by Livia Kohn
Daoism, 137–138, 145; in modern
list of, 188
cults, 187; offerings in, 279, 281–282,
Daoxue keyi, 292
284; and popular religion, 162; and
Daoxue zhuan, 287
religious identity, 7; ritual of, 256
Daozang jiyao, 166, 172–174, 176, 178, 183
Confucius, 84–87, 91, 130; in Ming
Daozang xubian, 166
Daoism, 138; and souls, 69
Dark Warrior, 188
consecration, 221–222, 225
Datang liudian, 235
conversion, 217
dates, 287; as offering, 284
corpse, preparation of, 64–66
Davis, Edward, 15
cosmogony, 132–134
Daxue, 216–217
cosmology, 17, 60
Daxue yanyi lunduan, 145
crucible, 228
Daxue yi, 145
Csikszentmihàlyi, Mark, 13–14
de. See virtue
Cuanyu lieyu aotuo shenyu, 239
dead: liberation of, 59; offerings for,
culture: encounters of, 218; and
290; rituals for, 58–77, 255–273;
identity, 6
tablets for, 156
death: avoidance of, 74; as punishment,
Dacheng, 29
52
Dadao jia lingjie, 30, 37
DeGroot, J.J.M., 219
Dadong zhenjing, 34
demon soldiers. See guizu
Dai Zhen, 145
demons: control of, 247–248; killing of,
Daizong (Tang emperor), 216–217
243; offerings for, 276, 282; rites for,
Daluo tian, 120
27. See also exorcism
318
Index
Deng Yougong, 237
duck, blood of, 284
Dengxi, 98
Duren jing, 267
descent, of gods, 196
Duren shangjing dafa, 247–248, 268
desires, 52, 288
Dushi lunduan, 145
destiny: control over, 256; ruler of,
“Dwelling in the Mountains,” 110–111
188; of world, 264
devotion, 288
“Early Autumn,” 118
dharani, 228, 231, 239–240. See also
Earth: Department of, 271; Door of,
mantras
243, 245; god of, 261–262, 265; and
dharma, 216–217, 223, 225, 231
hand signs, 252; officials of, 69; qi
Dharmadhatu, 223
of, 51; realm of, 263; spirits, of, 52
Di people, 31
eccentricity, in poetry, 115, 116, 118
Dianlue, 39
egui. See hungry ghosts
differentiation, 3
Eight Immortals, 196
Dingguang fo, 158, 163
elite, local, 151–153
Dipimkara, 158
elixir, concoction of, 285
Dipper: in hand signs, 236, 239–240,
energy. See qi
242–244, 249–250, 252; invocation
enlightenment: essence of, 224; proof
of, 249; Mother of, 192
of, 175; seed of, 222–224
disasters: avoidance of, 193; and
Envoy. See Tiandi shizhe jie
morality books, 187, 200–201
equivalence, 221; in translation theory,
discipline, religious, 106
215–217
diseases, dispelling of, 267. See also
Erikson, Erik, 1–2
healing
Ernst, C.W., 230
divination, 93, 156; and Daoism, 82; and
eroticism, 104, 115, 116–117, 121–122,
Ming Daoism, 128; in temples, 155
123
Divine Empyrean, 237
Esposito, Monica, 165, 166, 172, 182
Division of Lamps, 259
essence. See jing
Diyi kaihua tan, 173, 183
ethnicity, 11; in China, 7; and identity,
Dizang, 224
6, 23–38; in modern Asia, 32–33;
documents: burning of, 260; contents
understanding of, 34–35
of, 261; editing process of, 266;
exorcism, 61, 62–64, 71–73, 241–242;
envelopes of, 261; notes on, 260;
and hand signs, 238, 246, 249; in
in rituals, 256–273; types of, 257
modern Daoism, 193
Donghua dijun, 205
Donghua pai, 271
fa, 152
Dongji jiulong fuming, 263
family shrine, 160
Dongjing hui, 34
Fan Ao, 173
Doumu, 192
Fan Ben, 29
