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Colonial period (U.S.), 106–128
Florida, 115
“foreignness” and being American, 6–7
Franklinites, 124
Georgia, 124–125
Kentucky, 124
Louisiana, 115
Proclamation Line of 1763, 120, 121
Upper Louisiana territory, 125–128
See also American Revolution
Colorado, 141
Colorado River, 185, 185n
Columbus, Christopher, 9–12
Columbus, Diego, 14
Comanche people, 98, 108, 183
Comonfort, Ignacio, 244
Compromise of 1850, 226
Concho people, 62
concubinage, in New Orleans, 149
Confederate colonies, in Mexico, 246–247
Congo Square (New Orleans), 149
Constitutional Convention, 124
conversion. See religious conversion
Cook, James, 129
Coosa people, 38
Copland, Aaron, 351
Córdoba, Treaty of, 170, 171
Coronado, Francisco Vázquez de, 61, 62–63, 64
Coronado National Memorial (Arizona), 81
Cortés, Hernando, 14, 16, 19–20, 35n, 59, 76, 77
Cortés, Isabel de Tolosa, 65
Cortez Masto, Catherine, 404
Cortina, Juan, 237, 238, 252
Costa Rica, 175
Costaggini, Filippo, 258
Costanoan people, 137
Council of the Indies (1814), 22, 167
“County of Bourbon,” 125
Cox, Allyn, 258n
Creek people, 36, 42, 96–97, 103, 115, 116, 118, 123, 167, 169
creoles, 157, 176
Crespí, Father, 137
Crèvecoeur, J. Hector St. John de, 7, 180
Croix, Teodoro de, 110
Cruzate, Domingo Jironza Petrís de, 74
Cuauhtémoc (Aztec emperor), 22
Cuba, 108, 149, 160, 175, 261–262
19th century emigration to U.S., 262–264, 265
Afro-Cuban population, 273
attempts to buy Cuba, 239, 240, 261, 269
baseball, 266–268
Batista years, 384
Bay of Pigs incident, 385–386
economy post-independence, 274–275
Elián Gonzalez case, 420
Florida Cubans, 310–311
Grito de Yara, 261
hijacked planes, 387–388
independence, 261–270, 274
indigenous people of, 16
Las Casas, 26
Little War, 264
mineral wealth, 50
Narváez, 33
post-Castro age, 421
post-independence, 273–274
revenue of, 110
sugar industry, 266, 268, 269, 385
Ten Years’ War, 261, 265, 266, 268
Velázquez, 16–17
War of Independence (1895), 266, 268
Cuban Adjustment Act (1966), 386–387
Cuban American League, 266
Cuban Giants, 268
Cuban music, 329–332
Cuban Revolutionary Party, 265
“Cuban” sandwich, 398
Cuban War of Independence (1895), 266, 268
Cubans
21st century, 419–421
Afro-Cuban culture, 330
citizenship of immigrants, 387
emigration to Miami, 384–386
in Florida, 310–311
music of, 329–332
in New York, 327
race and, 264–265, 273–274, 310–311, 367
Culiacán (Mexico), 60
Cumberland Island, 55
Curaçao, 87, 150
DACA program (Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals), 409, 412
Dallas (Texas), 369
Dalton (Georgia), xiii-xiv, 427–439
Dana, Richard Henry, 188–189
Danish West Indies, 279
DAPA program (Deferred Action for Parents of Americans and Lawful Permanent Residents), 409
Darien (Georgia), 56, 100
Darrell, William, 255
Day of the Dead, 416–417
de Bry, Theodore, 28, 46
de la Guerra, Pablo, 229
de Lassus, Carlos de Hault, 161
de Soto, Hernando, 36, 318
De Soto Expedition Commission, 318
De Soto Trail Monument, 318
De Valencia, Amparo F., 297
Dead Man’s Journey (Jornada del Muerto), 66
Death Comes for the Archbishop (Cather), 248
Declaration of Independence, 116
del Rio, Dolores, 350
Del Rio (Texas), 309
Delaware people, 126
Delgado et al. v Bastrop Independent School District (1948), 373
