism (1992), The Taoist Experience (1993), Laughing at the Tao (1995), God of the Dao: Lord Lao in History and Myth (1998), and Daoism Hand-book (2000).
Harold D. Roth received his Ph.D. from the University of Toronto and served as visiting lecturer at the University of Alberta and at the School of Oriental and African Studies, London. He is currently Professor of Religious Studies and East Asian Studies at Brown University, specializing in Chinese religion and early Daoist thought.
Major publications include The Textual History of the Huai-nan Tzu (1992) and Original Tao: Inward Training and the Foundations of Taoist Mysticism (1999).
Contributors
Asano Haruji is Associate Professor of Chinese Studies at Kokugakuin Junior College in Sapporo. He specializes in the understanding of contemporary ritual in Chinese society and has undertaken fieldwork with a focus on Daoist ritual in Taiwan since the 1980s. He has published various articles in prestigious journals, such as Tohoshukyo (1995) and Girei bunka (1996).
311
312
List of Contributors
Suzanne Cahill is Adjunct Associate Professor in the History Department at University of California-San Diego. She is the author of Transcendence and Divine Passion: The Queen Mother of the West in Medieval China (Stanford University Press, 1993).
Mark Csikszentmihàlyi is Associate Professor of Religion at the University of Wisconsin at Madison. He is the co-editor, with Philip B. Ivanhoe, of Essays on Religious and Philosophical Aspects of the Laozi (State University of New York Press, 1999)
Edward L. Davis is Associate Professor of Chinese History at the University of Hawai‘i. He holds a B.A. from Harvard College and an M.A. and Ph.D. from the University of California at Berkeley. He is the author of Society and the Supernatural in Song China (University of Hawai‘i Press, 2001) and co-editor of the Encyclopedia of Contemporary Chinese Culture (Routledge, forthcoming).
Terry F. Kleeman is Associate Professor of Chinese and Religious Studies at the University of Colorado, Boulder. He is the author of A God’s Own Tale: The Book of Transformations of Wenchang (State University of New York Press, 1994) and Great Perfection: Religion and Ethnicity in a Chinese Millennial Kingdom (University of Hawai‘i Press, 1998).
Mabuchi Masaya is Professor of Chinese Thought at Gakushuin University and focuses on the understanding of Ming-dynasty philosophy. He has published papers in both volumes edited by the Society for the Study of Daoist Culture (1994; 1998) as well as in the important journal Chugoku tetsugaku kenkyu (1990).
Maruyama Hiroshi is Associate Professor of East Asian Religion at Tsukuba University. He is one of Japan’s foremost scholars on questions of contemporary Daoist ritual and has undertaken extensive fieldwork in Taiwan. He is published widely in such prestigious journals such as Tohoshukyo (1986; 1991), Shakai bunka shigaku (1986), and Acta Asiatica (1995).
Mitamura Keiko is Lecturer of Chinese Studies at Meikai University in Chiba. She is especially interested in the study of medieval Daoism and has variously studied its texts and worldview. Her writings appear in the volumes edited by the Society for the Study of Daoist Culture (1994) as well as in Tohoshukyo (1998) and Koza dokyo (1999).
List of Contributors
313
Mori Yuria is Associate Professor of Chinese History and Culture at Waseda University in Tokyo. His area of specialization is
the history of the Quanzhen lineage in the Ming and Qing dynasties. His publications explore this almost unknown area of Daoist and Chinese history, appearing in the volumes edited by the Society for the Study of Daoist Culture (1994; 1998) as well as in Toyo no shiso to shukyo (1998) and Koza dokyo (1999).
Peter Nickerson is Assistant Professor of Religion and Asian and African Languages and Literature at Duke University. His publications include “The Great Petition for Sepulchral Plaints” (in Stephen R. Bokenkamp, ed., Early Daoist Scriptures [University of California Press, 1997]) and “A Poetics and Politics of Possession: Taiwanese Spirit-Medium Cults and Autonomous Popular Cultural Space” (forthcoming in Positions: East Asia Cultures Critique 9.1
[2001]). He is currently completing a book manuscript, Taoism, Bureaucracy, and Popular Religion in Early Medieval China.
Charles D. Orzech is Associate Professor and Head of the Department of Religious Studies at The University of North Carolina–
Greensboro. He is the author of Politics and Transcendent Wisdom: The Scripture for Humane Kings in the Creation of Chinese Buddhism (Pennsylvania State University Press, 1998).
