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India After Gandhi Revised and Updated Edition

Page 117

by Ramachandra Guha


  and contemporary state politics 702–4

  corruption of 424, 461, 467, 470, 474–6, 478, 482–4, 499, 524, 592, 724, 771, 774

  decline of 416–17, 417, 418, 419, 424–7, 443, 635–6, 648–50, 664–5, 744–5

  and economic development 201, 296, 675

  fight back to power 1977 532

  and general elections 131–3, 135, 142, 144, 182, 417, 417, 426, 443–4, 446–7, 543–4, 572–3, 591, 594, 604, 630, 650, 684, 710, 737, 744, 776

  and Hindu dominance 9, 130, 182, 379

  and Independence and Partition 17, 19, 20, 21, 26, 27–8, 29–30, 31, 294–5

  Indira Gandhi and 281, 294, 402–, 434–8, 443–6, 458, 460, 481, 486–7, 490, 495, 496, 504, 514, 516, 543, 544, 566–8, 572–3, 588, 661, 685, 693

  and industrial growth 204–5, 418

  and Kashmir 61, 394, 471–2, 565, 574, 588, 679, 744

  and Kerala 283–5, 286, 287, 289, 291, 293, 294, 419, 470

  and land access, land reforms 200, 216–17, 217

  and linguistic diversity, language issue 177–9, 180, 183, 190, 192, 195, 197, 390–3, 754

  and local self-governance 633–4

  lost by-elections 340–1, 577, 743

  mid-term election success (1991) 614–15

  and the Mundhra Scandal 297–8

  Muslims of 370–1, 592, 732

  and a national language 393–4

  and Nehru 130–1, 345–6

  and the nuclear programme 389, 654–5

  Parliamentary Party 314, 343, 386, 402

  post-Independence threats to 125

  and ‘princely India’ 37, 39–42, 44–7, 52–4, 56–8, 61–4

  and the Punjab 553–7

  Rajaji’s opposition to 295–6

  and Rajiv Gandhi’s rise to power 545

  return to power (1980) 543, 544

  Sanjay Gandhi on 505

  and the Shah Bano case 577, 640

  and the Sikhs 13, 182, 318–19

  split 125, 137, 447

  1969 466, 513, 514, 775

  1978 518–19, 533

  ‘Syndidate’ in 386, 402–3, 433–5, 437

  and tribals 259–60, 264, 266

  unrepresentative nature 359

  and the Untouchables 374–5, 378–9

  and the West 523

  youth wing 507, 508

  Congress (R) (later Congress (I)) 436–7, 443–6

  Congress Working Committee 281, 386

  Conjeevaram temple 108

  Connaught Circus, Delhi 88

  Conservative Party (British) 28, 53, 133, 324, 386, 504

  Constituent Assembly 5, 6, 8, 21, 29, 39, 40, 41, 52, 78, 150, 243, 245, 247, 399, 757, 782

  and the civil code 224, 227–8, 230

  and the Constitution 102, 103–6, 111–16, 118–21, 229

  Drafting Committee 105, 110, 117, 119–20

  and linguistic diversity 116, 178, 180, 389

  proceedings of 102

  and the Scheduled Castes 379

  Select Committee 225, 227

  and tribals 262, 263–4

  Constituent Assembly building 6, 228

  Constitution of India xxvi–xxvii, 5, 39, 97, 102–22, 133, 135, 144–5, 203, 219, 225, 229, 231–2, 263,287, 291, 295, 303–4, 352, 376, 389–90, 392, 439, 441, 444, 468, 470–2, 557

