56Reports in The Hindu, 19 May 200, and 14 May and 14 September 2008, http://www.hindu.com/2007/05/19/stories/2007051907990100.htm; http://www.hindu.com/2008/05/14/stories/2008051460640100.htm; http://www.hindu.com/2008/09/14/stories/2008091457120100.htm (all accessed 19 July 2016)
57Quoted in Adrian Levy and Cathy Scott-Clark, The Siege: The Attack on the Taj (Gurgaon: Penguin Books, 2013), p. 127.
58The Observer, 30 November 2008, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/nov/30/mumbai-terror-attacks-india3 (accessed 19 July 2016).
59Pralay Kanungo, ‘Hindutva’s Fury against Christians in Orissa’, EPW, 13 September 2008.
60Smita Gupta, ‘Hounds and the Flock’, http://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/hounds-and-the-flock/238766 (accessed 20 July 2016).
61http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/article1339932.ece (accessed 20 July 2016).
Although this was the first major riot in the district, the tribal Kandhas and the ‘untouchable’ Panos had long had an uncomfortable, rivalrous relationship, as documented in 1950 by the anthropologist F. G. Bailey. See his Tribe, Caste and Nation: A Study of Political Activity and Political Change in Highland Orissa (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1960).
62See ‘Maya’s Magic’, India Today, 21 May 2007.
63Smita Gupta, 11 May 2007, in http://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/11-may-2007/234596 (accessed 19 July 2016)
64The Hindu, 28 May 2008, http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/article1265436.ece (accessed 19 July 2016).
65The impacts of NREGA have been analysed in a series of scholarly studies reproduced in Jean Dréze, ed., Social Policy: Essays from EPW (Hyderabad: Orient Blackswan, 2016), Section IV.
66Quoted in http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/8062882.stm (accessed 20 July 2016).
67Cf. K. Balagopal, ‘Andhra Pradesh: Beyond Media Images’, EPW, 12 June 2004.
68Ramachandra Guha, ‘Redrawing the Map, Again’, Hindustan Times, 10 December 2009.
69See Jairam Ramesh, Old History, New Geography: Bifurcating Andhra Pradesh (New Delhi: Rupa, 2016), Chapter 2 and passim.
70See http://www.lawyerscollective.org/files/Nazpercent20Foundationpercent20Judgement.pdf (accessed 20 July 2016).
71This account is based on http://www.rediff.com/news/amarnath08.html; http://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/gk-magazine/amarnath-land-row-chronology-of-events/38658.html (both accessed 20 July 2016), as well as on my own recollection of the events as they unfolded at the time.
72The Christian Science Monitor, 7 July 2010, http://www.csmonitor.com/World/terrorism-security/2010/0707/Indian-Army-deployed-to-quell-deadly-Kashmir-protests (accessed 20 July 2016).
73http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/kashmirs-bloody-sunday-8-killed-valley-burns-425750; The Hindu, 6 September 2010, http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/3-killed-as-police-open-fire-on-mob-in-kashmir/article617495.ece (both accessed 20 July 2016).
74Jim Yardley, ‘Tensions High Across Kashmir After Koran Protests’, New York Times, 14 September 2010, http://www.nytimes.com/2010/09/15/world/asia/15kashmir.html?_r=0 (accessed 20 July 2016).
75Siddharth Varadarajan, ‘The Only Package Kashmir Needs is Justice’, The Hindu, 20 August 2010, http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/the-only-package-kashmir-needs-is-justice/article551897.ece (accessed 20 July 2016).
76Cf. Yoginder Sikand, ‘Jihad, Islam and Kashmir: Syed Ali Shah Geelani’s Political Project’, EPW, 2 October 2010.
77http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/article197456.ece (accessed 20 July 2016).
78http://www.livemint.com/Politics/PKcxtdYT03keXpSGaL7sCL/Cabinet-approves-50-women8217s-quota-in-panchayats.html (accessed 20 July 2016).
