The Innovators
Page 65
Lotus, 431
Lovelace, Annabella, 16
Lovelace, Ralph, 16
Loving Grace Cybernetics, 303
Lowe, Bill, 356
LSD, 266, 267, 268–69, 271, 278, 300
Ludd, Ned, 9
Luddites, 9, 14, 487
Lukasik, Stephen, 248–49, 385
Lycos, 227
Lyon, Matthew, 260
McCarthy, John, 202, 203–4, 224, 236, 281, 285
AI conference organized by, 468
time-sharing developed by, 224–26
McGuinn, Roger, 152
machines, thinking by, 49, 115, 202–3
AI and, 474–79
Lovelace’s doubts about, 8, 12, 29, 122, 123, 126, 467–68, 475, 478
Turing on, 29, 42, 122–29, 468, 485
Macintosh, 349, 353, 370, 381, 414
McKenna, Regis, 166
McKenzie, Alex, Kleinrock criticized by, 245
McLuhan, Marshall, 267, 269
McNulty, Kay, 28, 97–98, 99, 117
McQueeney, David, 477
Madison, James, 481
madrigals, 189
Magnavox Odyssey, 211, 215
Mailgram, 391n
Malone, Michael, 166–67, 192
Manchester Mark I, 120
Manchester University, 119–20
“Man-Computer Symbiosis” (Licklider), 226, 276, 475, 478–79
Mandel, Tom, 390, 421
Manhattan Project, 219, 225
Mansfield, Mike, 248
Manutius, Aldus, 284
Mark I, 2, 51–52, 81, 89–90, 92–94
bomb calculations done on, 104
Hopper’s history of, 90, 91
operation of, 92–93
speed of, 94, 105
Mark II, 93–94
Markoff, John, 267, 281, 341n, 422
Mathematical Foundations of Quantum Mechanics, The (von Neumann), 42
Matsumoto, Craig, 180
Mauchly, Jimmy, 66
Mauchly, John, 62–70, 69, 72, 73, 74–75, 81, 82, 88, 92, 94, 97, 104, 105, 110, 113, 119, 134, 137, 211, 238, 481
ENIAC public display and, 115
female programmers aided by, 99
McNulty married by, 117
patents sought by, 116, 177
patent trial of, 67, 82–84
and storage of programs in ENIAC, 100–101, 106
von Neumann accused of stealing ideas by, 111–12
Mauchly, Kay McNulty, see McNulty, Kay
Mayer, Marissa, 481
Mazor, Stan, 197
mechanization, 33
“Meetings with von Neumann,” 106–7
Melbourne, Viscount, 15
Meltzer, Marlyn Wescoff, see Wescoff, Marlyn
memex, 263–64, 273, 276, 409
memory, 56, 58
programs stored in, 87, 107–8
memory unit:
on Atenoff’s device, 61, 66–67
on Z1, 53
Menabrea, Luigi, 24–26
mercury delay lines, 119
Merholz, Peter, 427
Merlin, 19
Merry Pranksters, 266, 269, 270, 296
Merton, Robert, 439
message switching, 238
Metcalfe, Bob, 256, 364
Metropolis, Nick, 119
Michie, Donald, 123
microchips, 9, 35, 39, 170, 171–99, 201, 467, 473
dispute over invention of, 178–80
initial sales of, 181–85
Noyce’s version of, 174–76, 178–80
number of transistors in, 184
Micropayments Markup Working Group, 421
microprocessors, 196–99, 256, 264, 305, 350, 351
Microsoft, 197, 312, 338–43, 361, 414, 434, 482
Apple’s contract with, 367–69
creation of, 337–38
operating system of, 357–62, 368–69
Milbanke, Annabella, see Byron, Lady
Milhon, Jude (St. Jude), 301, 302
military, ballistic missiles of, 169
military-industrial-academic complex, 217, 220–21, 263, 482
Miller, Herman, 280
Millikan, Robert, 133
Mills, Thomas, 70
Mims, Forrest, 305, 306
Mind, 124
Mining Data at Stanford (MIDAS), 456
MINIX, 374, 376
Minsky, Marvin, 202–3, 205, 206, 226, 235–36, 284, 468
Minskytron, 205, 206
Minuteman II, 181, 182
Miracle Month, 142–45
MIT, 34, 38, 40, 47, 68, 156, 157, 200, 217, 222, 271, 336–37, 370, 371, 372, 472, 483
MITS (Micro Instrumentation and Telemetry Systems), 306, 308–9, 310, 311, 332, 335
MKUltra, 266
