Hitler

by Brendan Simms

  146. Speech, 29.1.1923, SA, p. 822.

  147. See Christian Koller, ‘Defeat and foreign rule as a narrative of national rebirth–the German memory of the Napoleonic period in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries’, in Jenny Macleod (ed.), Defeat and Memory: Cultural Histories of Military Defeat in the Modern Era (Basingstoke, 2008), pp. 30–45, especially pp. 31–2, 36–9.

  148. Thus Geyer, ‘Insurrectionary warfare’, especially pp. 508, 524–7.

  149. Speech, 13.8.1920, SA, pp. 187–90; Speech, 6.7.1920, SA, p. 159; Notes for a speech, April/May 1923, SA, pp. 854–5; Speech, 28.7.1922, SA, p. 663; Speech, 21.11.1922, SA, p. 737; Speech, 17.5.1923, SA, p. 928. See also Francis R. Nicosia, The Third Reich and the Palestine Question (London, 1985), pp. 26–8.

  150. Speech, 17.5.1923, SA, p. 928; Speech, 10.4.1923, SA, p. 877; Speech, 30.9.1923, SA, p. 1,020.

  151. Speech, 17.1.1921, SA, p. 297; Speech, 27.4.1920, SA, p. 127; Speech, 11.11.1921, p. 515; Speech, 28.7.1922, SA, p. 671; Proclamation, 29.9.1923, SA, p. 1,019.

  152. Speech, 25.7.1923, SA, p. 951; Speech, 4.3.1923, SA, p. 843; Speech, 7.8.1920, SA, p. 177; Speech, 3.1.1923, p. 779.

  153. Thus Rainer Sammet, ‘Judenmord als Mittel der Kriegführung. Die mörderische “Lehre” aus der Niederlage im Ersten Weltkrieg’, Historische Mitteilungen, 23 (2010), pp. 114–46.

  154. Hitler to Gemlich, 16.9.1919, SA, pp. 89–90.

  155. Quoted in Pyta, Hitler, p. 173.

  156. Article, 26.5.1921, SA, p. 414; Speech, 17.1.1921, SA, p. 297; Speech, 19.11.1920, SA, p. 263.

  157. Speech, 12.4.1922, SA, p. 621; Notes for a speech, 17.2.1922, SA, p. 572; Interview, [before October 1923], SA, p. 1,023; Speech,19.6.1920, SA, p. 149.

  158. See Max H. Kele, Nazis and Workers: National Socialist Appeals to German Labor, 1919–1933 (Chapel Hill, 1972), pp. 80, 109–10 et passim; and Joachim Bons, Nationalsozialismus und Arbeiterfrage. Zu den Motiven, Inhalten und Wirkungsgründen nationalsozialistischer Arbeiterpolitik vor 1933 (Pfaffenweiler, 1995), pp. 42–57.

  159. Speech, 7.8.1920, SA, p. 178; Speech, 26.2.1923, SA, p. 841.

  160. Speech, 10.12.1919, SA, p. 97; Speech, 17.4.1920, SA, p. 122; Speech, 30.11.1920, SA, p. 269; Speech, 12.4.1923, SA, p. 877; Speech, 26.5.1920, SA, p. 135.

  161. Quoted in Weber, Wie Adolf Hitler zum Nazi wurde, p. 267.

  162. Speech, 28.7.1922, SA, p. 658; Conversation, [end December 1922], SA, p. 774.

  163. Speech, 20.4.1923, SA, p. 908.

  164. See Arthur L. Smith, Jr, ‘Kurt Lüdecke: the man who knew Hitler’, German Studies Review, 26 (2003), pp. 597–606, especially p. 598.

  165. See Brigitte Hamann, Winifred Wagner oder Hitlers Bayreuth (Frankfurt, 2002), p. 107.

  166. Detlev Clemens, Herr Hitler in Germany. Wahrnehmung und Deutungen des Nationalsozialismus in Grosbritannien 1920 bis 1939 (Göttingen and Zurich, 1996), pp. 45–51.

