Aryans 630
Asaf Jah dynasty 37
Asal Uttar 396
Ashcroft, Dame Peggy 491
Ashoka 530
Asia xxv, xxx, 40, 45, 133, 146, 147, 151, 155, 157, 161–2, 166, 168, 201, 279, 396, 407, 414, 503, 667, 694, 726, 752, 767, 783
Asian Relations Conference, New Delhi 1947 150–52, 161, 165
Asiatic lions 49
Asoka 138
Asom Gana Parishad (AGP) 574, 591
Assam 137, 142, 166, 169, 191, 258–61, 265, 269, 271, 274, 290, 310, 321–2, 330, 333, 335, 405, 426, 467, 550–3, 578, 586, 591, 624, 6645, 648, 727, 737–8, 745, 764–5
Assam Rifles, 268, 269, 270, 329, 404
Assamese xxvii, 117, 177, 258, 267, 321, 322, 550–3, 574, 586, 647, 663
Associated Press 338
Association for the Protection of Democratic Rights 539
Astor, David 320, 405, 428
Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) 213, 388, 652–3
atomic weapons 388–9, 480–1, 653–5, 707
Atre, P. K. 144
Attlee, Clement 28, 241
Atwal, A. S. 557
Auchinleck, Sir Claude 14
Auden, W. H. 13
Aurangabad 54, 378, 531
Aurangzeb 10, 37, 129
Aurora, General J. S. 458, 761
Austin, Granville 104, 106, 118, 122, 359, 537
Australia xxii, 100, 742, 760
Awadhi 117Ayodhya 582–6, 596, 634–6, 637–41, 645, 648–9, 655–6, 658, 662
Ayurveda 661
Azad Kashmir 74, 80, 242, 353, 354, 355, 428
Azad, Maulana Abul Kalam 6, 25, 251–2, 367, 368, 576
Baba Budan 642
Babar 578
Babariawad 50
Babri Masjid 578, 581, 596, 606, 621–3, 626, 627, 632, 637, 640, 645, 649, 679, 707
backward castes 295, 527, 529–30, 559, 601–2, 605, 618, 629, 641, 649, 732
Backward Classes (Mandal) Commission 602–5, 618–20
Badal, Prakash Singh 647
Badshahi mosque, Lahore 10
Bahadur, B. Pocker 111
Bahujan Samaj Party (BSP) 628–31, 649, 709, 774
Bajpai, Sir Girija Shankar 168
Bajrang Dal 641, 642, 681
Bakshi Brothers Corporation (BBC) 256
Bakula, Kushak 300
Balasubramanyam, V. 497
Baltistan 60
Balkanisation 41, 196, 627, 754
Balmiki caste 372
balwadis (playschools) 668
Banaras xix, 7, 642
Banatwala, G. M. 576
Bandaranaike, Sirimavo 403
Bandung Conference (1955) 161–2, 301, 315
Banerjee, Mamata 689–90, 691, 725, 744
Bangalore 130–1, 196, 256, 391, 435, 608, 660, 666, 674–5, 723, 763, 764
Bangalore City Corporation 772
Bangalore High Court 196–7
Bangarappa, S. 608
Bangla Congress 419, 422
Bangladesh 457, 462, 475, 524, 550, 551, 553, 562, 564, 568, 646, 647, 701, 737, 741, 745, 753
formation 449–50, 457, 460, 463, 513, 756, 761
Banias 249, 529,662, 736
banking
private players 616
state ownership 290, 434–9, 445, 470
Bansi Lal 467, 486, 505, 506
Baphlimali hills 672–3
Baptists 258, 264, 387
Baramula 67–8, 70
Bareilly 485, 512
bargadars (sharecroppers) 525–6
Baroda 39, 40, 327, 680–1
Barooah, Dev Kanta 464, 486–7
Barua, Hem 324
Bastar 405
Basu, Jyoti 419–20, 525, 568, 591
bauxite 671–2, 691
Beg, Mirza Afzal 252, 472
Beijing 164, 168, 593
Belchi 532
Beliaghata 10, 11, 16, 17
Bengal xxi, 9, 32, 54, 100, 103, 112, 135, 177, 263, 279, 288, 396, 420, 441, 525–6, 561, 586, 634, 768, 774