Shiga Ichiko is Lecturer of Chinese Anthropology at Tokyo Seitoku University. She focuses especially on the development of contemporary forms of Daoism in Hong Kong and southern China.
She has published widely in such journals as Koza dokyo and recently brought out a book entitled Kindai chugoku no shamanizumu to dokyo (Tokyo, 1999).
Tsuchiya Masaaki is Associate Professor of East Asian Thought at Yokohama University. He is primarily interested in the early Daoist movements and in questions of self and self-understanding in traditional China. His publications cover various subjects in this general area and have appeared in the volumes edited by the Society for the Study of Daoist Culture (1994; 1998).
Index
academies, Confucian, 198; member-
“At the Temple Washing Silk Gauze,”
ship in, 199
121
Acala, 216
autobiography, 43
acaryas, 215
Avalokitesvara. See Guanyin
accommodation, and identity, 215
Aiyu shantang, 201
Ba people, 11, 25, 28–35; beliefs of,
alchemy, and pudu, 228
26; Daoist attraction of, 27; kingdom
altar: arrangement of, 291; of awaken-
of, 29
ing, 175–176, 183; as body, 222;
Ba youhun zhenfu, 263
disciples of, 173; and healing, 172;
Baidu pai, 154
in modern Daoism, 185–209; offer-
Baihe guan, 190
ings on, 277, 279, 281; preparation
Bailong jingshe, 167, 170–171, 173
of, 275; protection of, 261; in Qing,
Baiyun dong, 198
167; setting up of, 259
Baiyun guan, 179
Amah, 120, 122
Baiyun shan, 193
Amitabha, 176–177
Baldrian-Hussein, Farzeen, 194
Amoghavajra, 215–217
ballads, 112
amrta. See sweet dew
bamboo, 122
ancestors: anxiety about, 72, 75; cult for,
Bamboo Grove, Seven Sages of, 111,
160; offerings for, 290; temple for,
116, 118–119
152–153; worship of, 75
Bamen kaidu Tianzun, 225
Ancestral Hall, 158, 160, 163
Bamen yanqin shenshu, 253
anger, 14
Ban Gu, 89–90, 98
animals, five, 276, 282; in offerings, 288;
banjiao, 31
sacrificial, 278
banquet: as audience, 226; in fang
announcement, 65, 261–263; ceremony
yankou, 221–223; and offerings,
of, 259–260; for dead, 66; in ritual,
282; in pudu, 225–227; ritual, 10
257
Banshun Man, 35
Aofeng, 151, 155, 157, 161, 163
Bao Jing, 191
Aofeng shutang, 159
Baodao tang, 196, 203
apocrypha, Buddhist, 213. See chenwei
Baopuzi, 71, 244, 284, 286
appropriation, 215
Baosheng dadi, 160
Asano Haruji, 18
Baosong baohe ji, 203, 205, 208
Asano Yuichi, 83
Baoyuan taiping jing, 94
315
316
Index
barbarians: Chinese views of, 30–32;
Canhua gong, 198
conversion of, 31
Canton, spirit-writing in, 187, 189
Beijing, 151, 176
Cao Cao, 27, 29
Beimeng suoyan, 125
“Capturing Willows by the Riverside,”
beiyin, 156
112–113
benevolence, 130
Catholics, and identity, 6
Berger and Luckmann, 4
Cedzich, Angelika, 60–61
Bian Que zhenzhong bijue, 99
Celestial Elder. See Tianlao
bigu, 287
Celestial Masters: beginnings of, 99–100;
blood: magic of, 284–286; sacrifices,
confessions in, 39–40; early history
10, 18, 27, 280–284, 291
of, 96–97; and ethnic groups, 26, 28,
Bo Ya, 116, 123
33; and identity, 7–8; merit rituals of,
boats, 104, 109, 111–116, 124
256–273; new Daoism under, 58–77;
bodhi, and Dao, 216
ritual of, 274–294
bodhicitta, 222–224, 228
Celestial Monarch. See Tiandi
bodhisattvas, 162; in ritual, 223
Ceng Yiguan, 190, 192
body: as altar, 222, 226; as cosmos, 228;
Central China, 23
in Daoism, 12; at death, 67–68; defile-
chamber of tranquility. See oratory
ments of, 45; and hand signs, 237;