  167. Truman Smith notes of a conversation with Hitler, 20.11.1922, SA, p. 733.

  168. Henry G. Gole, Exposing the Third Reich: Colonel Truman Smith in Hitler’s Germany (Lexington, Kentucky, 2013), pp. 65–7.

  169. See David G. Marwell, ‘Unwonted exile: a biography of Ernst “Putzi” Hanfstaengl’ (PhD dissertation, New York State University, 1988), pp. 21–3, 56, 74 et passim.

  170. Thus Marwell, ‘Unwonted exile’, p. 87.

  171. [Mayr], ‘I was Hitler’s boss’, p. 196.

  172. Speech, 28.9.1922, SA, p. 718.

  173. Speech, 6.7.1920, SA, p. 158; Speech, 12.9.1923, SA, p. 1,007; Notes for a speech, 31.5.1921, SA, p. 421.

  174. Stefan Ihrig, Atatürk in the Nazi Imagination (London and Cambridge, Mass., 2014), pp. 10–67 and p. 87 (for Hitler specifically).

  175. Speech, 18.9.1922, SA, p. 691; Conversation, [before 3.11.1922], SA, p. 722; Speech, 14.11.1922, SA, p. 728; Interview, 2.10.1923, SA, p. 1,027. See also Wolfgang Schieder, Adolf Hitler. Politischer Zauberlehrling Mussolinis (Berlin, 2017), p. 19 et passim.

  176. Speech, 14.11.1922, SA, p. 728.

  177. Thus Walter Werner Pese, ‘Hitler und Italien, 1920–1926’, Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte, 3 (1955), pp. 113–26, especially, pp. 113–14.

  178. Interview, 19.8.1923, SA, p. 975; Speech, 21.7.1920, SA, p. 163; Speech, 1.8.1920, SA, p. 169.

  179. Speech, 8.4.1921, SA, p. 362; Speech, 31.5.1920, SA, pp. 137–8; Speech, 10.9.1922, SA, p. 688.

  180. Speech, 17.6.1920, SA, p. 148; Speech, 26.6.1920, SA, p. 153.

  181. Speech, 24.6.1920, SA, p. 151; Speech, 6.7.1920, SA, p. 160. See also Klaus Hildebrand, Vom Reich zum Weltreich. Hitler, NSDAP und koloniale Frage, 1919–1945 (Munich, 1969).

  182. Speech, 1.8.1920, SA, p. 168; Speech, 31.5.1921, SA, p. 426; Conversation, [end of December 1922], SA, p. 773.

  183. Speech, 3.1.1923, SA, p. 780; Speech, 26.2.1923, SA, p. 836; Article, [after 10.3.1921], SA, p. 340; Article, 26.5.1921, SA, p. 412; Article, 26.5.1921, SA, p. 415.

  184. Speech, 28.7.1922, SA, p. 671; Speech, 8.11.1922, SA, p. 724; Conversation, 14.11.1922, SA, p. 729; Speech, 21.11.1922, SA, p. 736.

  185. Quoted in Hamann, Hitlers Bayreuth, p. 77.

  186. Conversation, [end of December 1922], SA, pp. 772–3.

  Chapter 4: The Struggle for Bavaria

  1. Martin Schlemmer, ‘Los von Berlin’. Rheinstaatbestrebungen nach dem Ersten Weltkrieg (Cologne, 2007), pp. 80–174.

  2. Matthias Strohn, The German Army and the Defence of the Reich: Military Doctrine and the Conduct of the Defensive Battle, 1918–1939 (Cambridge, 2011), pp. 63–86.

  3. For an example of Nazi Party involvement in these preparations at ground level see Alfred Krebs, Tendenzen und Gestalten der NSDAP. Erinnerungen an die Frühzeit der Partei (Stuttgart, 1959), pp. 123–5.

