Daoist Identity
Page 44
Jinjing, 245
Lao Dan, 98
Jinshu, 35, 45
Lao people, 27, 31
Jishan li, 157
Laojun yinsong jiejing, 40–41
Jishan xiantan, 204
Laos, 33
Jiu Tangshu, 99
Laozi: emigration of, 31; revelation by,
Jiuku zhenfu, 263
24; versus village cults, 149; worship
Johnson, Mark, 216–217
of, 193
journey: as metaphor, 217–218; post-
Laozi: in Han, 82; and literati Daoists,
mortem, 66–69, 71–72. See also
7, 8; meditation in, 100; in Ming,
boats
14–15, 127–146
judgment: and afterlife, 59–60; and
Laozi yi, 127–146
metaphors, 217; powers of, 142;
“Late Spring Sketch,” 108, 114
and sins, 53, 54
laws, and traditions, 85
Jueqi, 30
lecture sessions, 187, 189
Jueyuan bentan, 175
ledgers, of sins, 52–53
Jueyuan tan, 173, 183
LeFevre, André, 216
Jung, C. G., 165
Legalists, 83, 88
Jupo jingshe, 200
Leibniz, Wilhelm, 1
letters, 290
kalpas, 177, 187, 264
Li Bo, 108, 111, 116 –117
Kant, Immanuel, 1
Li Hu, 26
kaozheng xue, 138
Li Ling, 93
karma, 265, 288, 290; abrogation of,
Li Mingche, 192
225; in China, 218; destruction
Li Qingfu, 161
of, 227, 230; road of, 226
Li Qingqiu, 190
Kawai Kozo, 43
Li Shangyin, 119
Ke Yanggui, 192
Li Si, 98
Kierkegaard, Soren, 1
Li Te, 29
King Mu, 188
Li Wenyuan, 182
kingdom, Daoist, 29
Li Xiong, 29
kings, humane, 217
Li Yi, 102, 119
kitchen feasts, 157
Li Ying, 106
Kleeman, Terry, 11, 181, 293
Li Zhaoji, 195
knife, as hand sign, 243
Li Zhi, 145
knots, untying of, 269–270
Li Zhongsheng Tang, 195
knowledge: and action, 140; pure, 135,
Li Zi’an, 113
140–141
Li Zongjian, 198
Kobayashi Yoshihiro, 154
Liang Qian, 144
Index
323
Liang Ren’an, 201
Liu Zongyuan, 145, 156–157, 159
liangzhi, 135–136, 140, 142
Liu Zongyuan quanji, 156, 161
Liaoning, 23
Liu Zongzhou, 56, 144
libationer. See jijiu
Liujia feishen shu, 253
Liezi, 100, 145
living, rites for, 275
light, 224
Lixu, 35
Liji, 63
lixue, 127
Lin Lingzhen, 268
local elite, 187, 191, 194, 199, 200–201,
Lin Wenjun, 138
203–204, 206
Lin Ziyao, 239
Locke, Herbert, 1
lineages: and aristocracy, 10; conscious-
lodges, 193
ness of, 160; creation of, 168, 178,
long life, talisman of, 263
181; in Daoism, 9–10; duality in,
long night, 265. See also hell
169–170; in early Daoism, 81–101;
Long Yu, 122
establishment of, 156; formation,
Longghu shan bichuan shoujue, 252
165–184; and identity, 180; legiti-
Longhan, 264
macy of, 166; legitimation through,
Longmen lineage, 16, 171, 175–180,
205; membership in, 89; in modern
182, 189, 204–205
cults, 205; names of, 88–89, 170;
Longnü si, 187
nine, 90; orthodoxy, 175; and ritual,
Longqiao hermitage, 176–177
257; rural, 157; scroll of, 179; in
Lord Lao, 30. See also Laozi
Song, 149–164; succession of, 179;
Lord of Ghosts, 27, 35
and texts, 13; transmission in, 84
lotus blossom, 224
ling, 231, 246
Lu, 85
Lingbao: brilliance of, 226; and Bud-
Lü Chuikuan, 258
dhism, 7; Daoists of, 292; and death,
Lü Dongbin. See Lüzu
67; and hand signs, 238; and mudras,
Lu Jiuyuan, 146
17; relief through, 227; revelations
Lu Wenchao, 98
of, 65; ritual of, 69, 219–220, 263,
Lu Xiujing, 40, 284
271, 274; scriptures of, 231
Lu Yinfang, 205