dragon cards, as offerings, 278–279, 289
Fan Changsheng, 29
dragons: as hand sign, 239; as messen-
Fan Li, 93
gers, 289; as offerings, 289; talisman
fang. See methods
of, 271; talisman order of, 263
Fang Ce, 155
drugs. See medicines
Fang Ciweng, 161
drunkenness, and poetry, 113, 115–116,
Fang Dacong, 153–154, 161–162
118–119
Fang family, 149–164
Du Collection, 259–260, 261, 263, 264–
Fang Fengwu, 161
265, 267, 269, 270
Fang Hong, 153
Du Fu, 108, 111
Fang Huan, 161
Du Lüzu sanni yishi shuoshu guankui, 180
Fang Ji, 155
Du Yangdong, 191
Fang Jue, 153, 155
Du Yongchang, 258–259
Fang Lue, 163
Duan Chengshi, 63
Fang village, 197
Index
319
Fang Wen, 161
funerary rites, 291–292
Fang Wenzhao, 161
Fuxing, 203
Fang Xian, 161
Fuyou [dijun]. See Lüzu
Fang Xun, 161
Fuyou dijun jueshi jing, 196
fang yankou, 16, 213–234; description
Fuyou shangdi tianxian jinhua zongzhi, 165
of, 221–225
Fuzhou, 151
Fang Zhao, 163
Fang Zhong, 161
Gai Gong, 95
Fang Zhuangyou, 161
games, and spirit-writing, 196–197
fangliang (demon), 62
ganlu. See sweet dew
Fangshan, 155, 159
Ganquan wenji, 143
Fangshan pai, 154
Gansu, 29
fangshi, 17, 244; and hand signs, 237
Gaogong daoshi, 257, 259
fangxiang, 62–64, 69, 71, 74
Gaotang fu, 107
Fangzhai cungao, 138
Gaoxiong, 258, 261
Fanyu, 202
gati, six, 221, 225, 230–231, 265
Fanyu xian xuzhi, 202
Ge Chaofu, 231
Fayuan zhulin, 284
Ge Hong, 40, 71, 244; and mudras, 17
fendeng, 259
Ge Xuan, 65
Feng Yan, 93
Gelao people, 27, 35
Fengdu, 226–227, 265
genealogies, in Song, 154
Fengsu tongyi, 63
generals, celestial, 261
Fengxue jiaozi shu, 253
Gennep, Arnold van, 70
Festival: Cold Food, 117; of Hungry
geomancy, 157
Ghosts, 199; Mid-Autumn, 196–197
gewu, 136
festivals, 158, 162, 185; annual, 199;
geyi, 214, 230
and local temples, 158
ginger, as offering, 277
fire: as passions, 224; phase of, 51;
“Given to a Neighbor Girl,” 105
in ritual, 222–223
goats
, as offerings, 276, 278, 280–282
fisherman, 111
goddess, Daoist, 107, 189
five directions, 278
gods: and ghosts, 160; local, 153
Five Emperors, 290, 293
“Going Along the Yangzi River,” 114
Five Marchmounts, 59–60
gold, as offering, 278, 283, 289
Five Pecks of Rice, 100
Gongde wenxian, 258
five phases, 51; hand signs for, 243
Gongshan she, 186
flow, going with, 114, 115, 124
Gongyang yishi, 253
flowers, 289; as offering, 275, 283, 291
Gongyu shuyuan, 198
“Following the Rhymes of My Western
good works, 186–187, 189
Neighbor,” 117
goodness, 131–132, 135; basic, 140, 142;
food: distribution of, 230; as offering,
counterfeit, 138; and healing, 202;
275; raw versus cooked, 280. See also
practice of, 201; and righteousness,
blood, sacrifices
131; root of, 37; sprouts of, 135;
Former Heaven, 174, 176
utmost, 136
Foshan, 194–195
government, and hand signs, 252
Foshan yaoye zhi, 195
grain: abstention from, 287; and elixir,
Foshan zhongyi xiangzhi, 194
285; ground, 287–290; as offering,
freedom, and identity, 111, 116
276, 283
Freud, Sigmund, 1
Granet, Marcel, 64, 100
fruit, 290; of immortals, 287; as offering,
grave-securing writs, 58–77
275–276, 283, 286–288, 291