Partition 10–13, 16–17, 27–9, 33, 370
refugees 90–3
see also Bangladesh; East Bengal; West Bengal
Bengali xxvii, 117, 135, 177, 204, 209, 250, 322, 448–9, 550–2, 754
Bengalis 322, 419, 448–9, 451, 455, 458, 550–2, 586, 646, 712, 756
Berlin, Isaiah 751
Be´teille, Andre´ 185, 628, 631, 786
Bhabha, Homi J. 213, 388–9
Bhagalpur 592
Bhagwat, Durga 501
Bhagwati, Jagdish 466
Bhakra-Nangal dam project 171, 211–12, 221
Bhakti (hero-worship) 120
Bharata Bhagya Vidhata 447
Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) 559, 591–2, 594, 605–6, 614, 619–24, 628, 631, 635–7, 639, 641–2, 649–50, 651–4, 658, 680, 683, 684, 692, 703, 709–10, 715, 719–50, 761, 773–4, 777, 779
Bharatiya Kisan Union 585
Bharatiya Lok Dal 518, 601
Bharatpur 18, 138
Bhargava, Thakur Das 230
Bhatia, Bela 697
Bhattacharjea, Ajit 478, 523
Bhattacharya, Kapil 539
Bhave, Vinoba 183, 192, 216, 292, 314, 351
Bhikshu Sanghas 120
Bhilai 208–9, 540, 764
Bhinder, P. S. 508
Bhindranwale, Jarnail Singh 555–58, 562–5, 587–8
Bhishma Pitamah 292
Bhiwandi 559
Bhojpuri 117
‘Bhoodan’ movement 216
Bhoomi Sena 698
Bhopal, Nawab of 46–7, 49
Bhopal 46–8, 49, 51, 57, 571–2, 671, 769
Bhubaneshwar 196, 343, 345, 478
Bhumihars 529, 698
Bhushan, Shanti 537
Bhutan 329, 405, 420, 550
Bhuti 143–4
Bhutto, Benazir 462
Bhutto, Sir Shah Nawaz 49, 50
Bhutto, Zulfiqar Ali 345, 447–9, 461–3, 486, 516
Bidar 54
Bihar 9, 11, 29, 114–15, 136–8, 177, 191, 194, 263–4, 313, 324, 343, 351, 361, 375, 411, 413, 416, 425, 429–30, 440, 446–7, 461, 468, 474–81, 484, 493–4, 520, 525, 527–30, 532, 543, 547, 552, 559–60, 592, 601, 604–6, 618, 620, 668, 671, 673–4, 697–8, 727, 734, 738, 744, 764, 768, 771, 773–4, 776–7
Bihar Rajya Mahangai Abhaab Pesha Kar Virodhi Mazdur Swa Karamchari Sangharsha Samiti 474
Biharsharif 559
Biju Janata Dal 673
Bikaner, Maharaja of 40
Bikaner 666
Bilaspur 138
Birla, G. D. 21, 157–8, 336, 750
Birla, Ghanshyamdas 288
Birla, K. K. 498
Birlas 287–8
Blackstone 470
Blitz (Bombay weekly) 307, 327, 497
Bloch, Marc xxxii
Bobby (film) 519
Bodo tribals 586, 645, 737
Bofors controversy 592–3, 719
Bokaro 222, 568
Bolsheviks 158–9, 290
Bombay xxiv, 3, 4, 7, 28, 50, 51, 98–9, 174, 177, 211, 281–2, 297, 303, 307, 318, 343, 351, 354, 363, 364, 374–8, 427, 436, 494, 497–501, 519, 528, 538–9, 613, 626, 671
and the 1952 general election 137–40, 142–5
and the 1962 general election 318, 326–7
language 178–80, 188–95
refugees in 89–90, 93
riots 193–5, 559, 624–5
textile workers strike 546–7
see also Mumbai
Bombay Citizens Committee 186–8
Bombay Plan 202, 221–2
Bomdi La 332–3
Border Security Force (BSF) 451, 547, 606
Borges, Jorge Luis 775
Bose, Sarat 103, 761
Bowles, Chester 146, 155
Brahmachari, Dhirendra 508–9
Brahmachari, Prabhu Dutt 232, 234
Brahmins xxiii, 22, 27, 54, 113, 126, 136, 146, 188, 228, 233, 249, 285, 286, 377, 425, 433–4, 529, 557, 58
0, 601, 603, 630, 641, 662, 709, 735