Lingbao dalie neizhi xinchi jiyao, 220
luanji, 155
Lingbao duren dafa, 293
Luci gang, 114
Lingbao lingjiao jidu jinshu, 220
Lujiang, 287
Lingbao liuding bifa, 292
Lunheng, 49, 74, 99
Lingbao wufu xu, 285, 293
Lunyu, 84–86, 128, 142
Lingji gong, 15, 150–151, 155, 158–159,
Luo Qinshun, 140
163
Luofo shan, 189–191, 193–194, 206
Lingji xinggong, 161
Luofu zhinan, 191
Lingji zongmiao, 156
Luoshen fu, 123
Lingjiao jidu jinshu, 286
Luoshu, 92
Lingjue, 30
Luotian jiao, 158
lingwei, 185
Luqiao, 102
litanies, precious, 259, 267–268, 271
Lüshi chunqiu, 48, 49, 85, 97–98
literati Daoists, 14–15, 191, 194
Lüzu: legends of, 194; in modern
Liu Du’an, 170
Daoism, 185–209; names of,
Liu Jia, 99
173–174; and Qing lineages, 16,
Liu Kezhuang, 162
165–184
Liu Shouyuan, 174
Lüzu quanshu, 165, 167–169, 171
Liu Tishu, 167
Lüzu quanshu zongzheng, 166
Liu Xiang, 74, 94
Lüzu shi xiantian xuwu taiyi jinhua
Liu Yuzhen, 169
zongzhi, 166, 182
Liu Zhiwan, 258
Lüzu yaoqian, 199
Liu Zhongyu, 239–240
Lüzu zhenjing, 197
324
Index
Mabuchi Masaya, 14
milk, as offering, 285–286; taboo of,
Macao, 203, 207
292–293
magic, 26; of blood, 284–286; and
Milky Way, 106, 117
Daoism, 149
millenarianism, 26
Magong, 187
Min County, 149–164
maid, murder of, 102, 105, 124
Min Yide, 15–16, 166, 175–180, 183
Man people, 23, 31; types of, 35
Minbei, 151, 159
mandala: eight-sided, 231; Vajradhatu,
mind: examination of, 246; in Ming
216
Daoism, 127–146; and phenomena,
mandates: in ritual, 257; twelve, 268–
134, 140; and qi, 50–52; substance of,
269; to underworld, 259–262, 271–
136, 140, 142–143; transcendence of,
272; of yin and yang, 270
135–136, 140–141
mantras: in fang yankou, 10, 221–222,
Mindu ji, 154, 161
224; and hand signs, 239–240; in
ming (school), 45, 55
pudu, 219–220; in ritu
al, 228–229
Ming dynasty: hand signs in, 17, 235–
Maojun, 169
255; Laozi in, 14, 127–146; offerings
Maoshan, 155
in, 285; order in, 158; pharmacies
mapping, in religions, 217–218
in, 195; ritual in, 257, 261, 268–272;
markets, for religions, 219
Taiping jing in, 42
Maruyama Hiroshi, 17–18, 34
Mingru xue’an, 128, 129, 140–142
material culture, and Daoism, 14,
mingtang, 246
102–126
mingwang, 216–217
Mawangdui, 81, 99–100
Mingzhen ke, 268
Mazu, 145, 160
Minnan, 151
McRae, John, 34
Minzhong lixue yuanyuan kao, 159
meat: dried, 285; as offering, 277–278,
mirror, in translation, 216–218
280–284, 291
Mitamura Keiko, 17
medicine: and cults, 205–206; and
Mo Chou, 112
Daoism, 82; and Ming Daoism, 128;
Mo people, 31
and modern cults, 189, 201–203
models, 89
medicines: and modern cults, 194–196;
Mohism, 95; hierarchy of, 98
peddlers of, 194–196; revelation of,
Mohists, 83, 88, 98
195–196, 204
Mol, Hans, 2–6
meditation, 45, 106, 199
Moling, 176
melancholy, 105, 108–109, 110, 113,
monasteries, 152; in Guangdong, 191
117, 121, 124
money: incense,190; for lost souls, 259;
memorial, 259–260, 290
as offering, 278, 288–289; for spirits,
Mencius, 81, 117, 132, 135
269
Meng Jingyi, 64–65, 66, 74
Monkey God, 193
Meng Ke, 98
moon, in ritual, 224
Meng Sheng, 98
morality: Confucian, 117; and death, 61;