Gray, Isabella, 192–193
Fu Xi, 93, 130
Gray, John Henry, 192–193
Fujian, 149–164, 187, 271
Great Clarity, 241–243
Fukui Kojun, 41
Great Master, 85, 98
320
Index
Great One. See Great Unity
Hanshi waizhuan, 98
Great Peace: confessions in, 39–57; ideal
Hanshu, 14, 53, 88, 89, 94, 97, 98, 99
of, 28, 31; and identity, 7–8, 11, 12
Hanyang, 114
Great Perfection, 29
Hanzhong, 25–27, 29
Great Ultimate, 132, 137
Haoli, Elders of, 65, 67–68
Great Unity, 132, 134, 170, 176, 177,
Harada Masami, 26
182, 245
Harper, Donald, 26
griffon mask, 63, 74
Hayes, Glen, 231
grottoes, 121–122
He Baiyun, 198
growth, 267
He Jinmei, 261
Gu hongmei ge, 168
He Qizhong, 204–205, 208
Gu shuyinlou cangshu, 166, 176–180, 182
healing: in early Daoism, 39–57; and
Guan Yin, 98
hand signs, 238, 241, 249; and
Guandi, 187, 193
identity, 7, 12; and lineage forma-
guanding, 221–222
tion, 172; and modern cults, 189,
Guangchengzi, 202, 208
194–196
Guangdong, Daoism in, 185–209
Heaven: anthropomorphic, 50; ascent
Guangdong nianjian, 190–191, 193
to, 264; compassion of, 52; and
Guangdong tongzhi, 191
consciousness, 49–51; and modern
Guangji zhenjun, 175
cults, 189, 194–196; as cranium, 228;
Guansheng dijun mingsheng jing zhujie,
and disease, 44; Gate of, 243, 245;
187
God of, 281; gods of, 45; and heal-
Guanyin, 160, 223, 231
ing, 12, 54–55; light of, 176; lord of,
guhun. See souls, orphaned
52; music of, 176; offerings to, 39;
guilt, 41, 43, 44–45, 54–55
order from, 266–267; principle of,
Guizhou, 33
132, 140–142; punishments of, 47,
guizu, 27, 39, 55
55; and radiance, 51; rebirth in, 264;
Gujilue, 191
refuge in, 46; sublimation into, 272
Guo Qingfan, 97
Heavenly Sovereign, hand sign for,
Guochao qixian leizheng chubian, 172
239–240
Guodian, 81
Heavenly Worthies, 225, 231, 241–243,
Gushi shijiu shou, 118
268
Hefu tongzi, 268
Habsbawm, Eric, 91
hell: busting of, 218, 220, 224–225; de-
hair, in poetry, 115–116
struction of, 263, 269; money for,
Hall of Light, 246
230; rescue from, 16. See also fang
Han dynasty: healing in, 39–57; manu-
yankou
scripts of, 81; mortuary rites in,
hells, nine, 268–269
13, 58–77; in poetry, 109, 118;
Henan, 151
taxonomies in, 81–101
Henan Fangshi, 155
Han Fei, 130
Henry, A. M., 191
Han River, 112, 114, 117
Heqiao, 261
Han Yu, 145, 157, 159
herbs, and poetry, 108
hand signs, 17, 220, 235–255; descrip-
Herd Boy and Weaver Girl, 117–118
tion of, 245; emergence of, 237; lists
Hertz, Robert, 72
of, 239, 242, 243; in motion, 247–
Hetu, 92
251; origins of, 244–247; pictures
hexagrams, 156
of, 240, 244, 248, 250; texts on, 236,
Highest Clarity, 241–243
237–238; words for, 235
Highest Emperor, 286
“Handing Over My Feelings,” 115
Hinduism, 215
hands, right versus left, 252
Hmong people, 35
Hanfeizi, 75, 86–88
Hocart, A.M., 219
Hangzhou, 23
homa, 222–223, 228
Index
321
Hong Kong: Daoism in, 16, 185–209;
process, 3, 8, 272; and religion, 1–11;
jiao in, 220; spirit-writing in, 167
through ritual, 256–257; theory of,
Hong’en lingji zhenjun, 151
1–6; and translation, 213–234; in
Hong’en lingji zhenjun miaojing, 163