Democracy in America (Tocqueville), 183
Democrates Alter (Sepúlveda), 29–30, 29n
Department of Homeland Security, 415
deportation of unauthorized immigrants, 411–412
The Description of Virginia (Smith), 86
Desert Land Act (1877), 250
Desperate Housewives (TV show), 400
Dessalines, Jean-Jacques, 152
Dia de la Raza, 325
Díaz, José, 356
Díaz, Porfirio, 286, 289–292
Diaz-Cane, Miguel, 421
Díaz Ordaz, Gustavo, 381
Didion, Joan, 391
Diego, Juan, 25
Dihigo, Martín, 367–368
Discourse of Western Planting (Hakluyt), 82
discrimination
barriers to home ownership, 369–370
in education, 371–374
Mexican Americans, 355, 360–362
Mexican farmworkers, 375–376
voting rights, 374–375
diseases. See infectious diseases
Disturnell, J., 223, 376
Dobie, J. Frank, 312
Dodger Stadium, 364–366
Domínguez, Francisco Atanasio, 141
Dominica, 108, 150
Dominican Republic, 9–10, 243, 267, 328–329
Dominicans, 24, 25, 52
Don Domingo (chief), 57
Don Francisco (chief), 56
Don Juan (chief), 57
Doña Antonia (wife of Menéndez), 47
Dorantes, Andrés, 34
Douglas (Arizona), 250
Douglas, William, 131
Downes v. Bidwell (1901), 277
Drake, Francis, 51, 77–78, 83
DREAM Act (Development, Relief and Lawful Permanent Residents), 409
Driscoll, Clara, 314
drug cartels, Mexico, 409, 413–416
Du Bois, W.E.B., 272
Dutch, exploration by, 39
East Florida, 113–115, 116, 121, 160–161, 163, 169, 174
Écija, Francisco Fernández de, 84
Ecuador, 175
education, 371–374, 392
Edwards, Benjamin, 189–190
Edwards, Haden, 189–190
Eighty Years’ War, 29
El Morro (New Mexico), 68
El Paso (Texas), 80, 380, 415
El Paso del Norte (settlement), 74, 80
El Salvador, 175, 389
Eliza, Francisco de, 132
Elkins, Stephen, 251, 281, 282
Embargo Act (1807), 156, 161–162
empresario agreement, 185, 190
Enabling Act (1910), 286
encomienda system, 10, 28, 42
England
Irish plantations (16th century), 82–83
Paris, Treaty of (1763), 108
Seven Years’ War, 107–108, 117
Spanish conflict with, 86–87, 89, 91–92, 96–97
English colonists, goals of, 87
English exploration, 83–87
of California, 77–78
of Florida, 51, 89
tobacco and, 86
Virginia colony, 84–87
Engli
sh language, as official language, 4–5, 394
English-only laws, 394
“Epic of Greater America” (Bolton), 3
Escalante, Francisco Silvestre Vélez de, 141
Escalante Fontaneda, Hernando de, 48
Escobar, Rosie, 362
escoceses, 177
Española (New Mexico), 81
Espejo, Antonio de, 65
Estados Unidos Mexicanos, 177
estancias, 72
Estevánico (slave), 34, 60
Estrada, Juan José de, 163
Estrada Palma, Tomás, 274
ethnicity, Hispanic identity and, 6
Eulate, Juan de, 72
Eustis, William, 164
Expedition of the Limits of 1792, 133
Fair Housing Act (1968), 371
Fair Labor Standards Act (1938), 337
Fall, Albert B., 294
FALN (Fuerzas Armadas de Liberación Nacional), 344–345
farmworkers, Mexican, 375–376
Felipe II (King of Spain), 28, 29, 38, 49, 54
Felipe III (King of Spain), 83–84
Felipe V (King of Spain), 96
Ferber, Edna, 433–434
Ferdinand Maximilian Joseph (archduke), 245
Ferdinando (King of Spain), 9
Fernández, Bernard, 367
Fernández, Rodolfo, 367
Fernández-Armesto, Felipe, 3
Fernández de Oviedo y Valdés, Gonzalo, 31, 35n
Fernandina (Florida), 162, 180
Fernando (Holy Roman Emperor), 28
Fernando II (King of Spain), 21, 26