Meng Xi, 95
and ethnicity, 31, 37; and healing,
Meng Zhizhou, 64
46, 52; and health, 41; and Heaven,
mengbu, 155
44–45; and mind, 135; in Ming
merit, officers of, 265
dynasty, 141–142; and ritual, 10;
metaphor: of guest in ritual, 222; and
root of, 130
religion, 11, 14, 17, 214–218, 221,
morality books, 16, 189; and eschatol-
228–229; studies of, 231
ogy, 187; in modern Daoism, 186–
methods, and lineages, 88–89, 91–92,
187; and pharmacies, 196; and
98; in Han, 87
sickness, 202–203
Miedu wulian shengshi miaojing shenjing,
Mori Ogai, 125
67, 69, 238
Mori Yuria, 15–16
Index
325
Mother Goddess, 189
Earth, 69; as gods, 288; imperial,
mountain, entering of, 245
218; and local elite, 154; metropoli-
Mouzi lihuo lun, 42
tan, 158; names of, 267; needing
Mozi, 41, 84–87, 91
paper, 290; offerings for, 282; at
mudra: in Daoism, 10, 17, 235–255; as
Qing court, 172; receiving money,
Daoist term, 247; in fang yankou, 224;
269; as spirit masters, 172; of under-
in pudu, 219–220; as seal, 239, 252
world, 259, 261–262, 265
muquan, 59
Ofuchi Ninji, 41–42, 44, 258–260, 270,
music, 109
293
myths, and identity, 5–6
“On a Pavilion Hidden in the Mist,” 110
Opium War, 200
Nah mouh louh, 193–194, 207
oratory, 41–42, 45, 53
Nanchang, 168
order, through ritual, 256
Nanhai, 195, 197–198
orders: of execution, 266; to other-
Nanhai County, 186
world, 257
Nanhai xianzhi, 192, 198–199
ordination, in Qing, 179; rituals of, 229
Nanjing, 176
organizations, today, 185–186
Nankang, 162
organs, 12
Nanshi, 74
Orthodox Unity. See Celestial Masters
nature, Daoist, 106
Orzech, Charles, 16, 236
Needham, Joseph, 61
Ouyang Xiu, 145
Neo-Confucianism: Daoist assimilations
of, 32; and Daoist rites, 65; and Ming
painting, 157
Daoism, 127–146; and rural order,
Pan Jingguan, 171
158
Pan Lang, 120
neolithic, 23
Pan Yi’an, 169–170, 172–173
New Testament, of Dao, 61
Pan Yue, 120
Ni Heng, 121
Pang, Duane, 219–220
Nickerson, Peter, 12–13
Pangu shan, 162
Nida, Eugene, 216, 230
Panhu, 33
nightmares, banishing of, 246
paper, as offering, 278, 290
Nine Ministers, 25
paradigms, in early Daoism, 58–77
Nine Obscurities, 265
paradise, 121–122
“Nineteen Songs from a Nomad Flute,”
Pardon, Writ of, 259, 261, 263–267,
121
270–271
Ning Quanzhen, 266
“Passing Ezhou,” 111–112
Nirvana, 228
Patriarch Lü. See Lüzu
niwan, 228
Payne, Richard, 221
No exorcism, 62–64
peace, offering for, 275
nonbeing, 132, 134, 177
Pearl River, 186, 189, 192–193, 194,
noon sacrifice, 276
202
Northern Emperor, 252
Pei Songzhi, 39
Nüqing, edicts of, 66
Peng Meng, 98
Nüqing guilü, 27
penitence, 47, 53
People’s Temple, 5
objectivation: in Daoism, 8–9; and
petitions: for dead, 61, 65, 66–67; and
identity, 3–4
healing, 39–40; in ritual, 257, 290
offerings: consumption of, 284–285; in
pharmacies, 195–196
fang yankou, 224; and healing, 40;
Pidian liuzi shu, 145
history of, 284–285; placement of,
pigs, as offerings, 276, 278, 280–282
289; in ritual, 18, 271, 274–294
Piling, 167, 171–172, 178
officials: celestial, 256, 266–267; of
pillow books, 94, 109
326
Index
planchette, 155, 192–193, 196–197.
