and contemporary state politics 702–4
corruption of 424, 461, 467, 470, 474–6, 478, 482–4, 499, 524, 592, 724, 771, 774
decline of 416–17, 417, 418, 419, 424–7, 443, 635–6, 648–50, 664–5, 744–5
and economic development 201, 296, 675
fight back to power 1977 532
and general elections 131–3, 135, 142, 144, 182, 417, 417, 426, 443–4, 446–7, 543–4, 572–3, 591, 594, 604, 630, 650, 684, 710, 737, 744, 776
and Hindu dominance 9, 130, 182, 379
and Independence and Partition 17, 19, 20, 21, 26, 27–8, 29–30, 31, 294–5
Indira Gandhi and 281, 294, 402–, 434–8, 443–6, 458, 460, 481, 486–7, 490, 495, 496, 504, 514, 516, 543, 544, 566–8, 572–3, 588, 661, 685, 693
and industrial growth 204–5, 418
and Kashmir 61, 394, 471–2, 565, 574, 588, 679, 744
and Kerala 283–5, 286, 287, 289, 291, 293, 294, 419, 470
and land access, land reforms 200, 216–17, 217
and linguistic diversity, language issue 177–9, 180, 183, 190, 192, 195, 197, 390–3, 754
and local self-governance 633–4
lost by-elections 340–1, 577, 743
mid-term election success (1991) 614–15
and the Mundhra Scandal 297–8
Muslims of 370–1, 592, 732
and a national language 393–4
and Nehru 130–1, 345–6
and the nuclear programme 389, 654–5
Parliamentary Party 314, 343, 386, 402
post-Independence threats to 125
and ‘princely India’ 37, 39–42, 44–7, 52–4, 56–8, 61–4
and the Punjab 553–7
Rajaji’s opposition to 295–6
and Rajiv Gandhi’s rise to power 545
return to power (1980) 543, 544
Sanjay Gandhi on 505
and the Shah Bano case 577, 640
and the Sikhs 13, 182, 318–19
split 125, 137, 447
1969 466, 513, 514, 775
1978 518–19, 533
‘Syndidate’ in 386, 402–3, 433–5, 437
and tribals 259–60, 264, 266
unrepresentative nature 359
and the Untouchables 374–5, 378–9
and the West 523
youth wing 507, 508
Congress (R) (later Congress (I)) 436–7, 443–6
Congress Working Committee 281, 386
Conjeevaram temple 108
Connaught Circus, Delhi 88
Conservative Party (British) 28, 53, 133, 324, 386, 504
Constituent Assembly 5, 6, 8, 21, 29, 39, 40, 41, 52, 78, 150, 243, 245, 247, 399, 757, 782
and the civil code 224, 227–8, 230
and the Constitution 102, 103–6, 111–16, 118–21, 229
Drafting Committee 105, 110, 117, 119–20
and linguistic diversity 116, 178, 180, 389
proceedings of 102
and the Scheduled Castes 379
Select Committee 225, 227
and tribals 262, 263–4
Constituent Assembly building 6, 228
Constitution of India xxvi–xxvii, 5, 39, 97, 102–22, 133, 135, 144–5, 203, 219, 225, 229, 231–2, 263,287, 291, 295, 303–4, 352, 376, 389–90, 392, 439, 441, 444, 468, 470–2, 557
Amendments 497–99, 503, 515, 537–8
38th Amendment 495
39th Amendment 495
42nd Amendment 496, 537–8
44th Amendment 538
73rd Amendment 633–5
74th Amendment 633–5
Article 44 224
Article 356 293
Article 370 240, 350, 652, 765
and caste 359–60, 371, 379, 603, 604, 618
and the Communists 286
Indira Gandhi and 472
and Kashmir 179, 239, 242, 244, 246–7, 352
and Sikkim 480
and tribals 265–6
consumer goods 205, 207, 464, 543, 735
Contractor, Behram 626
Cooch Behar 37
corruption 87, 155, 252, 259, 290, 349, 412, 422, 424, 426, 434, 437, 470, 474–6, 478, 484, 499, 522, 530, 533, 537, 540, 550, 583, 584, 592–5, 645, 665, 691, 692, 718–24, 729–30, 733, 740, 745, 771–2, 775–6, 778, 780–1, 783,
cosmopolitanism 188, 190, 191, 301, 327, 427, 626, 660, 663, 686, 706, 764
cotton 203
Council House 5, 227
Council of Ministers 231
Council for Scientific and Industrial Research 213
Coupland, Reginald 52
cows xvi, 104, 108, 235, 411, 429, 640, 708, 746–7
crafts, craftsmen 59, 249, 374, 409, 679