Model K, 49, 80
modems, 3, 386–87
moon landing, 35, 182
Moore, Betty, 162
Moore, Fred, 294–95, 296–97, 304
Moore, Gordon, 130, 158, 161–62, 163, 164, 170, 176, 191, 192, 257, 347, 350, 481
corporate culture and, 484–85
Intel founding and, 187–88
as nonauthoritarian, 189–90
on Noyce’s leadership skills, 194
and Shockley’s replacement, 165, 166, 167
Moore School Lectures, 118–19
Moore’s Law, 183–85, 198, 201, 284, 291, 326
Moravec, Hans, 472
Morcom, Christopher, 41, 42
Mosaic, 415–18, 420, 422, 433, 452
“Mother of All Demos, The,” 273–74, 278, 279, 280–82, 283, 294, 308, 354, 388
Motwani, Rajeev, 454
mouse, 276–78, 279, 363
MS-DOS, 360, 374
Mumford, Lewis, 267
Munzner, Tamara, 453–54
Murray, Arnold, 129
music, 26, 27, 467
MySpace, 436
Myth of the Machine, The (Mumford), 267
NASA, 231, 271, 274, 299
NASA Ames Research Center, 155
National Center for Atmospheric Research, 283
National Center for Supercomputing Applications (NCSA), 415–16, 417
National Defense Research Committee, 51, 219
National Information Infrastructure Act (1993), 402
National Physical Laboratory, 120, 124, 237, 246
National Science Foundation, 220, 249, 383, 402, 453
National Semiconductor, 343
Navy, U.S., 469
Nelson, Ted, 410–11, 418–19, 456
Netscape, 208
networks, 243, 482
data blocks in, 240–41
distributed, 240, 246, 250, 253
lack of centralization in, 235, 240, 250
packet switched, 238, 244–46, 247, 249
Network Working Group, 254
Neumann, Max, 101
neural networks, 203
neurons, 473
Newman, Max, 44, 46, 78, 81, 82, 119, 120, 128, 129
newsgroups, 386
Newton, Isaac, 19
New Yorker, 469
New York Times, 115, 149, 245, 422, 458, 469, 473, 479–80
New York World’s Fair (1939), 64, 67, 68
NeXT, 411, 414
Nishi, Kay, 359
Nixon, Richard, 278, 280
NM Electronics, 188
noncomputable numbers, 45
North Carolina, University of, 386
Norton, Larry, 478
Norvig, Peter, 473
Nova, 209, 291
Novack, Ken, 397
Noyce, Robert, 130, 157, 158, 159–61, 163, 166, 167, 170, 347, 353, 391, 481, 502–3
corporate culture and, 189–90, 191, 192, 193–95, 234, 479, 481, 484–85
Fairchild resignation of, 184–85
Intel employees empowered by, 193–95
Intel money raised by, 187–88
Intel’s organization chart drawn by, 193
microchip of, 174–76, 178–80
mi
croprocessor and, 196–97
in patent lawsuit, 178–79
planar process and, 175–76
resistor designed by, 173
as Shockley’s replacement, 167
on synergy, 183
n-p-n junction architecture, 150
NSFNET, 383
n-type, 147
Nuance Communications, 472
nuclear weapons, 250–51
Internet and, 247–51
Nupedia, 438–39, 441, 442
Nutting, Bill, 209
Nutting Associates, 209, 210, 215
Obama, Barack, 484
Office of Defense Mobilization, 228–29
Office of Scientific Research, 219
Ohm’s Law, 97
oil, 183
Olsen, Ken, 264
Olson, Judith, 449–50
“On Computable Numbers, with an Application to the Entscheidungsproblem“ (Turing), 46–47, 76
On Distributed Communications (Baran), 241–42
One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest (Kesey), 266
online communities, 261
oNLine System (NLS), 278, 281, 283, 284, 293, 354
On the Connexion of the Physical Sciences (Somerville), 14
Opel, John, 361
open architecture, 482, 483
OpenOffice, 483
open-sourcing, 261, 370–81
Operating Manual for Spaceship Earth (Fuller), 294
operating systems, 357–62
open-source, 372–81
