Book Read Free

The Degenerates

Page 19

by J. Albert Mann


  Characters in the novel that are not in this list—There were many characters who lived in the institution who are not listed here with their diagnoses. They symbolize all the children and adults who were segregated from their families, friends, and communities for nothing more than being different.

  Acknowledgments

  So much gratitude to Chloe Morse-Harding, reference and instruction archivist at the Robert D. Farber University Archives & Special Collections, Goldfarb Library, Brandeis University, for all your help within the Samuel Gridley Howe Library collection, and to Laurie Block, executive director of the Disability History Museum.

  Society owes a great debt to historians, and I owe an extra-special debt to this incredible group of them: Dr. Zosha Stuckey, who specializes in teaching rhetoric, writing, and social justice at Towson University; Dr. James W. Trent of Brandeis University’s Heller School for Social Policy and Management; Dr. Paul A. Lombardo, Regents’ Professor and Bobby Lee Cook Professor of Law at the Georgia State University College of Law; and Peter Engelman, associate editor at the Margaret Sanger Papers Project.

  Many, many thanks to the following people for their excellent medical advice: Brian Skotko, MD, MPP, the Emma Campbell Endowed Chair on Down Syndrome and director of the Down Syndrome Program at Massachusetts General Hospital; Jeanhee Chung, MD, internist with Massachusetts General Hospital; and Juliana Hiraoka Catani, MD, attending physician at the Women’s Unit, Samaritano Hospital.

  All my love goes to those who read, including Sarah Cassell, Leslie Caulfield, Lisa Majewski, and Irene Vazquez.

  Heaps of appreciation to Reka Simonsen, Julia McCarthy, Rebecca Syracuse, Clare McGlade, and Bara MacNeill—the most tenacious team in the industry.

  And to Kerry Sparks—there’s a lot of London in you (and I mean this in the best way possible).

  More from the Author

  What Every Girl Should Know

  About the Author

  J. ALBERT MANN is the author of What Every Girl Should Know, Scar, and the Sunny Sweet series. She has an MFA in writing for childred and young adults from Vermont College fo Fine Arts. Visit her at jalbertmann.com.

  Visit us at simonandschuster.com/teen

  www.SimonandSchuster.com/Authors/J-Albert-Mann

  Atheneum Books for Young Readers

  Simon & Schuster, New York

  We hope you enjoyed reading this Simon & Schuster ebook.

  Get a FREE ebook when you join our mailing list. Plus, get updates on new releases, deals, recommended reads, and more from Simon & Schuster. Click below to sign up and see terms and conditions.

  CLICK HERE TO SIGN UP

  Already a subscriber? Provide your email again so we can register this ebook and send you more of what you like to read. You will continue to receive exclusive offers in your inbox.

  Bibliography

  Anderson, V. V. State Institutions for the Feeble-Minded. New York: National Committee for Mental Hygiene, 1920. archive.org/stream/stateinstitution00ande#mode/2up.

  Baker, L. W. Mental Epilepsy. Reprint from Medico-Legal Journal, December 1886. Howe Library Historical Pamphlets on Disability Studies, circa 1810s-1960s, Robert D. Farber University Archives & Special Collections Department, Brandeis University. http://bir.brandeis.edu/handle/10192/27330.

  Blatt, Burton, and Fred Kaplan. Christmas in Purgatory: A Photographic Essay on Mental Retardation. Boston: Allyn and Bacon, 1966.

  Carlson, Elof Axel. The Unfit: A History of a Bad Idea. Cold Spring Harbor, NY: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 2001.

  Clark, A. Campbell, C. M‘Ivor Campbell, A. R. Turnbull, and A. R. Urquhart. Handbook for the Instruction of Attendants on the Insane. Boston: Damrell & Upham, 1893. archive.org/stream/handbookforinstr00clar#page/n3/mode/2up.

  Cohen, Adam. Imbeciles: The Supreme Court, American Eugenics, and the Sterilization of Carrie Buck. New York: Penguin Books, 2017.

  Comfort, Nathaniel C. The Science of Human Perfection: How Genes Became the Heart of American Medicine. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2012.

  D’Antonio, Michael. The State Boys Rebellion. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2005.

  Davis, Angela Y. Women, Race & Class. New York: Vintage Books, 1983.

  Davis, Lennard J. Enforcing Normalcy: Disability, Deafness, and the Body. New York: Verso, 1995.

