79http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Yogi-Adityanath-Love-jihad-will-be-a-bypoll-issue-in-UP/articleshow/41164779.cms; http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/BJP-MP-Sakshi-Maharaj-calls-Nathuram-Godse-a-patriot-retracts/articleshow/45484389.cms; http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/aligarh-based-hindu-outfit-announces-mass-re-conversions-on-xmas-bjp-mp-welcomes-move/; http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/union-minister-spells-out-choice-in-delhi-ramzada-vs-haramzada/ (all accessed 29 August 2016).
80‘Rohith’s Living Legacy’, EPW, 6 February 2016.
81Ashwaq Masoodi, ‘The rise of the Gau Rakshak’, Mint, 26 July 2016; Arpit Parashar, ‘The lynch mob and agenda 2017’, Fountain Ink, December 2015; Parth M. N. ‘Vigilante groups beat and kill to protect cows in India’, http://www.latimes.com/world/asia/la-fg-cow-terror-snap-story.html (accessed 3 August 2016).
82See http://scroll.in/article/812329/your-mother-you-take-care-of-it-meet-the-dalits-behind-gujarats-stirring-cow-carcass-protests (accessed 3 August 2016); Reports in the Times of India, 19 and 20 July 2016.
83http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/the-real-story-of-what-hardik-patel-21-wants-and-why-1210424 (accessed 3 August 2016); Mahesh Langa, ‘Gujarat on the boil’, The Hindu, 27 August 2015; Arpit Parashar, ‘Jats create new divisions’, Fountain Ink, April 2016.
84Prem Chowdhry, ‘Masculine Spaces: Rural Male Culture in North India’, EPW, 22 November 2014; Alice Tilche, ‘Migration, Bacherlood and Discontent among the Patidars’, EPW, Review of Rural Affairs, 25 June–July 2 2016.
85As this book goes to press, in October 2016, the Marathas in Maharashtra, likewise the dominant caste in their state, have launched a major agitation demanding affirmative action for themselves, if need be at the expense of the Dalits.
86Sunday Times of India, 10 July 2016;, Shujaat Bukhari, ‘Wrath of Kashmir’, Frontline, 19 August 2016.
87Shah Faesal, ‘Every hour of prime time TV news aggression pushes Kashmir a mile westward from India’, Indian Express, 20 July 2016, http://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/kashmir-protest-burhan-wani-killing-selective-indian-media-coverage-insensitive-residents-column-2922176/ (accessed 3 August 2016).
Epilogue: A 50–50 Democracy
1Isaiah Berlin, ‘Nationalism: Past Neglect and Present Power’ (1979), in his Against the Current: Essays in the History of Ideas, edited by Henry Hardy (London: Pimlico, 1997), pp. 346–7, 353–4.
2The modern literature on nationalism will fill a decent-sized library. For a sampling of relevant works, see Ernest Gellner, Nations and Nationalism (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1983); Benedict Anderson, Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origins and Spread of Nationalism (London: Verso, 1983); Anthony D. Smith, The Ethnic Origin of Nations (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1986); Liah Greenfeld, Nationalism: Five Roads to Modernity (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1992); Eric Hobsbawm, Nations and Nationalism Since 1780 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993); Tom Nairn, Faces of Nationalism: Janus Revisited (London: Verso, 1997). Cf. also the classic early work of Hans Kohn: Nationalism: Its Meaning and History (Princeton, N. J.: Van Nostrand, 1955).
3See Mukul Kesavan, Secular Common Sense (New Delhi: Penguin India, 2001).
4Cf. Javeed Alam, Who Wants Democracy? (New Delhi: Orient Longman, 2004).
5Bernard D. Nossiter, Soft State: A Newspaperman’s Chronicle of India (New York: Harper and Row, 1970), pp. 119–23.
6Joseph Stalin, Marxism and the National Question (London: Martin Lawrence, 1936), pp. 5–6.