79The Hindu, 9 March 2010, http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/article725434.ece (accessed 20 July 2016).
80India Today, 5 August 2010, http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/Raja+faces+heat+as+CBI+raids+DoT+on+2G+scam/1/67517.html (accessed 20 July 2016).
81http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/cwg-officials-suspended,-sponsorship-deal-scrapped/1/107925.html (accessed 20 July 2016).
82Times of India, 16 November 2010, http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/2G-scam-Raja-ignored-PMs-advice-says-CAG-report/articleshow/6934810.cms?referral=PM (accessed 20 July 2016).
83The Hindu, 2 February. http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/cbi-arrests-former-telecom-minister-a-raja/article1148712.ece (accessed 20 July 2016).
30. THE RISE OF THE ‘BJP SYSTEM’
1Anil Agarwal and Sunita Narain, Towards Green Villages: A Strategy for Environmentally-Sound and Participatory Rural Development (New Delhi: Centre for Science and Environment, 1989); Mukul Sharma, Green and Saffron: Hindu Nationalism and Indian Environmental Politics (New Delhi: Permanent Black, 2011).
2Quoted in Jiby Kattakayam, ‘I will fight till joint panel is set up’, The Hindu, 5 April, http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/i-will-fight-till-joint-panel-is-set-up-hazare/article1601666.ece (accessed 1 August 2016).
3David Lalmalsawma, ‘Hunger strike over Lokpal Bill as thousands protest corruption’, http://in.reuters.com/article/idINIndia-56135720110405, (accessed 1 August 2016).
4Debarshi Dasgupta, ‘Beyond Clicktivism’, Outlook, 18 April 2011, http://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/beyond-clicktivism/271256 (accessed 1 August 2016).
5Sandeep Joshi, ‘Hazare ends fast, says fight has begun’, The Hindu, 9 April 2011, http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/hazare-ends-fast-says-fight-has-begun/article1645213.ece (accessed 1 August 2016).
6Vinay Kumar, ‘Suresh Kalmadi arrested’, The Hindu, 25 April 2011, http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article1765899.ece (accessed 1 August 2016).
7As reported by Jiby Kattakayam in The Hindu, 4 June 2011, http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/i-wont-sit-back-and-watch-if-attacks-are-made-on-me-ramdev/article2076204.ece (accessed 1 August 2016).
8See http://www.firstpost.com/politics/crackdown-20504.html (accessed 1 August 2016).
9See http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Cabinet-approves-draft-of-Lokpal-Bill-Team-Anna-calls-it-deceit-on-the-nation/articleshow/9394983.cms?referral=PM (accessed 1 August 2016).
10Gargi Parsai, ‘Cabinet approves Lokpal Bill’, The Hindu, 28 July 2011, http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/cabinet-approves-lokpal-bill/article2302010.ece (accessed 1 August 2016).
11http://tribune.com.pk/story/231812/indian-pm-warns-on-graft-on-independence-day/ (accessed 1 August 2016).
12This paragraph is based on reports in The Telegraph, 17–21 August 2011.
13Arati R. Jerath, ‘Netas Shaken and Stirred’, Times of India, Crest Edition, 27 August 2011; ‘Middle Class Deserts Manmohan’, cover story in Outlook, 29 August 2011.
14See http://blogs.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/India-Circus/why-anna-hazare-should-not-win-this-battle/ (accessed 1 August 2016).
15Gargi Parsai, ‘Anna Hazare ends fast’, The Hindu, 28 August 2011, http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/anna-hazare-ends-fast/article2405862.ece; Maseeh Rahman, ‘Anna Hazare ends hunger strike after Indian government backs down’, The Guardian, 28 August 2011, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/aug/28/anna-hazare-ends-hunger-strike (both accessed 1 August 2016).
16Reports in The Hindu, 3 February 2012, http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/supreme-court-scraps-upas-illegal-2g-sale/article2855383.ece (accessed 2 August 2016).