Fernando VII (King of Spain), 156, 157, 158, 166, 174–175, 261
Ferrera, America, 400
Fiesta del Valle de Española, 81
Figueroa Cordero, Andrés, 342, 344
Figueroa, José María, 187
filibustering, 238–239, 241
First Seminole War (1817–18), 170–171
fiscales, 70
Flagler, Henry, 383
Florentine Codex (Sahagún), 35n
Flores, Manuel Antonio, 130–131, 132
Flores-Hughes, Grace, 395–396
Flores Magón, Enrique, 290
Flores Magón, Ricardo, 290
Flores Rodríguez, Irving, 342, 344
Florida, 30–38, 121
19th century, 161–163, 262–264, 265
anti-bilingual referendum, 394
British and, 112
claims between Florida and Georgia, 101
de Soto, 36–37
education in, 392
Elián Gonzalez case, 420
end of Spanish colonial status, 174
English as official language, 394
English exploration of, 51, 89
Escalante, 48
evangelization and conversion of indigenous people, 52–58
Fort Caroline, 44, 45, 46, 50
Fountain of Youth, 31
French in, 37, 40–41, 43–44, 45, 46, 50, 92–94
indigenous people of, 15, 42, 89
Jackson and, 167–183
Manrique de Rojas, 43
map of mission sites, xi
Menéndez de Avilés, 44–45, 46–51, 52
missions in, xi, 54–57, 88, 90
Ponce de León, 15–16, 30, 31
runaway slaves, 100, 102, 103, 115, 121
segregation in, 265–266, 310–311, 385
Solís de Merás, 46–47
Spanish in, 15–16, 30–31, 41–42, 43, 44–45, 46–51
statehood, 174
trade with Native Americans, 113
War of 1812, 167–169
Florida East Coast Railway, 383
Floridablanca, 151
Folch, Vincent, 161, 162
Fontainebleau, Treaty of (1762), 108
foods, Hispanic, 397–398
For Whom the Bell Tolls (Hemingway), 326
Foraker Act (1900), 275
foreignness, 6
Forsyth, John, 185
Fort Barrancas (Florida), 169
Fort Carlota (Alabama), 118
Fort Caroline (Florida), 44, 45, 46, 50
Fort Celeste (Louisiana), 127
Fort Charlotte (Alabama), 112, 118
Fort Condé (Alabama), 112
Fort Frederica (Georgia), 101
Fort George (Pensacola), 118, 119
Fort King George (Georgia), 100
Fort Louis (Fort Condé), 93–94
Fort Louis de la Louisiane, 93
Fort Matanzas (Florida), 104
Fort Maurepas (Louisiana), 93
Fort Mims (Alabama), 167
Fort Mose (Florida), 103–104
Fort Myers (Florida), 46
Fort San Carlos (Florida), 163, 171
Fort San Felipe (Florida), 49, 51
Fort San Juan (North Carolina), 49–50
Fort San Marcos (South Carolina), 51
Fort San Miguel (Pensacola), 119
Fort St. Louis (Texas), 93
Fort Sumter (South Carolina), 242
forts, Spanish/English raids, 91–92
Fountain of Youth (Florida), 31
France, 107–108, 117–118, 148
Franciscans, 24, 57, 64, 66, 99, 111, 135, 141, 186–187
Francisco de Chicora (El Chicorano), 31–32
Franklin, Benjamin, 6–7, 116, 119, 120, 151
Franklinites, 122, 123, 125
Fredonia colony, 190
Freedom Tower (Miami), 382
Frémont, John C., 210, 229
French, indigenous people and, 94
French and Indian War, 107
French exploration
of Canada, 93
of Florida, 37, 40–41, 43–44, 45, 46, 50, 92–94
of Gulf of Mexico, 92–93
of South Carolina, 40–41, 42–43
French Revolution, 132–133, 146
Friendly Cove (British Columbia), 129
Fugitive Slave Act (1852), 226, 231
Fuster, Vicente, 139
gachupines, 157, 159
Gadsden, James, 224
Gadsden Purchase, 224–225
Gag Law (Puerto Rico), 341
Galaup, Jean-François (Count of Lapérouse), 140
Gallatin, Albert, 215–216
Gallay, Alan, 6
Galveston Bay Company, 200
Gálvez, Bernardo de, 117–118, 146, 434