7Quoted in Peter A. Blitstein, ‘Nation-Building or Russification? Obligatory Russian Instruction in the Soviet Non-Russian School’, in Ronald Grigor Suny and Terry Martin, A State of Nations: Empire and Nation-Building in the Age of Lenin and Stalin (New York: Oxford University Press, 2001), p. 255.
8See Neil DeVotta, Blowback: Linguistic Nationalism, Institutional Decay and Ethnic Conflict in Sri Lanka (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2004), pp. 89–91.
9See S. M. Burke, ed., Jinnah: Speeches and Statements 1947–1948 (Karachi: Oxford University Press, 2000), p. 150, emphasis added.
10Howard, quoted in Samuel Huntingdon, Who Are We? America’s Great Debate (Indian edition: New Delhi: Penguin India, 2004), pp. 28–9.
11Cf. David Gilmour, The Ruling Caste: Imperial Lives in the Victorian Raj (London: John Murray, 2005).
12CAD, Volume 10, pp. 43–51.
13On the history and functioning of the IAS, see David C. Potter, India’s Political Administrators: From ICS to IAS (New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1996); K. P. Krishnan and T. V. Somanathan, ‘Civil Service: An Institutional Perspective’, in Devesh Kapur and Pratap Bhanu Mehta, eds, Public Institutions in India (New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2004).
14Nehru to General Lockhart, 13 August 1947, in Group XLIX, Part I, Cariappa Papers, National Archives of India, New Delhi.
15See papers in Group XXI, Part II, Cariappa Papers.
16Nehru to Cariappa, 13 October 1952, in Group XLIX, Part I, Cariappa Papers.
17Report in The Hindu, 14 January 1953, reproduced in the same newspaper on 14 January 2003.
18See correspondence in Group XLIX, Part I, Cariappa Papers.
19Note of 12 December 1958, Group XXXIII, Part I, Cariappa Papers. Cariappa went on to claim that for these Pakistani Generals ‘war between India and Pakistan was simply unthinkable’.
20Frank Moraes to General Cariappa, 19 December 1968, Group XLIX, Part I, Cariappa Papers.
21J. S. Aurora, ‘If Khalistan Comes, the Sikhs will be the Losers’, Patwant Singh and Harji Malik, eds, Punjab: The Fatal Miscalculation (New Delhi: Patwant Singh, 1985), pp. 137–8.
22Cf. Steven Wilkinson, Army and Nation: The Military and Indian Democracy Since Independence (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2015).
23C. Rajagopalachari, quoted in Guy Wint, Spotlight on Asia (Harmondsworth: Penguin Books, 1955), p. 130.
24Woodcock, Beyond the Blue Mountains: An Autobiography (Toronto: Fitzhenry and Whiteside, 1987), p. 105.
25S. Gopal, ‘The English Language in India Since Independence’, in John Grigg, ed., Nehru Memorial Lectures, 1966–1991 (Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1992), pp. 202–3.
26Parry, ‘Nehru’s Dream and the Village “Waiting Room”: Long Distance Labour Migrants to a Central Indian Steel Town’, Contributions to Indian Sociology, volume 37, 2003.
27Pratap Bhanu Mehta, ‘Playing the Baloch Card’, Indian Express, 18 August 2016.
28Sajal Nag, In Search of the Blue Bird: Auditing Peace Negotiations in Nagaland, NMML Occasional Paper, History of Society, New Series, number 60 (New Delhi: Nehru Memorial Museum and Library, 2014); N. K. Das, ‘Naga Peace Parleys: Sociological Reflections and a Plea for Pragmatism’, EPW, 18 June 2011.
29Cf. Malem Ningthouja, ‘“Us”, “them”, and an elusive peace’, The Hindu, 7 September 2015; Pradip Phanjoubam, ‘In Northeast, lines of conflict’, Deccan Chronicle, 4 September 2015.