Western thought, 1–2; word for, 1;
Hongjiao enshi, 174
with world, 223. See also self
Honolulu, 220
immortals: commentary of, 180; descent
Hou Hanshu, 39, 53, 55, 95
of, 197; and food, 287; in poetry,
Houcun xiansheng daquan ji, 161
110, 116, 122; prefaces by, 172; pre-
Houcun xiansheng quanji, 154, 158
scriptions of, 195–196, 199; and
Hua Zhushi, 129–130
revelation, 166, 168; ritual transfor-
huahu. See barbarians
mation into, 222; in Song, 162; in
Huainanzi, 56, 90–91
Song-Ming, 151; types of, 74. See also
Huajian shan, 200
séance; spirit-writing
Huang family, 259
incense: as offering, 275, 283, 291;
Huang Xuanxian, 205
chamber for, 45
Huang Zhonghuan, 169
initiation, 220, 229
Huang Zongxi, 128, 140
ink, as offering, 278
Huangdi, 13, 59, 74–75, 91–93, 95, 99,
inner alchemy, and hand signs, 237
100, 208
inner nature, 132, 143. See also mind
Huangdi sijing, 81
inner organs, 51
Hu
angfu Mei, 103, 125
inscriptions, 156
Huangfu Mi, 69
institutions: in Han, 95–96; and identity;
Huangfu Peng, 238–239
and lineages, 84
Huangji hepi xianjing, 179
integration, 3
Huangjing hui, 34
intention, 51, 53
Huang-Lao, 13, 24, 81, 91–92, 94, 95, 99
invocations, 222–224
Huanglong guan, 190
Islam, 215
Huanglu dazhai yi, 288–290, 292–293
Huanglu jiao, 158
Jade Clarity, 226, 241–243, 252
Huanglu zhaiyi, 292–293
Jade Emperor, 163, 281; birthday of, 199
Huangshi gong, 288
jade yang, 228
Huanzhu, 193
Jakobson, Roman, 216, 231
Huayangguo zhi, 26, 27
James, William, 1
Hubei, 112, 117
Japan, 24, 33; invasion, 204
Hui Shi, 98
Ji tiannü shier xinü fa, 292
Huijue, 182
Ji Yugong, 125
Huilan, 113
Jia Yi, 98
Huixing shantang, 202
jiaci, 160
Huiyuan, 214, 230
Jiang Boqian, 85
Huizong (Song emperor), 237–238
Jiang Shuyu, 266
hungry ghosts, 221, 225–228, 229–230,
Jiang Yupu, 15–16, 165, 173; altar of,
231; offerings for, 276, 280–281, 282
174–175; followers of, 183
Hymes, Robert, 152, 154
Jiangsu, 16, 24
Jiangxi, 152, 154, 162
identity: and apocalypse, 187; and
Jianzhi lue, 192
coherence, 138; in Daoism, 7–11;
jiao, 10, 18, 99, 158, 185; altar of, 283;
definition of, 2; and economic
definition of, 274–275; offerings in,
reality, 283; and freedom, 111, 116;
286; for peace, 257–258
limitations of, 105, 107; through
jiashou, 37
lineage, 180; of Master Zhuang,
Jidu dacheng jinshu, 270, 285
171; Muslim, 215; perspectives
Jidu jinshu, 268, 270
of, 138–139; and popular religion,
Jiebi, 98
149–164; and prejudice, 214; as
Jijiao fa, 292
322
Index
Jijie, 99
Kong-Mo, 91
jijiu, 27, 28, 55
Kongzi. See Confucius
Jilian keyi, 253
Korea, 33
Jin Yunzhong, 262, 286–287, 293
Kou Qianzhi, 40
jing, 44
kuangzu, 63
Jin’gai shan, 176–180, 181
Kuhn, Dieter, 125
Jin’gai xindeng, 180
Kuhn, Thomas, 70, 73
Jingming (school), 16, 166, 169–172,
Kumarajiva, 214
180–182
Kunlun shan, 121, 239
Jingming yuanliu, 169–170
Jingming zhongxiao dao, 169
lads, 268–269. See also talisman lads
Jingming zhongxiao lu, 169, 179
Lagerwey, John, 219, 257, 266
jingshi. See oratory
Lakoff, George, 216–218
Jinhua keyi, 182
landowners, in Han, 86
Jinhua Taiyi, 170
Lan’gong, 169