qi: and consciousness, 50–51; in cosmos,
See also séance; spirit-writing
12, 44; and healing, 54; in Ming,
plum trees, 122–123; blossoms of, 162
136, 140–141; nurturing of, 110;
pluralism, and identity, 6
strength of, 285; yin, 246
Po diyu zhenfu, 263
Qi Ying, 199
Po’anji, 144
qi’an jiao, 257
“Poem Following the Rhyme Words of
Qianfu lun, 74
Three Sisters,” 120
Qianjin yifang, 245
“Poem to the Refined Master,” 107
Qiankun yizhang tu, 253
poetry, 102–126; societies for, 198
Qianzhen ke, 238
Pool of Blood, 259
qin. See zithers
popular religion: beliefs of, 26; and
Qin, 81, 85; conquest, 24<
br />
Daoism, 58–77, 149–164; and Daoist
Qin Guli, 98
offerings, 18, 274–294; and modern
Qing dynasty: Daoism in, 15–16, 154,
cults, 16, 189; and modern Daoism,
190–194; Daoist lineages in, 165–
193–194; offerings in, 279, 281, 282–
184; hand signs in, 235, 252
283; ritual of, 256
Qingbu, 151
population, expansion of, 204
Qingpu, 150–151
possession, 156
Qingshui zushi, 160
precepts: and healing, 46; and lineage,
Qingsong guan, 205
179; nine, 272
Qingyuan County, 200
Precious Litany, 18
Qiu Changchun, 167
preta. See hungry ghosts
Qiu Chuji, 169, 171, 205
Priest of High Merit. See Gaogong
Qiu Xigui, 97
daoshi
Qiuzu yulu, 171
priests: as bureaucrats, 272; in her-
Qu Yuan, 105, 112, 117
mitages, 191; and offerings, 275;
Quan Tangshi, 102–126
redhead, 284; today, 33; urban,
Quanshu zhengzong, 165, 172–174, 175,
193–194. See also jijiu; officials
182–183
primordial beginning, 264; Heavenly
Quanzhen (school): in Guangdong,
Worthy of, 268; talisman of, 263
192; lineages in, 16, 167, 170–172,
principle: and Dao, 136; of Dao, 132;
175–181; and modern cults, 189–
and mind, 143
190, 204–207; and nationalism, 32;
prison, in poetry, 111
patriarchs of, 169–170, 189
proto-Daoism, 61
Quanzhou, 187
pudu, 16–17, 213–234, 259, 265; de-
Quduo, 241
scription of, 225–228; similarities
Queen Mother of the West, 121–122
with fangyan kou, 219–220, 228–230
puja, 222
rainmaking, 48–49
Puji tan, 195, 201
Randeng, 158
punishment: death as, 52; through
rebirth, realms of, 221
Heaven, 47, 55; for wrong offerings,
Refined Master, 107, 108, 114
290
registers: in Daoism, 218; of death, 65;
Puquan she, 186
descent of, 266; in Heaven, 264
Pure Land, 177, 221
religions: definition of, 35; encounter
pure songs, 109, 118
of, 219; interaction of, 213–215, 236;
purgatory. See hell
types of, 214–215
purification: in alchemy, 285; and sins,
Ren An, 95
45
Renpu, 56
purity: and offerings, 285–286; in ritual,
renwang, 217
280, 283
Renwang huguo boruo bolomiduo jing, 213
Purple-Robed Fangs, 153, 154, 159, 162
Renwang jing, 217
Putian, 154, 159, 162
requiem. See rites, of merit
Index
327
“Return from Fishing,” 106
Sanshui xiaolu, 125
revelation: by immortal, 180; through
Sanskrit: spells in, 239–240; terms
Lüzu, 168, 174–175
in Chinese, 215–216
“Rhapsody on the Parrot,” 121