30Yadav, ‘Understanding the Second Democratic Upsurge: Trends of Bahujan Participation in Electoral Politics in the 1990s’, in Francine R. Frankel, Zoya Hasan, Rajeev Bhargava and Balveer Arora, eds, Transforming India: Social and Political Dynamics of Democracy (New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2002), p. 133.
31Amit Ahuja and Pradeep Chibber, ‘Why the Poor Vote in India: “If I Don’t Vote, I am Dead to the State”’, Studies in Comparative International Development, volume 47, number 4, 2012.
32Mukulika Banerjee, ‘Sacred Elections’, EPW, 28 April 2007.
33Report in the Deccan Herald, 10 October 2004.
34Bela Bhatia, The Naxalite Movement, pp. 114–20.
35J. M. Lyngdoh, quoted in The Times of India, 3 December 2003.
36Devadas Gandhi to Louis Fischer, 12 January 1952, Fischer papers, Princeton University Library.
37See, for instance, the collected works of R. K. Laxman, published by Penguin India. Laxman is the most prolific and (by common consent) the most original of Indian cartoonis
ts, but there have been many other gifted practitioners, who, like him, specialize in political satire.
38Cf. obituary in The Telegraph, 2 January 2003.
39Anderson, The Spectre of Comparisons (London: Verso, 1998), p. 132.
40See ‘Politics as a Vocation’ in Hans Gerth and C. Wright Mills, eds, From Max Weber: Essays in Sociology (New York: Oxford University Press, 1946).
41See, for a general overview of corruption in independent India, Shiv Visvanathan and Harsh Sethi, eds, Foul Play: Chronicles of Corruption (New Delhi: Banyan Books, 1998).
42B. S. Nagaraj, ‘Smokescreen Resort’, Indian Political Review, July 2003.
43For an excellent discussion of these issues, see T. N. Ninan, The Turn of the Tortoise: The Challenge and Promise of India’s Future (Gurgaon: Penguin Books India, 2015), especially Chapters 2, 5 and 10.
44Peter Ronald deSouza, ‘Democracy’s Inconvenient Fact’, Seminar, November 2004; Prem Shankar Jha, ‘Keep it Poll-ution Free’, Hindustan Times, 2 January 2006; report in the Times of India (Bangalore edition), 21 January 2006.
45Sunday, 2–9 March 1985.
46Reetika Khera, ‘Monitoring Disclosures’, Seminar, February 2004. This account of the criminalization of politics also draws upon information supplied by Professor Trilochan Sastry, a founder member of the Association for Democratic Reforms, the group which filed the original PIL in the Supreme Court.
47Samuel Paul and M. Vivekananda, ‘Holding a Mirror to the New Lok Sabha’, Economic and Political Weekly, 6 November 2004.
48Trilochan Sastry, ‘Towards Decriminalisation of Elections and Politics’, EPW, 4 January 2014. The link between crime and politics is the subject of Milan Vaishnav’s When Crime Pays: Money and Muscle in Indian Politics (New Delhi: HarperCollins 2017), published just as this book is going to press.
49Arild Engelsen Ruud, ‘Talking Dirty about Politics: A View from a Bengali Village’, in C. J. Fuller and Veronique Bénéi, eds, The Everyday State and Society in India (New Delhi: Social Science Press, 2000), pp. 116–8.
50Report in the International Herald Tribune, 19 November 2004.
51Jorge Louis Borges, The Total Library: Non-Fiction, 1922–1986, edited by Elliot Weinberger and translated by Esther Allen, Jill Levine, and Elliot Weinberger (London: Penguin Books, 2001), p. 309; R. W. Southern, Western Society and the Church in the Middle Ages (Harmondsworth: Penguin Books, 1970), p. 154.
52Patrick French, India: A Portrait (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, Jr. 2011).
53Kanchan Chandra, ed., Democratic Dynasties: State, Party and Family in Contemporary Indian Politics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2016).
54As reported in the New Indian Express, Coimbatore, 25/7/2011.