operations, 26–27
Ordnance Department, U.S. Army, 72, 73
O’Reilly, Tim, 432, 446
O’Reilly Media, 428–29, 431
oscillators, 173–74
Osculometer, 71
Packard, Dave, 156, 189, 464
packets, 242
packet switching, 238, 247, 249, 256, 258, 482
Kleinrock’s taking credit for, 244–46
Page, Carl, 449
Page, Larry, 435, 448–51, 452, 453–56, 485
Google founded by, 458, 460, 462–64
hypertext limitations and, 456–57
PageRank and, 458–62
Web crawler of, 457–58
PageRank, 458–62
Palevsky, Max, 188
Palo Alto Community Center, 273
Papadimitriou, Christos, 330
Papert, Seymour, 284
PARC Universal Packet, 293
Pascal, Blaise, 19–20, 22, 33, 90
Patent and Trademark Office, U.S., 120, 121n, 179
patents, 121, 215
tension over, 176–77
Paterson, Tim, 358–59
Pathfinder, 420, 421
PC, 362
PC-DOS, 360
PC-Link, 399
PDP-1 computer, 203, 205, 207, 208, 209, 329
PDP-8, 264, 297
PDP-10, 319–22, 325, 329, 333, 334, 336
PDP-11, 371
peace movement, 248, 261, 265, 266–67, 295
peer-to-peer connections, 260–61, 378
Pellow, Nicola, 414–15
Pendery, Don, 288
Pennsylvania, University of, 28, 38, 65, 68, 71, 72–73, 82, 94, 95, 96–97, 108, 110, 112, 113, 115, 118–19, 481
Pennywhistle, 387
People Connection, 398
People’s Computer Center, 304
People’s Computer Company, 310, 372
PepsiCo, 395
Perceptron, 469, 473
Perlman, Radia, 251
“Personal Computer for Children of All Ages, A,” 289
personal computers, 263–304
Gates’s belief in future of, 329–30
IBM vs. Apple, 362–63
Internet and, 4
Jobs’s idea for, 352–53
Kay’s prediction of, 284–85, 286, 287–88
software for, 335
technology needed for, 261, 264–68
Philco, 157, 193
Philips, Thomas, 15–16
phone circuits, 54
phone signals, 50
photovoltaic effect, 142–44
Physics and Technology of Semiconductor Devices (Grove), 191
PicoSpan, 388–89
Pierce, John, 148
Pinker, Steven, 472
Pitts, Bill, 209–10, 215
Pixar, 208, 481
planar process, 174–78
planimeter, 37
plutonium-239, 103
p-n junction, 173
PNP transistor, 153
Poggio, Tomaso, 471
Polaris, 181
Pong, 211–15, 329, 347, 348
Popular Electronics, 306, 307, 308–9, 313, 314, 332, 350
Post Office Research Station, 78, 79
Practice of Management, The (Drucker), 192
Presley, Elvis, 152
Princeton University, 40, 77–78, 104
printing press, 4
private enterprise, 482–83, 484
PRNET, 256, 257, 258
Processor Technology, 353
Procter & Gamble, 395, 399
Prodigy, 399, 400, 419
programming, 87–129, 478
as Babbage’s conceptual leap, 33
of ENIAC, 95–100
Lovelace’s exploration of, 25–26, 27–29, 88, 90, 478
as true value of computers, 117–18
von Neumann’s work on, 107–8
on Z1, 53
“Protocol for Packet Network Interconnection, A” (Kahn and Cerf), 259
p-type, 147
punch cards, 3, 14, 23, 26, 28, 33, 35, 267, 345, 394, 478, 481, 484, 487
Pyra Labs, 429, 430
QDOS, 358–59
Q-Link, 398
Qualcomm, 473
Quantum, 398
Quantum 2000, 399
quantum physics, 42, 45, 134–35
queuing theory, 243
QuickWeb, 434
radar, 72, 273
radio, 39
transistors for, 149–52
Railway Express Agency, 309
Ralls, John, 175
Ram Dass, 388
RAND Corporation, 221, 237, 238, 241, 244, 246, 247, 249
RankDex, 461
Raskin, Jef, 363
Raymond, Eric, 377, 380, 381, 438
Raytheon, 217, 252
RCA, 68, 151, 177, 181, 211
rebel entrepreneurs, 201
Regency TR-1, 151
Reich, Charles, 267
Reid, T. R, 172, 174
relays, 48, 49, 50, 54
on Z1, 53