  4. See Bernhard Fulda, ‘Adolf Hitler als Medienphänomen’, in Klaus Arnold, Christoph Classen, Susanne Kinnebrock, Edgar Lersch and Hans-Ulrich Wagner (eds.), Von der Politisierung der Medien zur Medialisierung des Politischen? Zum Verhältnis von Medien, Öffentlichkeiten und Politik im 20. Jahrhundert (Leipzig, 2010), pp. 141–59 (here p. 144).

  5. Turner, Big Business, pp. 54–5.

  6. Quoted in Joachimsthaler, Hitlers Weg, p. 306.

  7. See the chart in Joachimsthaler, Hitlers Weg, p. 277.

  8. Joachimsthaler, Hitlers Weg, p. 305.

  9. Detlef Mühlberger, Hitler’s Voice: The Völkischer Beobachter, 1920–1933 (Bern, 2004), vol. 1, pp. 29–30.

  10. Thus Weber, Becoming Hitler, passim.

  11. Speech, 27.6.1923, SA, p. 940.

  12. Quotations in Joachimsthaler, Hitlers Weg, p. 304.

  13. Speech, 6.7.1923, SA, p. 947.

  14. See Derek Hastings, Catholicism and the Roots of Nazism: Religious Identity and National Socialism (Oxford and New York, 2010), pp. 113, 148–9.

  15. Thus Stephan Malinowski, Vom König zum Führer. Sozialer Niedergang and politische Radikalisierung im deutschen Adel zwischen Kaiserreich and NS-Staat (Berlin, 2003), pp. 374–6.

  16. See Manfred Franke, Albert Leo Schlageter, Der erste Soldat des 3. Reiches. Die Entmythologisierung eines Helden (Cologne, 1981), pp. 110–11.

  17. Speech, 11.1.1923, SA, p. 786; Speech, 27.1.1923, SA, p. 811; Speech, 11.1.1923, SA, p. 782.

  18. See the recollections of the eyewitness Hans-Harald von Selchow, 15.10.1956, Sigmaringen, in Bayerisches Hauptstaatsarchiv, Abt. IV, Kriegsarchiv, HS 2775.

  19. Memorandum, 19.4.1923, SA, pp. 902–5 (quotations on pp. 903 and 905).

  20. Gottfried Feder, Der Deutsche Staat auf nationaler und sozialer Grundlage (Munich, 1923), p. 6.

  21. ‘Arbeitsplan des Ausschusses für Volksernährung der nationalsozialistischen Bewegung in vierzehn Thesen’, 25.6.1923, Munich, Staatsarchiv München, Pol. Dir. 6697, fols. 48–53. See also Hitler to Sesselmann, 4.7.1923, SA, p. 943.

  22. See Bruno Thoss, Der Ludendorff Kreis, 1919–1923. München als Zentrum der mitteleuropäischen Gegend zwischen Revolution und Hitler-Putsch (Munich, 1978), pp. 460–61. Hitler later reiterated this th
eme in Mein Kampf: MK, I, p. 1,551.

  23. Speech, 27.4.1923, SA, p. 915.

  24. Reported in ‘Die Lage der Juden in Bayern’, Bayerische Staatszeitung, 20.11.1923, Staatsarchiv München, Pol. Dir. 6697, fol. 238.

  25. See the police statement of the arrested SA man Fritz Huber, 6.6.1923, Polizeidirektion VIa/Ia, Munich, Staatsarchiv München, Pol. Dir. 6697, fol. 3,333.

  26. Christiane Eifert, ‘Antisemit und Autokönig. Henry Fords Autobiographie und ihre deutsche Rezeption in den 1920er-Jahren’, Zeithistorische Forschungen/Studies in Contemporary History, 6, 2 (2009), pp. 209–29, especially pp. 218–20. See also Max Wallace, The American Axis: Henry Ford, Charles Lindbergh and the Rise of the Third Reich (New York, 2003), especially pp. 43–5.

  27. See the report ‘Die Geldquellen Hitlers’, Münchener Post, 21.6.1923, Stadtarchiv München, Zeitungsausschnitte-Personen, Hitler, Adolf.