17Report in The Hindu, 4 July 2012, http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/cbi-chargesheets-ashok-chavan-12-others-in-adarsh-case/article3601723.ece (accessed 2 August 2016).
18Reports in the Business Standard, 25 September 2012, http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/what-is-maharashtra-irrigation-scam-112092503026_1.html; and in The Hindu, 8 April 2013, http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/ajit-pawars-remark-on-drought-irresponsible-opposition/article4591859.ece (both accessed 2 August 2016).
19Report in The Hindu, 17 August 2012, http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/now-coal-burns-rs186000crore-hole-in-exchequer/article3784709.ece (accessed 2 August 2016).
20T. K. Ra
jalakshmi, ‘Woman as victim’, Frontline, 6 February 2015; Mohammad Ali, ‘No smartphones for girls, rules Muzaffarnagar Jat panchayat’, The Hindu, Bengaluru, 26 June 2016.
21Purva Khera, Macroeconomic Impacts of Gender Inequality and Informality in India, IMF Working Paper, February 2016, available at http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/wp/2016/wp1616.pdf
22Malvika Chandran, ‘Women in the Workplace: India ranks lowest in the diversity study’, Mint, 7 September 2011.
23Mahendra K. Premi, ‘The Missing Girl Child’, EPW, 26 May 2001; P. N. Mari Bhatt, ‘On the Trail of “Missing” Indian Females’, in two parts, EPW, 21 and 28 December 2002.
24Ravinder Kaur, ‘Across-Region Marriages: Poverty, Female Migration and the Sex Ratio’, EPW, 19 June 2004; Prem Chowdhry, ‘Crisis of Masculinity in Haryana: The Unmarried, the Unemployed, and the Aged’, EPW, 3 December 2005.
25Rupali Sharma, ‘Beware of the Devil at Home’, Sunday Times of India, Kolkata, 13 January 2013.
26Report in The Hindu, 18 December 2012, http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/gangraped-in-moving-bus-23yrold-girl-fighting-for-life-in-delhi-hospital/article4211729.ece
27Report in The Hindu, 23 December 2012, http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/waves-of-protest-slam-raisina-hill/article4230667.ece (accessed 2 August 2016).
28http://www.thehindu.com/multimedia/archive/01340/Justice_Verma_Comm_1340438a.pdf (accessed 2 August 2016).
29Press Trust of India report dated 19 March 2013, http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-03-19/news/37844331_1_acid-attacks-life-term-jail-term (accessed 2 August 2016).
30See http://judis.nic.in/supremecourt/imgs1.aspx?filename=41070 (accessed 3 August 2016).
31Report in the Times of India, 12 December 2013, http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Supreme-Court-makes-homosexuality-a-crime-again/articleshow/27230690.cms (accessed 3 August 2016).
32Reports in The Hindu, 19 January and 7 September 2013, http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/congress-prince-crowned-vicepresident/article4323414.ece and http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/rahul-ideal-choice-for-pm-says-manmohan/article5104208.ece (both accessed 2 August 2016).
33PTI report dated 20 August 2013, http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/sonia-gandhi-launches-food-security-programme-in-delhi/article5042041.ece (accessed 2 August 2016).
34See http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/gujarat-chief-minister-narendra-modi-srcc-college-delhi-university/1/249136.html; and, for a video recording of a representative speech, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SOJE59fwj_w (both accessed 2 August 2016). Modi’s rebranding of himself from the late 2000s onwards has been well analysed in Nilanjan Mukhopadhyaya, Narendra Modi: The Man, the Times (Chennai: Westland, 2013).
35See https://intpolicydigest.org/2013/06/12/can-congress-party-stop-narendra-modi/ (accessed 17 December 2016).
36See http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/at-bhuj-college-narendra-modi-challenges-taunts-manmohan-singh-531714 (accessed 2 August 2014).
