Franklin & Washington
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cabinet, Washington’s, 234, 264–66
Cabot, John, 19
Cambridge (Massachusetts), 91, 112
Camden, Battle of, 141
Camden, Lord, 92
Cammasse, Marianne, 263
Canada, 19–20, 57–58, 61–63, 66, 82, 100–101, 114–19, 130–31, 138, 152, 159, 169
Capitol, U.S., 193, 222
Caribbean, 151
Carlisle (Pennsylvania), 28–29, 227–28
Carolinas, 200, 208. See also North Carolina; South Carolina Carpenters’ Hall, 185
Catholicism, 15, 115–18
Charles II, 11, 15
Charlestown (South Carolina), 141, 149, 151, 153
Charlottesville (Virginia), 271
Chesapeake Bay, 16, 131, 149, 173
Christy, Howard Chandler, 4–5, 222–23
church and state, separation of, 115–18, 251
Cincinnatus, Washington as, 104
Circular Letter to the States, 159–60, 267
City Tavern, 214–15
Civil War, 248, 270–71
Clinton, George, 210
Clinton, Henry, 107, 128, 131, 139–41, 149
Collinson, Peter, 13, 51
Committee of Detail, 215–17
Committee on Postponed Parts, 217–18
Common Sense, 115
Concord (Massachusetts), 91–93, 100, 107
Concord, Battle of, 93
Condorcet, Nicholas de, 244
Confederate States of America, 270–71
Confederation Congress, 161–62, 187, 222; funding for, 155, 163–64; and Newburgh Conspiracy, 153–56; weaknesses of, 142–47, 153–64, 175–77
Congress, U.S., 238, 245, 251–60, 264–66; structure of, 187, 196, 201–6. See also House of Representatives; Senate
Connecticut, 105, 141, 168, 172, 198, 202–4, 303n60, 312n35
Connecticut Compromise, 202–6
Constitution, U.S., 195–221, 237; interpretation of, 251–56, 264–66, 268, 318nn90–91; recommendatory amendments to, 228–32, 236; signing of, 222–23; transmittal to Congress of, 170–71, 181–84, 236. See also Bill of Rights; Constitutional Convention; ratification
Constitutional Convention: call for, 172–73, 177–78; delegates to, 177–78, 184, 194–98, 230; Franklin’s role at, 38, 111, 177–79, 201, 203–5, 213, 222–23; meeting of, 183–86, 193–223, 250, 256; portrayal of, 4–5, 222; secrecy at, 198–200, 239; Washington’s role at, vii–x, 195–200, 222–23
Continental Congress: First, 89–91, 185; Second, x, 90–94, 98–107, 112–21, 128, 137–47, 184, 242
Contrecoeur, seigneur de, 44
Cornwallis, Lord, 134–35, 137, 149–51
Cowpens, Battle of, 149
Coxe, Tench, 117
Cromwell, Oliver, 104
Crown Point (New York), 100
Currency Act of 1764, 64–65, 67
Darwin, Erasmus, 178–79
Davis, Jefferson, 270
Dayton, Jonathan, 203
Deane, Silas, 105, 124
debts, 61–65, 164, 188–90; of Congress, 122, 147–55, 160–68, 176, 265; of states, 146–47, 248, 252, 265
Declaration of Independence, 117–21, 237, 242, 289n6; signers of, 120–24, 166
Declaratory Act, 73, 75, 76, 81
deflation, 176, 189
Delaware, 172–73, 198, 203, 226–27
Delaware River, 11, 129, 172–73
Dickinson, John, 80–82, 89, 101, 106–8, 147
Dorchester Heights, 107, 109
Dunbar, Thomas, 47–48
Dunmore, Lord, 87–88, 90
Duplessis, Joseph, 37
electors, presidential, 217–18, 239, 245–46, 308n125
Ellis, Joseph, 5, 26, 98
emancipation, of slaves, viii, 165, 210, 244, 273, 315n64