  28. Conversation, [before 17.3.1923], SA, p. 845. Robert D. Murphy, Diplomat among Warriors (New York, 1964), p. 41.

  29. München-Augsburger Abendzeitung, 4.2.1923, Staatsarchiv München, Pol. Dir. 6697, fo.

  30. Quoted in Hamann, Hitlers Bayreuth, p. 75. Raffael Scheck, ‘Swiss funding for the early Nazi movement: motivation, context and continuities’, Journal of Modern History, 71, 4 (1999), pp. 793–813.

  31. Hitler to Karl von Wiegand, [before 22 April 1923], SA, p. 910.

  32. Pese, ‘Hitler und Italien’.

  33. Interview, 20.8.1923, SA, pp. 974–5.

  34. Thus Marwell, ‘Unwonted exile’, pp. 85–7, 90, 96 et passim.

  35. Police Statement, 13.1.1923, SA, pp. 787–9.

  36. Joachimsthaler, Hitlers Weg, p. 305.

  37. See Lothar Gruchmann, ‘Hitlers Denkschrift an die bayerische Justiz vom 16. Mai 1923. Ein verloren geglaubtes Dokument’, Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte, 39 (1991), pp. 305–28, especially pp. 306 and 324.

  38. See the account by Kriminalkommissar Anton Altmann, ‘Versammlung der Nationalsozialisten im Zirkusgebäude am 14.7.1923’, in Staatsarchiv München, Pol. Dir. 6697, fol. 7, and following documents.

  39. Dieter Groh, Negative Integration und revolutionärer Attentismus. Die deutsche Sozialdemokratie am Vorabend des Ersten Weltkrieges (Frankfurt, 1973).

  40. Speech, 27.1.1923, SA, p. 812.

  41. Quoted in Ihrig, Atatürk in the Nazi Imagination, p. 87.

  42. See Georg Franz-Willing, Krisenjahr der Hitlerbewegung. 1923 (Preussisch Oldendorf, 1975), pp. 173–6.

  43. Thus Matthias Damm, Die Rezeption des italienischen Faschismus in der Weimarer Republik (Baden-Baden, 2013), pp. 330–32.

  44. Erwin Bischof, Rheinischer Separatismus, 1918–1924. Hans Adam Dortens Rheinstaatbestrebungen (Berne, 1969), pp. 118, 125.

  45. Quoted in Joachimsthaler, Hitlers Weg, p. 317.

  46. See the testimony in HP, II, p. 566.

  47. Speech, 16.9.1923, SA, p. 1,014.

  48. Georg Franz-Willing, Putsch und Verbotszeit der Hitlerbewegung, November 1923–Februar 1925 (Preussisch Oldendorf, 1977), pp. 15–19. For Hitler’s more conciliatory rhetoric in this context see 30.10.1923, SA, p. 1,050.

  49. Proclamation, 25.9.1923, SA, p. 1,014.

  50. Memorandum, 27.9.1923, SA, p. 1,015.

  51. Udo Bermbach, Houston Stewart Chamberlain. Wagners Schwiegersohn–Hitlers Vordenker (Stuttgart and Weimar, 2015), pp. 559–61.

  52. See Weber, Becoming Hitler, pp. 281–6.

  53. Alexander Klotz, ‘Gustav von Kahr (1862–1934). Nicht nur der Verantwortung seines Amtes nicht gewachsen’, Bayernspiegel. Zeitschrift der bayerischen Einigung und bayerischen Volksstiftung, 6 (1998), pp. 2–9.

  54. See Franz-Willing, Putsch und Verbotszeit der HitlerHitlerbewegung bewegung, p. 9 (with quotation).

  55. See the warnings which Krebs sent to Hitler in Krebs, Tendenzen und Gestalten, p. 125.

  56. Hitler to Kahr, 27.9.1923, Munich, SA, p. 1,017.

  57. Proclamation, 29.9.1923, SA, p. 1,019.

  58. HP, III, p. 854. For contemporary Nazi concerns about Kahr’s relationship to the BVP and separatist tendencies see the documents in Ernst Deuerlein (ed.), Der Hitler-Putsch. Bayerische Dokumente zu 8./9. November 1923 (Stuttgart, 1962), pp. 183, 214, 218, 238–9 et passim.