37For a sampling of Modi’s election speeches see https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FPW8_53X_UQ; https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ayMIwPs_Oog; https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dHiTiorePLA; and also, for those with infinite patience and a deeper interest in oratory, http://www.narendramodi.in/10-memorable-speeches-of-shri-narendra-modi-from-2014-lok-sabha-elections-campaign-3143
38Vanshri Randive, quoted in http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/navi-mumbai/Narendra-Modis-rally-Along-with-the-faithful-came-clueless-villagers/articleshow/27766164.cms (accessed 23 December 2013).
39Rahul Verma and Shreyas Sardesai, ‘Does Media Exposure Affect Voting Behaviour and Political Preferences in India?’, EPW, 27 September 2014.
40Joyojeet Pal, Priyank Chandra and V. G. Vinod Vydiswaran, ‘Twitter and the Rebranding of Narendra Modi’, EPW, 20 February 2016.
41Hindustan Times, 20 April 2014, http://www.hindustantimes.com/india/bjp-s-advertisement-plan-may-cost-a-whopping-rs-5-000-cr/story-y8x34eYh26xwoAxeRuaCoO.html (accessed 2 August 2016).
42For an excellent overview and analysis of the general election campaign, see Rajdeep Sardesai, 2014: The Election That Changed India (Gurgaon: Penguin India, 2015).
43Cf. http://iihs.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/IUC-Book.pdf
44Amrita Datta, ‘Migration, Remittance and Changing Sources of Income in Rural Bihar (1999–2011)’, EPW, 30 July 2016.
45R. B. Bhagat, ‘Nature of Migration and Its Contribution to India’s Urbanization’, in Deepak K. Mishra, ed., Internal Migration in Contemporary India (New Delhi: Sage, 2016).
46Pramit Bhattacharya, ‘The rise of India’s “neo middle class”, Mint, 31 December 2012, http://www.livemint.com/Opinion/1bdWFKo9ImvhFySfrCI3aJ/The-rise-of-Indias-neo-middle-class.html (accessed 6 August 2016).
47These paragraphs draw on two excellent collections: Himanshu, Praveen Jha and Gerry Rodgers, eds, The Changing Village in India (New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2016); and the special issue of EPW’s Review of Rural Affairs, 25 June–2 July 2016, both of which feature longitudinal analyses of villages in different parts of India that have been extensively studied and re-studied by economists and anthropologists since the 1950s.
48Dipankar Gupta, ‘The Importance of Being “Rurban”,’ EPW, 13 June 2015.
49Lydia Polgreen, ‘Destroying India’s walls with success in business’, International Herald Tribune, 21 December 2011; Devesh Kapur, D. Shyam Babu and Chandra Bhan Prasad, Defying the Odds: The Rise of Dalit Entrepreneurs (New Delhi: Random House India, 2014).
50The Hindu, 25 July 2012, http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/article3678009.ece (accessed 2 August 2016).
51Report in Indian Express, 3 May 2014, http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/30-killed-in-36-hours-by-bodo-militants-in-assam-curfew-imposed/ (accessed 2 August 2016).
52Sripad Motiram and Nayantara Sarma, ‘The Tragedy of Identity: Reflections on Violent Social Conflict in Western Assam’, EPW, 15 March 2014.
53Deevakar Anand, ‘How not to handle a riot’s aftermath’, Tehelka, 12 October 2013; ‘Muzaffarnagar: Tales of death and despair in India’s riot-torn town’, http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-24172537 (accessed 2 August 2016); Jagpal Singh,‘Communal Violence in Muzaffarnagar’, EPW, 30 July 2016.
54Report in Outlook, 18 May 2014, http://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/story/elections-2014-took-18-months-of-planning/841162 (accessed 2 August 2016).