Remington Rand, 82, 116, 121
Remote Procedure Cell, 411
“Report on an Electronic Diff. Analyzer” (Mauchly and Eckert), 74
Requests for Comments (RFC), 254–55, 257, 482
Resource One, 301
Rheingold, Howard, 280, 389–90, 404, 425, 427
Riordan, Michael, 310
Roberts, Ed, 305, 307, 309, 332–33, 334–35, 338, 340
background of, 305–6
Roberts, Larry, 216, 229–30, 233–34, 241–42, 393, 481, 482
ARPA funding raised by, 235–37
ARPA hiring of, 234
bids solicited for ARPANET minicomputers, 251–52
decentralized network favored by, 235
gambling by, 243–44
Kleinrock hired by, 246
on nuclear weapons myth of Internet origin, 247–48
personality of, 230
robot, 281
robots, navigating by, 472
Robot Wisdom, 427
Rock, Arthur, 167–68, 170, 184, 185, 192
Intel money raised by, 187–88, 213
venture capital and, 185–88
Rockefeller, John D., Jr, 186
Rockefeller, Laurence, 153, 186, 188
Rolling Stone, 269, 288, 308, 388
Rometty, Ginni, 470, 477, 478
Roosevelt, Franklin, 219
Rosen, Ben, 355–56
Rosenberg
, Scott, 426
Rosenblatt, Frank, 469
“Rosencrantz and Ethernet” (Cerf), 259
Rosenfeld, Jeremy, 440
Rossetto, Louis, 420, 425–26
routers, 237, 250, 251–52, 253
Rubenstein, David, 362
Russell, Bertrand, 47
Russell, Steve, 203–6, 207, 320, 321, 473
St. Jude (Jude Milhon), 301, 302
Sams, Jack, 356–57
Samson, Peter, 200, 200, 206
Sanders, Bob, 207
San Francisco Chronicle, 271
Sanger, Larry, 438, 439–40, 441, 442–43
Sarofim, Fayez, 188
SATNET, 256
Say Everything (Rosenberg), 426
Scantlebury, Roger, 237, 238, 242
Schreyer, Helmut, 53, 54
“Science, the Endless Frontier” (Bush), 263n
Scientific American, 47
Scientific and Advanced Technology Act (1992), 402
Scientific Data System, 187
Scientific Memoirs, 25, 30, 32
Scientific Revolution, 3, 479
Scripting News, 429
search engines, 227, 423, 446–65
Searle, John, 127–28, 470–71
Sears, 398–99
Seattle Computer Products, 358
self-driving cars, 456
Semi-Automatic Ground Environment (SAGE), 225, 226, 475, 486
semiconductivity theory, 153
semiconductor amplifier, 147–48
semiconductors, 135, 154–56
Sendall, Mike, 412
Sequoia Capital, 214n, 464
Seva Foundation, 388
Shannon, Claude, 34, 47–50, 54, 122–23, 133, 139, 243, 283
Shapin, Steven, 3
Shaw, Artie, 150
Shelley, Mary, 12, 29, 468
Shelley, Percy Bysshe, 12
Shirky, Clay, 442, 444
Shockley, William, 130, 132, 134, 136, 180, 199
acoustic delay line developed by, 101
Bardeen and Brattain’s dispute with, 145–49, 152–53, 163
credit for transistor taken by, 145–49, 177
IQ of, 136–37
midlife crisis of, 153–54
Nobel Prize won by, 164, 165
poor leadership skills of, 152, 163–64, 165
racial views of, 137, 168
replacement for vacuum tube sought by, 137, 141–45
researchers recruited to company by, 157, 161, 162
semiconductor amplifier idea of, 147–48
solid-state studied by, 139–41
in World War II, 138
Shockley Semiconductor Laboratory, 156, 157, 158, 161, 162–64, 485
Shockley replaced at, 165–67, 168
Siemens, 180
Signals and Power Subcommittee, 202
silicon, 134, 135, 142, 154, 155, 174
Silverstein, Craig, 456
Simon, Leslie, 73–74
Simonyi, Charles, 367
singularity, 474
Siri, 472
Sketchpad, 283
“Sketchpad: A Man-Machine Graphical Communications System” (Sutherland), 283
slide rules, 37, 55, 56
Smalltalk, 289
Smarter Than You Think (Thompson), 427
Smith, Adam, 20