  Dilts, Andrew. “Incurable Blackness: Criminal Disenfranchisement, Mental Disability, and the White Citizen.” Disability Studies Quarterly 32, no. 3 (2012). https://doi.org/10.18061/dsq.v32i3.3268.

  Doll, Edgar A. Clinical Studies in Feeble-Mindedness. Boston: Richard G. Badger, 1917. archive.org/details/clinicalstudiesi00doll.

  Dolmage, Jay Timothy. Disabled upon Arrival: Eugenics, Immigration, and the Construction of Race and Disability. Columbus, OH: The Ohio State University Press, 2018.

  Engelman, Peter. A History of the Birth Control Movement in America. Santa Barbara, CA: Praeger, 2011.

  Ferguson, Phil. Infusing Disability Studies into the General Curriculum. National Institute for Urban School Improvement. impactofspecialneeds.weebly.com/uploads/3/4/1/9/3419723/urbanschoolsdisabilities.pdf.

  Fernald, Walter E. Some of the Methods Employed in the Care and Training of Feeble-Minded Children of the Lower Grades. Faribault, MN: Press of the Faribault Democrat, 1894. bir.brandeis.edu/bitstream/handle/10192/27536/309%20p-14.pdf.

  Fitch, William Edward, ed. Pediatrics: A Monthly Journal Devoted to the Study of Disease in Infants and Children, Vol. 25. New York: Pediatric Publishing Company, 1913. https://hdl.handle.net/2027/nnc2.ark:/13960/t4gn0ts20.

  Goffman, Erving. Asylums: Essays on the Social Situation of Mental Patients and Other Inmates. Chicago: Aldine, 1962.

  Harper, Peter S. A Short History of Medical Genetics. New York: Oxford University Press, 2008.

  Hollander, Bernard. The First Signs of Insanity: Their Prevention and Treatment. London: Stanley Paul & Co., 1912. archive.org/details/firstsignsofinsa1912holl/page/n5.

  Kerlin, Isaac Newton. The Mind Unveiled: A Brief History of Twenty-Two Imbecile Children. Philadelphia: U. Hunt & Son, 1858. archive.org/details/mindunveiledorbr00kerl/page/n7.

  Kevles, Daniel J. In the Name of Eugenics: Genetics and the Uses of Human Heredity. New York: Knopf, 1965.

  Kline, Wendy. Building a Better Race: Gender, Sexuality, and Eugenics from the Turn of the Century to the Baby Boom. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 2005.

  Leonard, Thomas C. Illiberal Reformers: Race, Eugenics, and American Economics in the Progressive Era. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2016.

  Linton, Simi. Claiming Disability: Knowledge and Identity. New York: New York University Press, 1998.

  Lippmann, Walter. “Tests of Hereditary Intelligence.” The New Republic, November 22, 1922. www.disabilitymuseum.org/dhm/lib/detail.html?id=1727.

  Lombardo, Paul A. A Century of Eugenics in America: From the Indiana Experiment to the Human Genome Era. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 2011.

  Lombardo, Paul A. Three Generations, No Imbeciles: Eugenics, the Supreme Court, and Buck v. Bell. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2008.

  Macdowall, Margaret. Simple Beginnings in the Training of Mentally Defective Children. London: Local Government Press Co., 1921. archive.org/details/simplebeginnings00macd.

  McCann, Carole Ruth. Birth Control Politics in the United States, 1916–1945. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1999.

  Mukherjee, Siddhartha. The Gene: An Intimate History. London: Vintage, 2017.

  Myers, Caroline E., and Garry C. Myers. Measuring Minds: An Examiner’s Manual to Accompany the Myers Mental Measure. New York: Newson & Company, 1921. archive.org/stream/measuringmindsex1921myer#mode/2up.

  National Institute for Urban School Improvement. On the Nexus of Race, Disability, and Overrepresentation: What Do We Know? Where Do We Go? Tempe, AZ: Arizona State University, December 2001. www.niusileadscape.org/docs/FINAL_PRODUCTS/LearningCarousel/On_the_Nexus_of_Race_Disability_and_Overrepresentation.pdf. />
  National Research Council Psychology Committee Subcommittee on Methods of Examining Recruits. Examiner’s Guide for Psychological Examining in the Army. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1918. archive.org/details/examinersguidefo00nati.

  Onians, Edith C. The Men of To-Morrow. Melbourne, Victoria, Australia: Thomas C. Lothian, 1914. archive.org/details/menoftomorrow00onia/page/n7.

  Ordover, Nancy. American Eugenics: Race, Queer Anatomy, and the Science of Nationalism. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2003.