  Amendments 497–99, 503, 515, 537–8

  38th Amendment 495

  39th Amendment 495

  42nd Amendment 496, 537–8

  44th Amendment 538

  73rd Amendment 633–5

  74th Amendment 633–5

  Article 44 224

  Article 356 293

  Article 370 240, 350, 652, 765

  and caste 359–60, 371, 379, 603, 604, 618

  and the Communists 286

  Indira Gandhi and 472

  and Kashmir 179, 239, 242, 244, 246–7, 352

  and Sikkim 480

  and tribals 265–6

  consumer goods 205, 207, 464, 543, 735

  Contractor, Behram 626

  Cooch Behar 37

  corruption 87, 155, 252, 259, 290, 349, 412, 422, 424, 426, 434, 437, 470, 474–6, 478, 484, 499, 522, 530, 533, 537, 540, 550, 583, 584, 592–5, 645, 665, 691, 692, 718–24, 729–30, 733, 740, 745, 771–2, 775–6, 778, 780–1, 783,

  cosmopolitanism 188, 190, 191, 301, 327, 427, 626, 660, 663, 686, 706, 764

  cotton 203

  Council House 5, 227

  Council of Ministers 231

  Council for Scientific and Industrial Research 213

  Coupland, Reginald 52

  cows xvi, 104, 108, 235, 411, 429, 640, 708, 746–7

  crafts, craftsmen 59, 249, 374, 409, 679

  cricket 172, 638–9, 645, 646, 688

  Criminal Law (Amendment) Bill, 2013 728

  Criminal Procedure Code 575–8

  Cripps, Sir Stafford 28, 35

  Crocker, Walter 156

  Crown xx, 37, 41, 47, 51, 96

  Cuban missile crisis 334

  Cunningham, Sir George 67

  Current (Bombay weekly) 80, 140, 307–8

  Curzon Park, Calcutta 423

  da Costa, E. P. W. 416–17, 426

  Dacca 449–50, 456–8, 459, 460

  Dadra 174

  Dahl, Robert xxiv

  Daily Mail (newspaper) 323

  Dakota aircraft 68, 212

  Dalai Lama 168, 169, 299–300, 302–3, 313, 315, 317

  Dalit Panthers 531, 628

  Dalits 376, 531–2, 592, 628–35, 641, 649, 658, 670, 686, 696–9, 709–10, 713, 724, 735–6, 746–7, 768, 781, 783. see also Harijans; Untouchables

  Daman 174–5, 325

  Damodar River 210

  dams 205, 209–12, 220, 221, 222, 399, 666

  Dandavate, Madhu 522

  Dandekar, V. M. 465

  Dange, S. A. 193

  Dantwala, M. L. 500

  Darjeeling Hills 586

  Das, B. C. 235–6

  Dasguputa, Promode 419, 420

  Dawn (Muslim League newspaper) 29, 151, 172, 356, 397, 461

  Dayabhaga 225

  Dayal, Lieutenant General 562

  DDT 216

  De Gaulle, Charles xxxii, 457

  de Valera, Eamon 107

  Deccan plateau 51

  decentralization 189, 296, 492, 514, 580, 582, 596, 634, 635, 751

  Deendayal, Raja 56

  Defence Committee (Indian) 68

  Defence Ministry (Indian) 311, 334

  defence policy 82, 328

  Defence Research and Development Organization 652

  Delhi xix–xx, xxv, 5, 7, 8, 9–10, 17–18, 19–21, 30, 39–40, 54–5, 68, 70, 96, 110, 138, 140–1, 143, 146, 160, 230, 251–6, 273, 302, 310, 313–15, 331, 377, 413, 467, 483, 499, 519, 660, 677, 678, 705, 719–21, 722–5, 745

  Hindu-Sikh conflict 566–8, 587, 682, 731

  refugees in 83–4, 87–9, 92, 93

  Sanjay Gandhi’s management of 506, 507–10

  slums 507–9, 512

  water supply 666

  Delhi Agreement 245

  Delhi Development Authority (DDA) 507–9

  democracy 57, 79, 95, 99, 106, 110, 111, 120–1, 133, 143, 145–7, 155–6, 159, 189, 217, 303