Brandt, Willy 516
Brar, Major General R. S. 562–4
Brass, Paul 627
Brecher, Michael 66
Britain 3, 27, 47, 53, 149, 220, 386, 412, 447, 762
and military aid 331
and state intervention 218
and the Suez affair 162
and Tibet 166–
see also United Kingdom
British xix–xx, xxii–xxv, xxxi, 107, 109, 199, 231, 233, 279, 284, 301–2, 317, 320, 323–4, 338, 364, 368, 378, 394, 420, 423, 428, 432, 492, 500, 515, 578, 711
British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) 8, 10, 398, 610,763
British colonialism xx, 757
affirmative action scheme 529
barbarity of 3, 564–5
and the civil code 224, 225
economic consequences of xxx
end of xxiii, xxxi, 4, 8, 26, 32–46, 39–40, 45, 51, 118, 100, 118, 228
and English language use 117–19
imperialism 264, 301, 310–12
and industry 200–1, 208
and land ownership 200, 216–17
and Partition and Independence xxxi, 3, 8–10, 26–7, 30––4, 36, 39, 42, 44, 51, 56–8, 118, 516
and the peasantry 199–200
and ‘princely India’ 36–7, 38, 39, 41–4, 46–8, 60–2, 103
self-preservation 33
and tribal India 258–65
and the Untouchables 371–2
British Commonwealth 73
British Indian Army 14, 65
Brockway, Fenner 492, 514–15, 516
Brohi, A. K. 355
brothels 93
Buch, M. N. 572
Buchan, James 644
Bucher, General Roy 760
Budapest 162
Buddha 169, 375, 376, 378, 379, 530
Buddhism xxvii, 59, 120, 142, 167, 168, 169, 170, 225, 229, 238, 247, 299, 375, 376, 378, 531
Bulganin 160
Bunche, Ralph 82
bureaucracy xx, 119, 147, 616, 617. see also Indian Administrative Service; Indian Civil Service
Burgess, Guy 133
Burma 143, 149, 150, 155, 166, 190, 258, 259, 266, 272, 314, 320, 414, 548, 647, 648, 701
burqa 446, 643
Burrows, Sir Frederick 8
Bush, George W. 675, 702, 704
business xxii, 12, 89, 152, 219, 297, 319, 321, 392, 423, 433–5, 471, 500, 509, 583–4, 616, 660, 662, 675–6, 690, 699, 711, 740, 766, 771, 779
Business Week 675
Butler, R. A. 53
Cabinet (British) 31, 107
Cabinet (Indian) 6, 22, 36, 73, 107, 113, 129, 134, 152, 163, 166, 175, 195, 203–4, 227, 231, 247, 251, 252, 253, 274, 308, 326, 331, 344, 347, 351, 353, 359, 367, 375, 377, 386, 399, 452, 475, 486–7, 489, 505, 509, 518, 522, 525, 529, 534–5, 577, 592, 717–18, 721–2, 732, 739, 757, 771
Cabinet Mission 1946 28, 30, 39, 259
Calcutta xxiv, 4, 7–12, 21, 87, 88, 95, 104, 135, 160, 168, 203, 211, 251, 343, 420, 422–4, 441, 461, 487, 502, 519, 524, 539, 568, 689
independence 16–17
refugees in 90, 92–3
riots 1946 9
riots 1963/64 371
Calcutta Municipality 93
call-centres 661
Cameron, James 631
Canada 332, 441, 556, 661
‘canal colonies’ 13, 85, 86, 211
Cape Coloureds 133
capital goods 205
capitalism 152, 201, 202, 222, 437, 466, 523, 691, 695
Cariappa, General K. M. 760
Carter, Jimmy 523–4
caste system, casteism xxii, xxvi–xxviii, 18, 29, 30, 103–6, 113–14, 127, 130, 135, 138, 159, 178, 189, 195, 199, 208, 229, 233, 249, 262, 284–5, 323, 359–60, 374–81, 419, 425, 443–5, 447, 466, 469–70, 521, 535, 539, 541, 566, 580, 585