55Damayanti Datta, ‘What Makes him Cry: Why the Judicial System has Broken Down and how to Fix it’; Harish Narasappa, ‘The Long, Expensive Road to Justice’, both in India Today, 9 May 2016.
56Report in the Times of India, 17 September 2010, http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Eight-chief-justices-were-corrupt-Ex-law-minister/articleshow/6568723.cms (accessed 19 August 2016).
57See Mandira Nayar, ‘License to Silence?’, The Week, 11 October 2015.
58As reported in the Indian Express, 4 September 2014, http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/ex-cji-sathasivam-appointed-kerala-governor/ (accessed 29 August 2016).
59Murali Karnam, ‘Conditions of Undertrials in India’, EPW, 26 March 2016
60Ninan, Turn of the Tortoise, p. 120.
61See http://indianexpress.com/article/india/maharashtra/muslims-think-we-are-communal-corrupt-police/ (accessed 17 July 2014).
62Report in the Times of India, 27 November 2014, http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/Police-most-corrupt-dept-in-state-says-portal/articleshow/45289327.cms (accessed 29 August 2016).
63See http://humanrightsinitiative.org/old/programs/aj/police/india/initiatives/prakash_singh_judgment.pdf (accessed 29 August 2016).
64For a fuller analysis, see the essay ‘Eight Threats to Freedom of Expression in India’, in Ramachandra Guha, Democrats and Dissenters (Gurgaon: Allen Lane, 2016).
Index
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Aam Admi Party (AAP) 745
Abbas, Ghulam 61
Abbas, Khwaja Ahmad 56, 80–1, 177, 340
Abdullah, Farooq 346, 562, 565, 588, 610, 710
Abdullah, Omar 709
Abdullah, Sheikh Muhammad xxxii, 60–1, 63–5, 68–71, 73–4, 76–81, 228, 239, 241–5, 247–9, 251–6, 286, 345–58, 370, 393–5, 409–10, 427–8, 463, 471–2, 474, 482–3, 494, 510, 527, 562, 574, 588, 613, 637, 709, 748
Abyssinia 149
Academy of Tamil Culture 389
Acheson, Dean 154–5
Adams, John 261
Adi-Dharm 698
Adibasi Mahasabha (later the Jharkhand Party) 114, 136, 264
Aditya Birla Group 672
adivasis 114–16, 262–4, 267, 273, 411, 533, 547, 640, 658, 670–2
adoption 226, 229, 233
Adoptions and Maintenance Act 1956 236
Advani, L. K. 482, 485, 605–7, 614, 621–3, 635, 654, 682–3, 710, 730
affirmative action 373, 529, 603–5, 629, 686, 736
Afghanistan 60, 150, 156, 614, 643
AFL/CIO 516
Africa 149, 161–2, 174, 279, 340, 452, 626–7, 684, 694, 752, 783
Afrikaner National Party 133
Afro-Asian conference, Bandung (1955) 161–2, 301, 315
Agra 363–4, 373–4, 531, 677–8
Agrarian Relations Bill 287
Agricultural Workers Act 470
agriculture 198–9, 202–3, 206, 209, 287, 296, 399–400, 407, 440, 511, 522, 528–9, 645, 685, 695, 711, 720, 735, 741
farmers’ suicides 666–7
farmers’ organizations 585
and irrigation 12, 200, 206, 210, 215–16, 220, 286, 440, 464, 527, 535, 585, 607–8, 634, 666, 694, 724–5, 758
and land reform 28, 109, 200, 216–17, 246, 287 289, 336, 491, 602, 697
and poverty 666
and productivity 199, 205, 216, 527
reforms 78, 200, 245, 287, 525, 591
and rights 525
Ahmad, Fakhruddin Ali 488
Ahmad Shah Abdali 565
Ahmadiya mosque 87