Enlightenment, the, 11, 128, 143, 165, 210, 244, 273
enumerated powers, 131–32
executive power, 210–15, 220–21, 265, 308–9nn125–27; proposals for stronger, 214–18, 307nn116–18; unitary, 214–15, 217. See also presidency
Fabius Maximus, Washington as, 130
faction, 266–67
Fairfax, Ann, 16, 18, 42
Fairfax, Brian, 88
Fairfax, George William, 88
Fairfax, Thomas, 16–17
Fairfax, William, 16–17
Fairfax County (Virginia), 87–88, 90
Fairfax Resolves, 87–88
Federal Gazette, 258–59
Federal Hall, 247
federalism, 117, 138, 143–44, 159–64, 171–73, 187–90, 196, 236–38, 300nn16–18
federalist, 245–46, 266–68
Fitzgerald, F. Scott, 272
Flexner, James Thomas, 26–27
Florida, 57, 61–63, 139, 153
Fort Cumberland, 30, 39–40, 43, 47, 55–56
Fort Duquesne, x, 30, 33–34, 39–48, 55, 58
Fort Necessity, 33–36, 42–43
France, 19, 57, 194–95, 244, 251, 261, 266–68; alliance with U.S. of, 124–28, 132, 134–38, 141, 145–53, 237, 295–96n47; in French and Indian War, 20–28, 39–48
Franklin, Benjamin: during American Revolution, x–xi, 97–128, 132–36, 145–49, 287n33; appearance of, 3–4, 9, 104, 195, 210; on British, 5–9, 62, 97–98, 110, 273; on British tariffs, 76–94; character of, 3, 8, 67, 73, 89, 105, 123, 173, 202–5, 210, 221, 225, 259–61, 271–74, 297n68, 298n95; civic activities of, 11–12, 169–70; as colonial legislator, 12, 59–63, 97, 110, 124; as colonial political leader, 57, 61, 66–67, 74, 82, 86; at Constitutional Convention, vi–ix, 38, 125, 185–86, 193–96, 200–210, 222–23, 299n102, 308–9nn126–27; on constitutional reform, 162–65, 221, 273; correspondence with Washington of, ix–x, 53, 56, 111, 122, 132–35, 186, 253–54; death of, 258–60; and Declaration of Independence, 119–21, 124; as diplomat, 94, 126–32, 146–54, 165; in France, 124–28, 132–37, 142, 146–54, 158, 162, 165–66; during French and Indian War, 29, 36–41, 48–57; house of, viii–ix, 69–70, 184, 192–93, 237, 244–47; illnesses of, 118–20, 126, 145, 165, 173, 178, 193–94, 215, 245, 254; influence of, 166, 222–29, 250–51, 259–61, 312–13n35; as military leader, 11, 26–28, 48–57; and Native Americans, 27–29, 44, 52, 57; observations of, 38–39, 41, 51, 278n18, 283n21, 294n22, 299n101, 303n60, 305n99; and Pennsylvania Constitution, 124–25, 175; portraits of, 3–5, 195; as postmaster, 7, 10, 40, 86, 102, 105; as president of Pennsylvania, 175–78, 186, 190, 223, 245, 298–99nn98–99; as printer, 7–10, 28, 35–36, 244, 272–74; in ratification debates, 223–20; religious views of, 7, 9, 14, 55, 109–11, 120, 164–65, 233, 245, 250, 260, 273, 297n66, 317n77; scientific activities of, 12–14, 102, 123, 166, 174–75; at Second Continental Congress, 90–94, 98–125, 242; and slavery, viii, 113, 191, 240–45, 248–59, 288n41, 316nn70–74, 317n83; and Stamp Act Crisis, 61–75; on union, 29, 36–39, 58–59, 110, 177; vision for America of, 27, 57, 110, 116–18, 127–28, 138, 147, 152, 221; and Washington, 6–7, 14, 26–29, 36, 40, 52–58, 78, 84, 94, 99, 106, 111–14, 118–19, 138–39, 253–54, 166–67, 173–74, 178–79, 192–94, 197–98, 211, 220, 224–27, 247–48, 250–64, 270–74; and western lands, 66, 74, 152; as writer, 7, 107–8, 119–20, 133–34, 232–33, 245, 258–59, 271–72; as youth, 7–15