  and autocracy 54

  constitutional 255, 293

  and Indira’s State of Emergency 488, 489–507, 514–17, 537

  and Pakistan 452, 455, 459, 676

  populist 254

  survival within India xxiv–xxv, xxviii, xxix–xxx, 102, 203, 224, 274, 287, 294, 303, 316, 327, 339, 412–13, 414–15, 420, 431–2, 435, 437, 439–42, 447, 464, 466, 473, 475, 479, 481, 488, 483–4, 524, 526, 529, 536–7, 541, 542–70, 574, 595, 622, 626–7, 628, 634, 650, 676, 678, 693, 736, 748, 751–83

  and totalitarianism 296, 303

  Deo, Shankarrao 189–90

  Deoras, Balasaheb 581, 641

  Derrett, J. D. M. 229

  Desai, Kanti 434, 534

  Desai, Morarji 144, 193–5, 316, 326, 341–2, 3
70, 386, 391, 402, 433–5, 485, 487–8, 490, 503, 518, 522–3, 526–7, 529–30, 534–8, 594, 609, 614

  Desai, Narayan 409–10

  Deshmukh, C. D. 195, 436

  Deshmukh, G. V. 189

  deSouza, Peter 772

  Dev, Guru Arjun 563

  Deva, Narendra 279

  Devanagari script 117, 118, 119, 368

  Devdutt 553

  Devi, Mahasweta 547

  Devi, Rabri 776

  dewans (chief ministers) 40, 45–6, 49, 50, 53, 55

  Dhaka 457, 756

  Dhar, D. P. 432, 451, 453–4, 462, 485

  Dhar, Madhya Pradesh 642

  Dhar, P. N. 432, 493, 505–6

  Dharavi 624, 625

  Dharia, Mohan 482–3

  dharmacharyas 580–1

  Dhawan, R. K. 508

  Dhola/Thag La ridge 329, 330

  Dhrangadhara, Maharaja of 438

  Dhulekar, R. V. 116–7

  Dickens, Charles 164

  Diet 121

  Direct Action Day 27, 30

  Directorate of Audio-Visual Publicity (DAVP) 498

  Disney 84

  District Primary Education Programme 667

  District Teachers Guild of Vizianagaram 104

  Diu 325

  divorce 224, 226, 229, 233–4, 236, 575–7

  D’Monte, Darryl 672

  Dogra, Prem Nath 243, 244

  Dogras 60, 61, 65, 332

  of Jammu 246–8

  Doordarshan (TV channel) 506, 566, 575, 581

  Dostoevsky, Fyodor 164

  Douglas-Home, Sir Alec 461

  dowries 468–9, 507, 538

  Dras 74

  Dravida Kazhagam 136

  Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK) 282, 328, 341, 389–90, 416–8, 425, 496, 526, 561, 591, 601, 717, 776

  Dravida Nadu 282

  drought 399, 407, 412, 440, 585, 666, 725

  Dube, S. C. 214–5

  Dulles, John Foster 156–8, 160

  Duma 290

  Durgapur, West Bengal 91, 208

  Durkheim, Emile 666

  Dutch 5

  Dutch navy 45

  Dyer, General 194

  East Bengal 91, 92, 322, 449, 451–53, 455, 551. see also Bangladesh

  East India Company xx, 37, 45, 279

  East Pakistan 12, 90, 92, 137, 143, 171, 179, 258, 320, 344, 350, 355, 369, 371, 403, 441, 447–1, 453–4, 455–8, 463, 552, 574, 643, 756

  East Pakistani refugees 450, 452

  East Punjab 12, 14, 15–16, 72, 85, 86, 88, 89, 182

  East Timor 770

  Eastern Economist 497

  Eastern Europe 220

  Eastern Indian Tribal Union 426–7

  economic development xxvii, 4, 6, 109, 151, 178, 198–222, 206, 374, 405, 416, 434–5, 464–5, 473, 499, 555, 633, 641, 653, 660, 732, 760

  Assamese 551

  deregulation/liberalization 408, 582, 583, 616, 659–60, 662–3, 665, 669–70, 687, 691, 695, 734, 736

  and the Janata government 524

  problems with 296

  and Rajiv Gandhi 582–4, 593

  and social mobility 374

  and the state 201–7, 206, 210, 218, 221–2

  Twenty Point Programme for Economic Progress 491

  economic growth 464, 466, 583, 662, 664, 688, 689, 694–6, 726, 740–1, 763

  economic liberalization 408, 616, 659–60, 662–3, 665, 669–70, 687, 691, 695, 734, 736