abolition of 226–7
backward castes 295, 529–30, 559, 601–5, 618, 629, 641, 649, 732
conflicts xxvi, xxxi, 137, 371, 442, 529–32, 547, 559–61, 697
and entrepreneurship 662, 736
and prejudice and discrimination 39, 104, 224–5, 372–3, 378–9, 736, 746
and social mobility 527–8
strengthening of 601–5
see also specific castes
Catholics 511
Cauvery river 442, 527, 607–8, 666
censorship 496, 506, 540, 770, 781
census, 1951 182
Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) 532, 717–8, 721, 724, 771
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) 450
Central Jewish Board of Bombay 104
Central Peace Committee 21
Central Provinces 51, 54, 189
Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF) 611
Central Statistical Organization (CSO) 204
Central Treaty Organization (CENTO) 157
centralization 109–10, 120, 147, 202–3, 296, 466, 633
Ceylon (now Sri Lanka) 150, 403, 755
Chagai hills 654
Chaliha, B. P. 387, 388
Chamars 375
Chamber of Princes 41–2, 46, 47
Chamberlain, Neville 324
Chandernagore 173
Chandigarh 343, 358, 427, 494, 497, 519, 554, 556–7, 573, 587
Chandrasekhar, Mrs 375
Chatra Sangharsh Samiti (CSS) 474–75
Chatterjee, N. C. 234–5, 236, 393
Chattisgarh 548, 671, 693, 710, 731
Chattisgarh Mineworkers Shramik Sangh (CMSS) 539–40
Chattopadhyaya, Kamaladevi 87, 100
Chaudhuri, Col. J. N. 56, 96–7
Chaudhuri, Nirad C. 148
Chaudhuri, R. K. 112
Chauhan, Jagjit Singh 556
Chavan, Y. B. 195, 318, 326, 342, 398, 438–9, 483, 532
Chawla, Naveen 508
Chechens 614
Chen Yi 396
Chettiars 662
Cheyney, Peter 403
Chiang Kai-shek 149, 164, 302
Chicago Sun Times (newspaper) 154
Chief Election Commissioner (CEC) 446–7
Chikmaglur 533–4
China 60, 96, 149–50, 152, 155, 157, 161, 164–70, 204, 207, 258, 272, 305, 308, 312, 314–18, 323–5, 327–8, 331–2, 336–7, 342, 343–4, 346, 353, 387–9, 398, 412, 421, 428, 441, 459, 480, 490, 523–4, 548, 569, 591, 593, 654, 655, 657, 667, 675, 701, 702, 739, 740, 741, 742, 759
economy 616
and Kashmir 394
and the Naga rebels 428
nuclear tests 1964 388
and Pakistan 396, 452, 453–4, 456–7
and Tibet 165–70, 299–303, 304, 310, 311, 313, 316–17, 324, 330, 335
totalitarianism 303, 476–7, 770
and Vietnam 524
see also Indo-Chinese relations
China Pictorial (magazine) 300, 301, 302
Chini 142
Chittagong 449, 456
Chittisinghpora 677
Chogyal 480–1
cholera 90
Chotanagpur 114, 263, 547
Chou En-lai 167, 168–9, 301–2, 308, 310, 312–17, 331, 334, 355, 394, 396, 409, 452
Chowdhury, Neerja 579
Christian Science Monitor 154
Christianity/Christians xxvii, 65, 68, 77, 188, 229, 230, 235, 258, 259, 265, 283, 284, 320, 326, 375, 380, 398, 399, 428, 459, 548, 582, 619, 639, 713, 714, 729, 746, 753
Catholics 291, 511
and cow slaughter 640
of Kerala 283–6, 290
missionaries 283–5, 642, 708
Protestant 283, 752
Syrian 283, 290–1
see also Baptists
Churchill, Winston xxiii–xxiv, 53, 103, 133, 142, 156, 403, 521