  59. Speech, 23.10.1923, SA, pp. 1,043 and 1,049.

  60. Interview, [30.9.1923], Bayreuth, SA, p. 1,022.

  61. Interview, [before October 1923], SA, p. 1,023.

  62. Rob Dorman, ‘Monroe Doctrine for Germany’, Standard Examiner, September 1923. I thank Tom Weber for supplying me with this reference.

  63. Interview, 14.10.1923, SA, pp. 1,035–7.

  64. See HP, III, p. 1,025.

  65. Joachimsthaler, Hitlers Weg, p. 318.

  66. On this see also John Dornberg, Der Hitlerputsch. 9 November 1923 (Munich, 1983), pp. 12–13.

  67. HP, II, pp. 567–8. See also the printed declaration: ‘Proklamation an das deutsche Volk!’, Stadtarchiv München, 282/1.

  68. Proclamation, 8.11.1923, SA, pp. 1,056–7 (quotation on p. 1,057).

  69. Thus Marwell, ‘Unwonted exile’, pp. 101–2; Peter Conradi, Hitler’s Piano Player (London, 2004), p. 57.

  70. Werner Bräuninger, ‘“Hitler bedroht Kronprinz Rupprecht”. Die Auseinandersetzung mit dem Monarchisten Joseph Graf von Soden-Fraunhofen’, in Bräuninger, Hitlers Kontrahenten, pp. 98–124 (quotation on p. 99).

  71. Thus Hamann, Hitlers Bayreuth, p. 87.

  72. HP, II, p. 568.

  73. One-page pamphlet, dated 8–9 November 1923, in Stadtarchiv München, Zeitgeschichtliche Sammlungen, 282/1.

  74. Kahr Proclamation, ‘Der Hitler-Putsch’, 9.11.1923, Stadtarchiv München, 282/1.

  75. ‘Die Wahrheit dringt doch durch’, by ‘Ein Mitkämpfer der völkischen Freiheitsbewegung’, in Stadtarchiv München, 282/1.

  76. The material relating to Hitler’s time there is collected in Peter Fleischmann (ed.), Hitler als Häftling in Landsberg am Lech 1923/24. Der Gefangenen-Personalakt Hitler nebst weiteren Quellen aus der Schutzhaft-, Untersuchungshaft- und Festungshaftanstalt Landsberg am Lech (Neustadt an der Aisch, 2015).

  77. Hess to Klara and Fritz Hess, 8.11.1923, HB, p. 313.

  78. Othmar Plöckinger, Geschichte eines Buches. Adolf Hitlers ‘Mein Kampf’, 1922–1945, 2nd edn (Munich, 2011), pp. 30–31.

  79. Quoted in Otto Gritschneder, Bewährungsfrist für den Terroristen Adolf H. Der Hitler-Putsch und die bayerische Justiz (Munich, 1990), p. 35.

  80. Thus Hamann, Hitlers Bayreuth, pp. 97–9.

  81. HP, I, pp. 299–300 and 305–6.

  82. See Volker Dotterweich, ‘Vom “Marsch nach Berlin” zum “Marsch nach Landsberg”. Hitlers Wege nach Landsberg, 1923–1939’, in Volker Dotterweich and Karl Filser (eds.), Landsberg in der Zeitgeschichte–Zeitgeschichte in Landsberg (Munich, 2010), pp. 151–93, on which much of this paragraph is based. See also Hermann Kriegl, Die ‘Hitler-Stadt’. Hass auf Juden–NS Dynamik ‘Endlösung’ (Landsberg am Lech, 2009), especially pp. 57–60.