Chan Buddhism, 158, 162
lightness of, 287; as microcosm, 52;
Chang’an, 102, 104, 105, 118
and mind, 51–52; spirit, 271; as state,
Changchun daojiao yuanliu, 190–192
226, 228
Changchun xianguan, 200
Bokenkamp, Stephen, 220, 231
Changqu lidu nü tuoluoni zhoujing, 241
Boltz, Judith, 220, 227
Changsheng lingfu, 263
boundaries, and identity, 2
Changsheng shu, 166
bowls, as offerings, 277
Changsheng shu xuming fang hekan, 166
Brahma, 225, 231; in hand signs, 239–
Changzhou, 167
240; language, 220
Chanhui wen, 56
buddhas: assembly of, 223–224; invoca-
chanting, 267
tion of, 221, 223; of the past, 158;
Chen Minggui, 190
in ritual, 223–224
Chen Mou, 166, 173
Buddhism: comparison with, 99; and
Chen Qiyou, 97
Daoism, 58; and Daoist identity, 7;
Chen Rongsheng, 259, 275
and Daoist ritual, 231–234; discipline
Chen Tao, 118
of, 31; Esoteric, 213–234; and guilt,
Chen Tiquan, 195
41–42; and literati, 157; and Ming
Chen Xianzhang, 140, 146
Daoism, 137–138; in Ming dynasty,
Chen Zhong, 98
10, 131, 143, 235–255, 274; and
Cheng Mou, 172
modern cults, 205; and mortuary
Chengdu, 25
rites, 74–75; offerings in, 279; and
chengfu, 218
popular religion, 163; ritual of, 15,
Chenhou Yinzi dui, 99
16–17, 256; temples of, 104; under-
Chen-Li Ji, 195
sta
nding of, 35
Chenmu, 169
Budong, 216
chenwei, 24, 92
bureaucracy: imperial, 107; other-
Chi Daomao, 46
worldly, 10, 58–77. See also officials
Chi Tan, 46
butterfly dream, 114
chicken, blood of, 284
Chijingzi, 94
Cahill, Suzanne, 14
children, and spirit-writing, 196–197,
Cai Wenji, 121
206
cakes, as offering, 276, 283
Chiyou, 71, 75
candies, as offering, 276–277, 283
Chongsheng guan, 104
candles, as offering, 275, 283, 291
Chongxu guan, 190–192, 204
Index
317
Christianity: guilt in, 41; history of, 99;
Dan Ranhui, 166
revelation in, 96–97
Dangqu, 29
Chu, 25, 105; clans of, 112; king of, 107
Dao: and bodhi, 216; grace of, 262;
Chuanxi lu, 132, 145
in Han dynasty, 89–90, 98; levels
Chuci, 62, 114, 117, 123, 124
of, 137; in Ming, 130, 133; principle
Chunqiu fanlu, 56
of, 132; root of, 134; and transcen-
Chunqiu yi, 145
dence, 135; versus fa, 152
Chunyang [shengzu]. See Lüzu
daochang, 275
Chunyang guan, 192
Daode jing, and Buddhism, 214
Chunyu Yi, 93–94
Daodian lun, 246–247
Ci’en si, 104
Daofa huiyuan, 236, 249–250, 251, 252,
citang, 153
284, 286
city god, 262, 265
Daoism: areas of, 8; and Buddhist prac-
Ciyi jing, 246
tice, 235–255; Buddhist terms in,
Clark, Hugh, 162–163
231; early schools of, 88–89; identity
Clart, Phillip, 187
in general, 7–11; key concepts of, 8;
clothing, in Daoist identity, 104–111,
metaphors in, 226–227; origins of,
123–124
96–97; poetry of, 102–126; and popu-
Cold Food Festival, 117–118
lar religion, 149–164; schools of, 83;
Colpe, Carston, 214
shift in studies of, 149; sociological
commitment: in Daoism, 8, 9–10;
development of, 81–101; term, 96;
and identity, 4–5
women in, 102–126
commoner, clothes of, 110
Daoists, 27; definition of, 139; literati,
Complete Perfection. See Quanzhen
7, 8–9; redhead and blackhead, 253,
confession, 39–57; acts of, 46; in mod-
292
ern Daoism, 20; terms for, 39
daojia, 83, 139
Confucianism: academies of, 198; and
daojiao, 139
Buddhism, 213, 217; classification
Daojiao yishu, 30–31
of, 97; and Daoism, 58; and Daoist
Daomen kelue, 40, 284
rites, 65; and healing, 41; and Ming
daotan, 13, 16, 185–209; growth of, 206;