Ahmedabad 90, 177, 370, 429–30, 436, 500–1, 559, 680–2
AIADMK 526, 538, 658, 725, 744
AIDS/HIV 669
Aiyar, Krishnaswami 105
Aizawl 404
Ajmer 23
Akal Takht 558, 562–4
Akali Dal 11, 138, 181, 182, 318, 416, 553–5, 558, 573, 587, 647
Akbar 138
Akbar, M. J. 559
Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad (ABVP) 474, 479, 746
Akhnoor 395
Aksai Chin 170, 316, 317, 325
alcohol prohibition 115, 174
Alexander, Horace 265, 393, 394, 492, 515, 542
Ali, S. Fazl 190
Ali, Tariq 643
Aligarh 368, 430
Alipur village 214
All-Assam Minorities Students Union (AAMSU) 552
All-Assam Students Union (AASU) 551, 552, 574
All-Bengal Refugee Council of Action 91–2
All-Bodo Students Union (ABSU) 586
All-India Anti-Hindu-Code-Bill Committee 227–8, 232, 233
All-India Backward and Minority Communities Employees Federation (BAMCEF) 629–31
All-India Civil Services Examination 392
All-India Congress Committee (AICC) 130–1, 193, 354, 435, 436, 437–8, 466
All-India Hindi Literature Conference 118
All-India Newspaper Editors Conference 1954 254
All-India Radio 22, 31, 133, 135, 166, 240, 385, 388, 392, 411, 435, 439, 458, 489, 506, 516, 563, 566
All-India Sikh Student’s Fede
ration 564
All-India States Peoples Conference 37, 39
All-India Varnashrama Swarajya Sangh 104
All-Jammu Kashmir Muslim Conference (1932) 61
All-Party Action Committee for Samyukta Maharashtra 193
All-Party Hill Leaders Conference (APHLC) 426
Allahabad 23, 127, 232, 281, 305, 342, 432, 485, 487, 592, 642
Allahabad High Court 484, 679, 778
Indira Gandhi judgement 485, 487–8, 498, 502
Ambala 138, 142, 173
Ambani, Dhirubhai 583
Ambedkar, B. R. 6, 102, 105–6, 110, 119–21, 134–5, 137–8, 144, 193, 359–60, 378, 531, 628–9, 631–2, 686, 697, 746, 761, 782–3
and the civil code 224–32, 236
death 237, 376–7, 628
embraces Buddhism 375–6, 531
as lower caste icon 375–7, 531, 631–2, 686, 697
American civil war xxxiii
Americans 73, 121, 152–5, 157, 161, 164, 208, 249, 252–3, 300, 305, 338, 340, 400, 407, 452, 457, 523, 675, 752, 754, 767
Amethi 520, 545
Amnesty International 611
Amrit Kaur, Rajkumari 6
Amritsar 13, 14, 16, 18, 173, 193–4, 497, 554–5, 563, 760. see also Golden Temple
AMUL 528
Anand 528
Anandpur Sahib Resolution 554
Anantnag 347, 446, 611
ancien régime 56
Anderson, Benedict 769
Andhra Mahasabha 183
Andhra Pradesh 77, 177, 179, 182–6, 191, 195, 197, 410, 421, 425–6, 435, 466, 480, 494, 506, 520, 533, 547, 549, 559, 565, 591, 615, 649, 651, 666, 667, 674, 711–13, 754, 768
Andhras 137, 140, 183–6, 195, 197, 426, 549–50, 764
Anglo-American bloc 150
Anjaiah, T. 549
Annadurai, C. N. 389–90, 417
Ansari, M. A. 80
Ansari, Z. A. 577
Anthony, Frank 393, 398
Anti-Provincial Conference (1954) 188
Arab League 150
Arabs 54, 283, 380, 557, 560, 614
Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) 363, 364, 581
Archer, Mildred 496
Archer, W. G. 496
Arendt, Hannah 460, 601
armaments 42, 240, 349. see also military aid
Army Service Corps 307
Arunachal Pradesh 648
Arya Samaj (Hindu reform sect) 11
India After Gandhi Revised and Updated Edition Page 115