cricket 172, 638–9, 645, 646, 688
Criminal Law (Amendment) Bill, 2013 728
Criminal Procedure Code 575–8
Cripps, Sir Stafford 28, 35
Crocker, Walter 156
Crown xx, 37, 41, 47, 51, 96
Cuban missile crisis 334
Cunningham, Sir George 67
Current (Bombay weekly) 80, 140, 307–8
Curzon Park, Calcutta 423
da Costa, E. P. W. 416–17, 426
Dacca 449–50, 456–8, 459, 460
Dadra 174
Dahl, Robert xxiv
Daily Mail (newspaper) 323
Dakota aircraft 68, 212
Dalai Lama 168, 169, 299–300, 302–3, 313, 315, 317
Dalit Panthers 531, 628
Dalits 376, 531–2, 592, 628–35, 641, 649, 658, 670, 686, 696–9, 709–10, 713, 724, 735–6, 746–7, 768, 781, 783. see also Harijans; Untouchables
Daman 174–5, 325
Damodar River 210
dams 205, 209–12, 220, 221, 222, 399, 666
Dandavate, Madhu 522
Dandekar, V. M. 465
Dange, S. A. 193
Dantwala, M. L. 500
Darjeeling Hills 586
Das, B. C. 235–6
Dasguputa, Promode 419, 420
Dawn (Muslim League newspaper) 29, 151, 172, 356, 397, 461
Dayabhaga 225
Dayal, Lieutenant General 562
DDT 216
De Gaulle, Charles xxxii, 457
de Valera, Eamon 107
Deccan plateau 51
decentralization 189, 296, 492, 514, 580, 582, 596, 634, 635, 751
Deendayal, Raja 56
Defence Committee (Indian) 68
Defence Ministry (Indian) 311, 334
defence policy 82, 328
Defence Research and Development Organization 652
Delhi xix–xx, xxv, 5, 7, 8, 9–10, 17–18, 19–21, 30, 39–40, 54–5, 68, 70, 96, 110, 138, 140–1, 143, 146, 160, 230, 251–6, 273, 302, 310, 313–15, 331, 377, 413, 467, 483, 499, 519, 660, 677, 678, 705, 719–21, 722–5, 745
Hindu-Sikh conflict 566–8, 587, 682, 731
refugees in 83–4, 87–9, 92, 93
Sanjay Gandhi’s management of 506, 507–10
slums 507–9, 512
water supply 666
Delhi Agreement 245
Delhi Development Authority (DDA) 507–9
democracy 57, 79, 95, 99, 106, 110, 111, 120–1, 133, 143, 145–7, 155–6, 159, 189, 217, 303
and autocracy 54
constitutional 255, 293
and Indira’s State of Emergency 488, 489–507, 514–17, 537
and Pakistan 452, 455, 459, 676
populist 254
survival within India xxiv–xxv, xxviii, xxix–xxx, 102, 203, 224, 274, 287, 294, 303, 316, 327, 339, 412–13, 414–15, 420, 431–2, 435, 437, 439–42, 447, 464, 466, 473, 475, 479, 481, 488, 483–4, 524, 526, 529, 536–7, 541, 542–70, 574, 595, 622, 626–7, 628, 634, 650, 676, 678, 693, 736, 748, 751–83
and totalitarianism 296, 303
Deo, Shankarrao 189–90
Deoras, Balasaheb 581, 641
Derrett, J. D. M. 229
Desai, Kanti 434, 534
Desai, Morarji 144, 193–5, 316, 326, 341–2, 3
70, 386, 391, 402, 433–5, 485, 487–8, 490, 503, 518, 522–3, 526–7, 529–30, 534–8, 594, 609, 614
Desai, Narayan 409–10
Deshmukh, C. D. 195, 436
Deshmukh, G. V. 189
deSouza, Peter 772
Dev, Guru Arjun 563
Deva, Narendra 279
Devanagari script 117, 118, 119, 368
Devdutt 553
Devi, Mahasweta 547
Devi, Rabri 776
dewans (chief ministers) 40, 45–6, 49, 50, 53, 55
Dhaka 457, 756
Dhar, D. P. 432, 451, 453–4, 462, 485
Dhar, Madhya Pradesh 642
Dhar, P. N. 432, 493, 505–6
Dharavi 624, 625
Dharia, Mohan 482–3
dharmacharyas 580–1
Dhawan, R. K. 508
Dhola/Thag La ridge 329, 330
Dhrangadhara, Maharaja of 438
Dhulekar, R. V. 116–7
Dickens, Charles 164
Diet 121
Direct Action Day 27, 30
Directorate of Audio-Visual Publicity (DAVP) 498
Disney 84
District Primary Education Programme 667
District Teachers Guild of Vizianagaram 104
Diu 325
divorce 224, 226, 229, 233–4, 236, 575–7
D’Monte, Darryl 672
Dogra, Prem Nath 243, 244
Dogras 60, 61, 65, 332
of Jammu 246–8
Doordarshan (TV channel) 506, 566, 575, 581
Dostoevsky, Fyodor 164
Douglas-Home, Sir Alec 461
dowries 468–9, 507, 538
Dras 74
Dravida Kazhagam 136
Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK) 282, 328, 341, 389–90, 416–8, 425, 496, 526, 561, 591, 601, 717, 776
Dravida Nadu 282
drought 399, 407, 412, 440, 585, 666, 725
Dube, S. C. 214–5
Dulles, John Foster 156–8, 160
Duma 290
Durgapur, West Bengal 91, 208
Durkheim, Emile 666
Dutch 5
Dutch navy 45
Dyer, General 194
East Bengal 91, 92, 322, 449, 451–53, 455, 551. see also Bangladesh
East India Company xx, 37, 45, 279
East Pakistan 12, 90, 92, 137, 143, 171, 179, 258, 320, 344, 350, 355, 369, 371, 403, 441, 447–1, 453–4, 455–8, 463, 552, 574, 643, 756
East Pakistani refugees 450, 452
East Punjab 12, 14, 15–16, 72, 85, 86, 88, 89, 182
East Timor 770
Eastern Economist 497
Eastern Europe 220
Eastern Indian Tribal Union 426–7
economic development xxvii, 4, 6, 109, 151, 178, 198–222, 206, 374, 405, 416, 434–5, 464–5, 473, 499, 555, 633, 641, 653, 660, 732, 760
Assamese 551
deregulation/liberalization 408, 582, 583, 616, 659–60, 662–3, 665, 669–70, 687, 691, 695, 734, 736
and the Janata government 524
problems with 296
and Rajiv Gandhi 582–4, 593
and social mobility 374
and the state 201–7, 206, 210, 218, 221–2
Twenty Point Programme for Economic Progress 491
economic growth 464, 466, 583, 662, 664, 688, 689, 694–6, 726, 740–1, 763
economic liberalization 408, 616, 659–60, 662–3, 665, 669–70, 687, 691, 695, 734, 736
Economic and Political Weekly (journal) 569, 786
Economic Weekly 148, 312–13, 357
education 28, 37, 115, 117, 178, 205, 219, 284, 328, 346, 363, 405, 439, 465, 473, 475, 476, 667–70, 686, 728, 746, 762
and Communism 289–91
midday meal provision 526, 667
and Muslims 368, 370, 685
of the Scheduled Castes 372–3
women and 468–9, 469, 667, 726, 739
Education Bill (1957) (Kerala)289, 291–2
Edward VIII, King of England 51
Eenadu (newspaper) 550
Egypt 162, 211, 335, 380
Ehrlich, Paul 413
Einstein, Albert 22, 154
Eisenhower, Dwight D. 157, 340, 523
El Alamein 340
Elder, Joe 492–3
Election Commission 131, 133, 280, 446–7, 536, 543, 678
Election Watch Committees 773
elections
1946 28–9, 39
calls for separate Muslim electorate 111
provincial 279
see also general elections
electricity 66, 89, 201, 207, 209–11, 222, 249, 585, 665, 673
Elwin, Verrier 170
Empire Dyeing 546–47
employment guarantee scheme (EGS) 710
Enfield rifles 305
England 27, 47, 120, 357, 393, 694, 767
English language 116–19, 151, 179, 292, 389–90, 392–3, 540, 575, 585, 631, 660–1, 663, 736, 754–5, 761–3,
entertainment 427, 735
entrepreneurs xxvii, xxxii, 287, 370, 443, 464, 503, 612, 616, 617, 628, 658–9, 662, 673, 688, 691, 725–6, 736, 740, 772, 783
environmentalism 220, 539, 696
Epstein, Scarlett 215
equality 21, 104, 106, 108, 112, 115, 121, 156, 378, 379, 380, 469, 561, 603, 713, 715, 739, 782. see also inequality
Etienne, Gilbert 527–8
Europe, European nations xx–xxi, xxviii, xxxi–xxxii, 33, 36, 37, 55, 100, 149–50, 161, 208, 220, 340, 452, 466, 627, 647, 694, 743, 751, 767
European colonialism 165, 279, 756
French 155, 173–4
Portuguese 173, 174–5, 281, 325–6, 769–70
see also British colonialist rule
Ezhavas 284, 662
Fahien 138
Faiz Ahmad Faiz 30
family planning 507, 510–3, 658
Family Planning Association of India 510–1
famine xiv, 48, 322, 403, 411, 413, 415, 510, 530, 561, 627, 676, 758–9, 767
Faridabad 87–8
Farooq, Maulvi 349, 463
Farooq, Mirwaiz Mohammed 611
fascism 149, 320, 517
fasting 8, 10, 14, 17, 20–2, 23, 183–5, 195, 197, 318–19, 370, 390, 423, 427, 485, 671, 690, 701, 712–13, 719–24
FDR 152, 401
federalism 108, 120, 189, 283, 441, 552