55E. Sridharan, ‘Class Voting in the 2014 Lok Sabha Elections’, EPW, 27 September 2014;
56Rana Ayyub, ‘The RSS Blueprint for Narendra Modi’, DNA, 29 May 2014, http://www.dnaindia.com/analysis/analysis-the-rss-blueprint-for-narendra-modi-1992165 (accessed 3 August 2016).
57See http://www.economist.com/blogs/banyan/2014/07/indian-politics (accessed 3 August 2016).
58See http://indiatoday.intoday.in/gallery/when-modi-picked-up-spade-to-clean-varanasi-ghat/1/13353.html (accessed 3 August 2016).
59Report in The Hindu, 26 September 2014, http://www.thehindu.com/business/Economy/make-in-india-campaign-industry-lines-up-behind-narendra-modis-pitch/article6447490.ece (accessed 3 August 2016).
60Report in the Times of India, 23 January 2015, http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/PM-Modi-launches-Beti-Bachao-Beti-Padhao-campaign-says-female-foeticide-is-a-sign-of-mental-illness/articleshow/45985741.cms (accessed 3 August 2016).
61Report in The Economic Times, 26 June 2015, http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/policy/pm-narendra-modi-launches-smart-cities-mission-says-centre-committed-to-urban-india/articleshow/47811630.cms (accessed 3 August 2016).
62Report in The Hindu, 2 January 2015, http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/planning-commission-to-be-renamed-niti-ayog/article6744546.ece (accessed 3 August 2016).
63See http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/INCH-towards-MILES-Modis-China-mantra/articleshow/42670778.cms (accessed 3 August 2016).
64Reports in Times of India, 4 August 2016.
65See Vijay Joshi, India’s Long Road: The Search for Prosperity (G
urgaon: Penguin India, 2015), Chapter 5.
66Shweta Punj and M. G. Arun, ‘Where are the Jobs’, India Today, 2 May 2016.
67Report in the Financial Times, 20 September 2015.
68See http://scroll.in/article/761934/india-is-diluting-forest-protection-by-ignoring-this-one-vital-thing (accessed 3 August 2016).
69See, among other reports, http://indiatogether.org/how-non-compliance-is-condoned-environment; http://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/govt-cancels-rs-200-crore-green-fine-on-adani-116070101477_1.html; http://thewire.in/53410/compensatory-afforestation-bill-not-passed-current-flawed-form/ (all accessed 3 August 2016). Cf. also Ashish Kothari, ‘A Hundred Days Closer to Ecological and Social Suicide’, EPW, 27 September 2014.
70See http://www.indiaspend.com/cover-story/india-leads-world-in-environmental-conflicts-10655 (accessed 3 August 2016).
71See http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/PM-Modis-exclusive-interview-with-Times-Now-Full-transcript/articleshow/52940908.cms (accessed 3 August 2016).
72Kanti Bajpai, ‘Modi’s foreign policy of shanti and shakti’, Seminar, January 2016.
73http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/going-to-pakistan-is-same-as-going-to-hell-says-manohar-parrikar-1444813 (accessed 28 August 2016).
74See http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-we-share-a-good-chemistry-modi-on-barack-2055609 (accessed 3 August 2016).
75Some analysts, however, worried that under Modi’s leadership India was coming too close to the United States, and sacrificing its own strategic interests by allowing itself to be used by the US as a counterpoint to China. See Srinath Raghavan, ‘Skidding Down the Strategic Slope: Indo-US Relations’, EPW, issue of 25 June–2 July 2016.
76Rajni Kothari, Politics in India (New Delhi: Orient Longman, 1970), pp. 156–7, 187, 192, 304, 307.
77Ramachandra Guha, ‘The Long Life and Lingering Death of the Indian National Congress’, in Democrats and Dissenters (Gurgaon: Allen Lane, 2016).
78Malini Bhattacharjee, ‘Tracing the Emergence and Consolidation of Hindutva in Assam’, EPW, 16 April 2016; Udayon Misra, ‘Victory for Identity Politics, not Hindutva in Assam’, EPW, 28 May 2016.
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