  Economic and Political Weekly (journal) 569, 786

  Economic Weekly 148, 312–13, 357

  education 28, 37, 115, 117, 178, 205, 219, 284, 328, 346, 363, 405, 439, 465, 473, 475, 476, 667–70, 686, 728, 746, 762

  and Communism 289–91

  midday meal provision 526, 667

  and Muslims 368, 370, 685

  of the Scheduled Castes 372–3

  women and 468–9, 469, 667, 726, 739

  Education Bill (1957) (Kerala)289, 291–2

  Edward VIII, King of England 51

  Eenadu (newspaper) 550

  Egypt 162, 211, 335, 380

  Ehrlich, Paul 413

  Einstein, Albert 22, 154

  Eisenhower, Dwight D. 157, 340, 523

  El Alamein 340

  Elder, Joe 492–3

  Election Commission 131, 133, 280, 446–7, 536, 543, 678

  Election Watch Committees 773

  elections

  1946 28–9, 39

  calls for separate Muslim electorate 111

  provincial 279

  see also general elections

  electricity 66, 89, 201, 207, 209–11, 222, 249, 585, 665, 673

  Elwin, Verrier 170

  Empire Dyeing 546–47

  employment guarantee scheme (EGS) 710

  Enfield rifles 305

  England 27, 47, 120, 357, 393, 694, 767

  English language 116–19, 151, 179, 292, 389–90, 392–3, 540, 575, 585, 631, 660–1, 663, 736, 754–5, 761–3,

  entertainment 427, 735

  entrepreneurs xxvii, xxxii, 287, 370, 443, 464, 503, 612, 616, 617, 628, 658–9, 662, 673, 688, 691, 725–6, 736, 740, 772, 783

  environmentalism 220, 539, 696

  Epstein, Scarlett 215

  equality 21, 104, 106, 108, 112, 115, 121, 156, 378, 379, 380, 469, 561, 603, 713, 715, 739, 782. see also inequality

  Etienne, Gilbert 527–8

  Europe, European nations xx–xxi, xxviii, xxxi–xxxii, 33, 36, 37, 55, 100, 149–50, 161, 208, 220, 340, 452, 466, 627, 647, 694, 743, 751, 767

  European colonialism 165, 279, 756

  French 155, 173–4

  Portuguese 173, 174–5, 281, 325–6, 769–70

  see also British colonialist rule

  Ezhavas 284, 662

  Fahien 138

  Faiz Ahmad Faiz 30

  family planning 507, 510–3, 658

  Family Planning Association of India 510–1

  famine xiv, 48, 322, 403, 411, 413, 415, 510, 530, 561, 627, 676, 758–9, 767

  Faridabad 87–8

  Farooq, Maulvi 349, 463

  Farooq, Mirwaiz Mohammed 611

  fascism 149, 320, 517

  fasting 8, 10, 14, 17, 20–2, 23, 183–5, 195, 197, 318–19, 370, 390, 423, 427, 485, 671, 690, 701, 712–13, 719–24