  83. Hermann Fobke to Ludolf Haase, 23.6.1924, Landsberg, in Werner Jochmann, Nationalsozialismus und Revolution. Ursprung und Geschichte der NSDAP in Hamburg 1922–1933. Dokumente (Frankfurt, 1963), pp. 90–92 (quotation on p. 92). This letter also contains a description of Hitler’s daily routine.

  84. Hitler to Vogel, 10.1.1924, Landsberg, SA, p. 1,060.

  85. See generally David Jablonsky, The Nazi Party in Dissolution: Hitler and the Verbotzeit, 1923–1925 (London, 1989), pp. 26–7, 30, 32.

  86. For example, in Decree, May 1923, RSA, I, p. 85, Hitler described Rosenberg’s journal Der Weltkampf as belonging to the ‘indispensable [intellectual] armoury of every National Socialist leader’.

  87. Jablonsky, Nazi Party in Dissolution, pp. 55, 160, 175 (quotation on p. 65).

  88. Thus the Münchner Neueste Nachrichten report as quoted in HP, IV, p. 1,597.

  89. Bernd Steger, ‘Der Hitlerprozess und Bayerns Verhältnis zum Reich, 1923/24’, Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte, 25, 4 (1977), pp
. 441–66, especially pp. 442–8, 455.

  90. E.g. HP, I, pp. 20–22, 40.

  91. HP, I, pp. 32–3.

  92. HP, II, p. 533.

  93. Quoted in Jablonsky, Nazi Party in Dissolution, p. 71.

  94. HP, III, pp. 1,014, 1,024 and 1,036.

  95. HP, IV, pp. 1,574–89 (with quotations).

  96. GT, I/1/I, 13.3.1924, p. 107; 15.3.1924, I/1/I, p. 107; 17.3.1924, I/1/I, p. 108.

  97. Proclamation, 1.4.1924, SA, p. 1,228.

  98. His declaration is reported in ‘Das Programm Hitlers’, Münchner Neueste Nachrichten, 16.5.1924, Stadtarchiv München, Zeitungsausschnitte, Personen, 212/6, Hitler, Adolf, 1924/IV.

  99. See Albrecht Ritschl, Deutschlands Krise und Konjunktur, 1924–1934. Binnenkonjunktur, Auslandsverschuldung und Reparationsproblem zwischen Dawes-Plan und Transfersperre (Berlin, 2002).

  100. As reported for May 1924 by Walter Stang, who worked for the Deutsche Zeitung, and was a frequent visitor of Hitler’s at Landsberg, quoted in MK, I, p. 627.

  101. Thus Angelika Müller, ‘Der “jüdische Kapitalist” als Drahtzieher und Hintermann. Zur antisemitischen Bildpolemik in den nationalsozialistischen Wahlplakaten der Weimarer Republik, 1924–1933’, in Jahrbuch für Antisemitismusforschung 7, ed. Wolfgang Benz for the Zentrum für Antisemitismusforschung der Technischen Universität Berlin (Frankfurt and New York, 1998), pp. 174–97, especially pp. 174–9.

  102. Thus Christopher Clark, ‘Weimar politics and George Grosz’, in The Berlin of George Grosz: Drawings, Watercolours and Prints, 1912–1930 (New Haven and London, 1997), pp. 21–7 (here p. 27).

  103. Jablonsky, Verbotzeit, p. 85. For the social diversity of the Nazi voter see Thomas Childers, The Nazi Voter: The Social Foundations of Fascism in Germany, 1919–1933 (Chapel Hill, 1983).

  104. Jablonsky, Verbotzeit, p. 93.

  105. See the two documentations (16 November 1923–20 February 1924; 3 April 1924–10 December 1924) in Fleischmann (ed.), Hitler als Häftling in Landsberg am Lech, pp. 231–376.

  106. See Hitler to Ludolf Hasse, 16.6.1924, SA, p. 1,238, and Declaration, 7.7.1924, SA, p. 1,241. See also Hermann Fobke to Ludolf Haase, 23.6.1924, Landsberg, in Jochmann, Nationalsozialismus und Revolution, pp. 90–92.