Federation of South Indian States 57
Feltrinelli, publishers of Milan 176
female foeticide 726–7
feminism 538 see also women
Fernandes, George 477, 502, 522, 534, 651, 654
Fernandes, Lawrence 502
fertilizer 199, 207, 214, 215, 216, 400, 440, 527, 535, 712
Festival of India 1982 545–6
feudalism 95, 697
Fielden, Lionel 240
Film Censor Board 513
film industry 133, 172, 686, 753, 763, 778, 781
music of 513
Finance Ministry 435–6
five-year plans 159, 203–6, 206, 209, 218, 295–6, 569,
floods 210, 530, 749
FN4 automatic rifle 305
food shortages 94, 104, 199, 286, 322, 399, 403, 405, 407, 412–14, 585
Foot, Michael 504
Ford 662
Ford Foundation 322
foreign exchange 408, 448, 615
foreign policy xxxi, 138, 285, 301, 340, 379, 432, 620, 632, 650, 652, 702, 745
of the Janata Party 523–4
regarding Kashmir 232
non-alignment 150, 161–3, 166, 176, 311, 327–8, 337, 339, 431, 523
under Narendra Modi 742–3
under Nehru 148–76, 311, 323
foreign trade 172, 186, 283, 647, 655, 662, 677
Forest Department 670
Forest Rights Act 685
forests xx, 49, 116, 169, 199, 208, 216, 220, 262, 263, 403, 421, 538, 547, 551, 585, 634, 670–1, 685, 691–6, 715, 725, 741–2, 772
Fort Aguada 175
France xxii, xxxi, 149, 162,
332, 335, 353, 495, 546, 556, 591, 655, 666, 752, 767
Frank, Katherine 432
free enterprise 198, 201, 505, 543
freedom 305, 324–6, 356, 360, 369, 378, 392, 399, 431, 475–6, 491–2, 756–7, 770, 781
of the press xxviii, 139, 159, 303, 466, 496–9, 503–4, 506, 514–15, 541, 593
of speech 104, 303, 316, 626, 781, 782
Freeman, Orville 400
French xxix–xxx, xxxiii, 5, 37, 91, 105, 133, 159, 162, 205, 213, 223, 301, 335, 457, 467, 507, 592, 666, 776
colonialism 155, 173–4
French Revolution xxix, 159, 301
Friedman, Milton 219, 220
frontier policy 310–1
Frontline (publication) 626
fundamentalism
Hindu 126, 612, 645, 705, 753
Islamic 643, 645, 753
Gaddar 567
Gadgil, D. R. 189
Gadgil, N. V. 192, 194
Galbraith, John Kenneth 198, 201, 337–9
Gallup 775
Galwan valley 328
Ganatantra Parishad 282
Gandhi, Devadas 769
Gandhi, Feroze 281, 297
Gandhi, Indira 139, 315, 319, 342, 407, 609, 615, 616, 617, 633, 650, 686, 688, 689, 711, 729, 730, 739, 748, 751, 776
and the 25th anniversary of Independence 464
arrested/imprisoned by the Janata government 532–3, 534
assassination 566–70, 571, 572–3, 604, 682
atomic tests 477
becomes politically active 281–2
calls an end to emergency rule 515–17, 554
and the caste system 531, 532, 602
and Chou En-lai 315
corruption 467, 475, 478, 484, 533, 779
in court over corrupt election victory 484–8
declares State of Emergency 488, 489–517, 518, 520, 524–7, 529, 534, 537–41, 542–3, 545–8, 554, 604, 637, 744, 775, 782
defeat in the 1977 general election 520–1, 525, 537
devalues the rupee 408
as dictator 482, 491, 501–2, 504, 512, 514–15, 517
dynasty of 596, 729, 732, 775, 776
elected president of the Indian National Congress 291
first foreign tour 407
and the general election 1969 443–5
given Information and Broadcasting 386
and her father 271, 281, 401, 443, 485, 515
on her father’s ill health 343
ill health 281
international image 407, 516, 545–6
and Jayaprakash Narayan 409–10, 475, 477–84, 485–8, 492–4, 519, 536, 546
and judiciary 779
and Kashmir 394, 409–10, 471–2, 483, 488, 588
on the Kerala Communists 292–4
legacy 572–3, 594
and local self-governance 633
and Nagaland, Naga issue 268, 473
and the oil crisis 1973 471
and the Pakistani civil war 449–50, 455, 573–4
and a Pakistani settlement (1972) 461, 462–3
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