  FDR 152, 401

  federalism 108, 120, 189, 283, 441, 552

  Federation of South Indian States 57

  Feltrinelli, publishers of Milan 176

  female foeticide 726–7

  feminism 538 see also women

  Fernandes, George 477, 502, 522, 534, 651, 654

  Fernandes, Lawrence 502

  fertilizer 199, 207, 214, 215, 216, 400, 440, 527, 535, 712

  Festival of India 1982 545–6

  feudalism 95, 697

  Fielden, Lionel 240

  Film Censor Board 513

  film industry 133, 172, 686, 753, 763, 778, 781

  music of 513

  Finance Ministry 435–6

  five-year plans 159, 203–6, 206, 209, 218, 295–6, 569,

  floods 210, 530, 749

  FN4 automatic rifle 305

  food shortages 94, 104, 199, 286, 322, 399, 403, 405, 407, 412–14, 585

  Foot, Michael 504

  Ford 662

  Ford Foundation 322

  foreign exchange 408, 448, 615

  foreign policy xxxi, 138, 285, 301, 340, 379, 432, 620, 632, 650, 652, 702, 745

  of the Janata Party 523–4

  regarding Kashmir 232

  non-alignment 150, 161–3, 166, 176, 311, 327–8, 337, 339, 431, 523

  under Narendra Modi 742–3

  under Nehru 148–76, 311, 323

  foreign trade 172, 186, 283, 647, 655, 662, 677

  Forest Department 670

  Forest Rights Act 685

  forests xx, 49, 116, 169, 199, 208, 216, 220, 262, 263, 403, 421, 538, 547, 551, 585, 634, 670–1, 685, 691–6, 715, 725, 741–2, 772

  Fort Aguada 175

  France xxii, xxxi, 149, 162,
332, 335, 353, 495, 546, 556, 591, 655, 666, 752, 767

  Frank, Katherine 432

  free enterprise 198, 201, 505, 543

  freedom 305, 324–6, 356, 360, 369, 378, 392, 399, 431, 475–6, 491–2, 756–7, 770, 781

  of the press xxviii, 139, 159, 303, 466, 496–9, 503–4, 506, 514–15, 541, 593

  of speech 104, 303, 316, 626, 781, 782

  Freeman, Orville 400

  French xxix–xxx, xxxiii, 5, 37, 91, 105, 133, 159, 162, 205, 213, 223, 301, 335, 457, 467, 507, 592, 666, 776

  colonialism 155, 173–4

  French Revolution xxix, 159, 301

  Friedman, Milton 219, 220

  frontier policy 310–1

  Frontline (publication) 626

  fundamentalism

  Hindu 126, 612, 645, 705, 753

  Islamic 643, 645, 753

  Gaddar 567

  Gadgil, D. R. 189

  Gadgil, N. V. 192, 194

  Galbraith, John Kenneth 198, 201, 337–9

  Gallup 775

  Galwan valley 328

  Ganatantra Parishad 282

  Gandhi, Devadas 769

  Gandhi, Feroze 281, 297

  Gandhi, Indira 139, 315, 319, 342, 407, 609, 615, 616, 617, 633, 650, 686, 688, 689, 711, 729, 730, 739, 748, 751, 776

  and the 25th anniversary of Independence 464

  arrested/imprisoned by the Janata government 532–3, 534

  assassination 566–70, 571, 572–3, 604, 682

  atomic tests 477

  becomes politically active 281–2

  calls an end to emergency rule 515–17, 554

  and the caste system 531, 532, 602

  and Chou En-lai 315

  corruption 467, 475, 478, 484, 533, 779

  in court over corrupt election victory 484–8

  declares State of Emergency 488, 489–517, 518, 520, 524–7, 529, 534, 537–41, 542–3, 545–8, 554, 604, 637, 744, 775, 782

  defeat in the 1977 general election 520–1, 525, 537

  devalues the rupee 408

  as dictator 482, 491, 501–2, 504, 512, 514–15, 517

  dynasty of 596, 729, 732, 775, 776

  elected president of the Indian National Congress 291

  first foreign tour 407

  and the general election 1969 443–5

  given Information and Broadcasting 386

  and her father 271, 281, 401, 443, 485, 515

  on her father’s ill health 343

  ill health 281

  international image 407, 516, 545–6

  and Jayaprakash Narayan 409–10, 475, 477–84, 485–8, 492–4, 519, 536, 546

  and judiciary 779

  and Kashmir 394, 409–10, 471–2, 483, 488, 588

  on the Kerala Communists 292–4

  legacy 572–3, 594

  and local self-governance 633

  and Nagaland, Naga issue 268, 473

  and the oil crisis 1973 471

  and the Pakistani civil war 449–50, 455, 573–4

  and a Pakistani settlement (1972) 461, 462–3

 

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