civil code 109, 224–5, 230, 235, 238, 576, 578
civil liberties, Indian suspension of 488
civil rights movement 539
class structure xxvii, xxviii, xxix, xxxi, 101, 104, 114, 159, 202, 207, 217, 217, 218, 274, 371, 442
, 521–2, 529, 662–3 see also agriculture; landlords; peasants; workers
Clinton, Bill 656, 677
coal 51, 172, 207, 208, 471
coalition government 422, 473, 620, 635, 709, 748, 773
Coca-Cola 522, 662
Cochin 181
Cochin, Maharajas of 284
Cold War 45, 126, 156, 157, 160, 161, 176, 208, 283, 300, 303, 432, 655, 677, 703, 743
colonialism xxx, 147, 154, 158, 161–2, 201, 233, 756. see also British colonialism
Columbia University 154
Committee for History of Andhra Movement 184
communalism, communal riots/conflicts 18–19, 23, 26–7, 32, 61, 80, 83, 90–1, 106, 110, 127, 131, 135, 138, 147, 171, 179, 208, 229–30, 232, 243, 244, 245, 249, 251, 252, 322, 345–6, 361, 366, 369–71, 401, 412, 429–31, 437–8, 512, 558–62, 566, 568, 645, 676, 680–1, 687, 738, 759, 780
Communism 47, 52, 73, 92–3, 95–8, 135, 137, 144, 156–8, 160, 193, 242, 279, 287, 289, 294, 297, 305, 308, 323, 326, 328, 342, 351, 372, 408, 412, 421–3, 431, 441, 454, 481, 526, 538, 649, 703, 712, 774
in Andhra 96, 197, 216
Chinese 164–6, 168–9, 299, 308, 314, 317, 332–3, 336, 421, 428, 508
during Partition 95–8, 295–6
and the Hindu Code 236–8
and Indian lawlessness 291, 423
in Kerala 283–8, 289–94, 307, 336, 459, 470, 481, 514, 634–5, 649
Sanjay Gandhi’s attack on 505
US fight against 155–8, 242, 338–9
Communist Party of China 420, 476
Communist Party of India (CPI) 45, 47, 52, 96, 135–6, 152, 159–60, 283–4, 286, 348, 372, 437, 474, 505, 619, 636
Communist Party of India (Marxist) (CPM) 419–20, 4224, 445, 493, 500, 525, 591, 689, 703, 774
Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) (CPML) 423, 424, 546, 591, 594
Communist Party of the Soviet Union 285, 420
Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty 654
conflict maps xxviii
Congress for Democracy (CFD) 519–21
Congress (Indira) 436, 444, 446, 533
Congress (O) 436, 444, 490, 518
Congress Party xxi–xxiii, 3–4, 6, 13, 19–22, 25, 30, 31, 36, 80, 88, 97–8, 125, 137–40, 144–6, 149 164, 172, 174, 177, 184, 188–9, 190–5, 197, 199, 201, 224, 227, 237–8, 288, 297, 308, 314, 324, 325, 327, 342, 347–8, 350–1, 358, 367–8, 408, 411, 413, 428, 431, 485, 492, 492–4, 503, 505, 509–10, 518–41, 561, 570, 579–80, 596, 619, 631, 632, 641–2, 647, 684, 692, 703, 709, 729, 743, 752, 771, 773, 779
and Andhra Pradesh 197, 549–50, 565, 711–13
annual meeting 1964 343
anti-Muslim sentiment in 361
and Assam 551–2, 574
and the caste system 601–2, 604–5 614–18, 627, 628, 630
Churchill on 103
and the civil code 232, 235, 236
coalition rule of 461, 710, 717
and the Communists 95, 96
conservatism of 108, 130
and the Constitution 103–5, 108, 113–, 120
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