Gálvez, José de, 109, 117, 130, 135
Galveztown (ship), 119
García, Calixto, 271
García, Hector, 32, 359, 363, 373, 374, 375
García de Solís, Fulgencio, 104–105
Garcia Girls Lost Their Accents (Alvarez), 329
García Lorca, Federico, 325–326
Gardoqui, Diego de, 123, 126–127
Gardoqui & Sons, 116, 117, 123
Garibay, Pedro de, 157
Garza, Agustín, 298
Garza, Bernardo (Ben), 358
Garza, Reynaldo, 375
Genet, Edmond-Charles, 147
genízaros, 76
Georgia, 32, 36, 42, 100–101, 104, 105, 113, 124–125, 167, 168
Geronimo, 249
Ghent, Treaty of (1814), 169
Giant (Ferber), 433–434
Glorieta Pass (New Mexico), 243
Godoy, Manuel de, 151
gold, 10, 14, 27, 58, 82, 225
Gold Rush, 225–226
Golden Hind (ship), 77
Gómez, Máximo, 268, 273
Gómez Farías, Valentín, 192, 213
Gonzales, Rodolfo “Corky,” 376, 377
González, Abraham, 291
González, Elián, 420
González, Isabel, 277–278
González, Jovita, 312
González Manrique, Mateo, 168, 169
González, Manuel, 289
Gonzalez v. Williams (1904), 277–278
Goodhue, Grosvenor, 316
Gordillo, Francisco, 31
Gorostiza, Manuel Eduardo de, 202
&
nbsp; Goseacochea, Juan Nepomuceno Cortina, 237
Gourgues, Dominique de, 50
Gracia Real de Santa Teresa de Mose (settlement), 102
Gran Colombia, 175
Gran Quivira (mission), 80
Grant, James, 115
Grant, Ulysses S., 261
Gray, Robert, 131
Great Greaser Extermination Meeting, 226
Great Lakes region, 108
Grenada, 108, 150
Grillo, Evelio, 311
Grito de Dolores, 159
Grito de Lares, 262, 346
Grito de Yara, 261
Grito del Norte, 377
Grotius, Hugo, 39
Guachichil people, 64
Guadalupe Hidalgo, Treaty of (1848), 222, 227, 232, 233, 235, 372, 380
Guadeloupe, 92, 108
Guale people, 33, 41, 42, 51, 55, 57, 88, 89, 91
Guale uprising (1597), 56–57
Guam, 272
Guamare people, 64
Guatemala, 175
Guerrero, Gonzalo, 18
Guerrero, Vicente, 176
Guilló, Ernesto, 267
Guilló, Nemesio, 267
Gulf of Mexico, 92–93, 97, 116
Gulf Stream, 15
Gutiérrez, Eulalio, 296
Gutiérrez, David, 370
Gutiérrez de Humaña, Antonio, 65, 66
Gutiérrez de Lara, José Bernardo, 164, 165
Guzmán, Nuño de, 59–60
Guzmán, Pablo “Yoruba,” 379–380
Habsburg monarchy, 28
Hacket, Thomas, 43
Haida Gwaii Island, 130
Haiti, 9–10, 146, 175, 274
Haitian Revolution, 147, 148, 150
Hakluyt, Richard, 82
Hanna, Philip, 271, 275
Hardin, Joh, 212
Harding, Warren G., 279
Harlem (New York City), 327
“Harlem Hellfighters,” 330
Harrison, William Henry, 205
Harrison Narcotics Act (1914), 305–306
Hart-Celler Act (1965), 36
Hasinai people, 94–95
Havana(Cuba), 40, 108, 267
Hawikuh (pueblo), 61, 62–63
Hawkins, John, 44
Hay, John, 272
Hay-Herrán Treaty, 280
Hayes, Rutherford B., 247
Hays, Arthur Garfield, 335
Hearst, William Randolph, 268, 293
Hemingway, Ernest, 326
Hernández, Rafael, 330
Hernández v. Texas (1954), 373
Hidalgo y Costilla, Miguel, 158–159, 189
Hispanic, use of term, 3–4, 3n, 394–396
Hispanic culture, 397–401
Cinco de Mayo celebrations, 398–399
Day of the Dead, 416–417
foods, 397–398
National Hispanic Heritage Month, 434
Hispanic identity, 3–6, 3n
Hispanic/Latino, as ethnic category, 396
Hispanic past, 8–12
Hispanic people, inequalities in the U.S., 369–381
Hispanic Society of America, 323
Hispanic voters, 403
“Hispanicness,” 397–398
Hispanics
in media, 400
in public life, 404
undocumented migrants, 407–410, 412–413, 418