  Pintner, Rudolf. “The Mental Indices of Siblings.” The Psychological Review 25, no. 3 (May 1918). bir.brandeis.edu/bitstream/handle/10192/27453/624%20p-56.pdf.

  Rosen, Christine. Preaching Eugenics: Religious Leaders and the American Eugenics Movement. New York: Oxford University Press, 2004.

  Sherlock, E. B. The Feeble-Minded: A Guide to Study and Practice. London: Macmillan and Co., Limited, 1911. archive.org/stream/feeblemindedguid00sher#page/n5/mode/2up.

  Spiro, Jonathan Peter. Defending the Master Race: Conservation, Eugenics, and the Legacy of Madison Grant. Lebanon, NH: University Press of Vermont, 2008.

  State of New York, State Board of Charities, Department of State and Alien Poor, Bureau of Analysis and Investigation. Eleven Mental Tests Standardized. Albany, NY: Eugenics and Social Welfare Bulletin No. 5, 1915. archive.org/stream/elevenmentaltext00newy#mode/2up.

  Stiker, Henri-Jacques. A History of Disability. Translated by William Sayers. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press, 2009.

  Stuckey, Zosha. A Rhetoric of Remnants: Idiots, Half-Wits, and Other State-Sponsored Inventions. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, 2015.

  Terman, Lewis M. Genius and Stupidity: A Study of Some of the Intellectual Processes of Seven “Bright” and Seven “Stupid” Boys. Pedagogical Seminary, Vol. 13 (September 1906): 307–73. archive.org/details/geniusstupiditys00term.

  Terman, Lewis M. The Measurement of Intelligence: An Explanation of and a Complete Guide for the Use of the Stanford Revision and Extension of the Binet-Simon Intelligence Scale. Cambridge, MA: The Riverside Press, Houghton Mifflin Company, 1916. archive.org/stream/measurementofint1916term#mode/2up.

  Trent, James W. Inventing the Feeble Mind: A History of Intellectual Disability in the United States. New York: Oxford University Press, 2017.

  Washington, Harriet A. Medical Apartheid: The Dark History of Medical Experimentation on Black Americans from Colonial Times to the Present. New York: Harlem Moon, 2006.

  Winzer, Margaret A. From Integration to Inclusion: A History of Special Education in the 20th Century. Washington, DC: Gallaudet University Press, 2009.

  An imprint of Simon & Schuster Children’s Publishing Division

  1230 Avenue of the Americas, New York, New York 10020

  www.SimonandSchuster.com

  This book is a work of fiction. Any references to historical events, real people, or real places are used fictitiously. Other names, characters, places, and events are products of the author’s imagination, and any resemblance to actual events or places or persons, living or dead, is entirely coincidental.

  Text copyright © 2020 by J. Albert Mann

  Jacket illustration copyright © 2020 by Sarah Maxwell

  All rights reserved, including the right of reproduction in whole or in part in any form.

  Atheneum logo is a trademark of Simon & Schuster, Inc.

  For information about special discounts for bulk purchases, please contact Simon & Schuster Special Sales at 1-866-506-1949 or business@simonandschuster.com.

  The Simon & Schuster Speakers Bureau can bring authors to your live event. For more information or to book an event, contact the Simon & Schuster Speakers Bureau at 1-866-248-3049 or visit our website at www.simonspeakers.com.

  Book design by Rebecca Syracuse

  Jacket design by Rebecca Syracuse

  Jacket illustration copyright © 2020 by Sarah Maxwell-Folio Art

  Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

  Names: Mann, Jennifer Ann, author.

  Title: The degenerates / J. Albert Mann.

  Description: First edition. | New York City : Atheneum Books for Young Readers, [2020] | Includes bibliographical references. | Audience: Ages 14 Up. | Audience: Grades 10-12. | Summary: In 1928, Maxine, Rose, Alice, and London face vicious attendants and bullying older girls at the Massachusetts School for the Feeble-Minded, each determined to change her fate at all costs. Includes historical notes about eugenics.

  Identifiers: LCCN 2019035673 | ISBN 9781534419353 (hardcover) | ISBN 9781534419377 (eBook)

  Subjects: CYAC: Inmates of institutions—Fiction. | People with disabilities—Fiction. | People with mental disabilities—Fiction. | Friendship—Fiction. | Bullying—Fiction. | African Americans—Fiction.

  Classification: LCC PZ7.M31433 Deg 2020 | DDC [Fic]—dc23

  LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2019035673

 

 

 


‹ Prev