Franklin, Deborah Reed, 10, 69–70, 80–81, 91, 243–44
Franklin, Francis, 10
Franklin, James, 7
Franklin, Josiah, 15
Franklin, Temple, 125, 197, 260
Franklin, William, 40, 82, 91, 110, 114
Fredrick (Maryland), 40–41, 43
Freemasonry, 11, 19
French and Indian War, x–xi, 6–7, 14, 33–60, 80, 98, 100, 111; origins of, 19–33
Fry, Joshua, 31, 34
Fugitive Slave Act, 249
Fugitive Slave Clause, 209, 239
Gage, Thomas, 85, 89, 91–93, 107–8
Gates, Horatio, 130–32, 141, 156–57
George II, 32, 212
George III, 65, 77, 85, 108, 115, 121, 151, 210, 2
12
Georgia, 74, 176, 198–200, 208, 252–55, 270, 312n35
Germantown, Battle of, 131
Gerry, Elbridge, 207–8, 218–19, 228, 252
Giles (slave), 191
Gist, Christopher, 21–26, 31, 53
Gnadenhütten, 51–52
Grand, Rodolphe-Ferdinand, xiii, 221
Grand Banks, 150, 152
Grasse, Comte de, 149–50
Great Compromise, 202
Great Lakes, 19, 21, 44, 63, 159, 169
Great Meadows, 31, 33–36, 47
Greene, Nathanael, 149
Grenville, George, 63–67, 71–73, 77
Guilford Courthouse, Battle of, 149
Gulf of Mexico, 19
Halifax (Canada), 109
Hamilton, Alexander, xi, 172–73; during American Revolution, 138, 144, 148; in Congress, 155–56, 161; as delegate to Constitutional Convention, 4–5, 212–13, 217; as treasury secretary, 248, 252, 264–66, 270; as Washington’s aide, 138, 257
Hancock, John, 223; during American Revolution, 85, 130, 143, 147; as governor, 150, 190; and ratification, 229–30
Harrison, Benjamin, 233
Hartley, David, 111
Harvard College, 112
Henry, Patrick: on ratification, 233–35, 314n47; on slavery, 238–43, 315nn55, 58, 64; on taxation, 68–69, 89–90
Hercules (slave), 249
Hessian soldiers, 103, 109, 129
Holy Roman Emperor, 211
House, Mary, 108, 144
House of Burgesses, 58, 61, 65, 68, 75, 78–80, 86–87
House of Lords, 92, 121
House of Representatives, U.S., 202–6, 216, 251–57, 260, 304nn71–72
Howe, Lord (Admiral), 92, 121–24, 131
Howe, William (General), 107–8, 121–24, 128–31, 291n91
Hudson River valley, 130, 141, 153
Hughes, John, 68–69
Humphreys, David, 237, 279n36
Ibrahim, Sidi Mehemet, 258–59, 272
implied powers, 238–40
imposts, 64–65, 81, 155, 239, 255, 265, 270, 294n35, 295n37
Independent Chronicle, 231
Independent Gazetteer, 227
inflation, 137, 142–43, 176
interstate commerce, 265
Intolerable Acts, 85–87, 98
Iroquois Confederacy, 21, 28, 37, 51
Irving, Washington, 212
Isaacson, Walter, 136
Jackson, James, 252, 255–56, 258–59
Jackson, William, 197
Jamestown (Virginia), 19
Jay, John, 151–55, 265, 267; correspondence with Washington of, 187–88; as foreign secretary, 165–66
Jay’s Treaty, 267
Jefferson, Thomas, 105–6, 143, 147, 151, 165–66, 220, 233; and Franklin, vii, xi, 165–66, 177–78, 195, 254; as secretary of state, 264–66; as vice president, 267–68; and Washington, xi, 103–4, 106, 168, 201, 286n16
Jones, Joseph, 157
Journal of Major George Washington, 26–28
Judge, Ona, 249
judiciary, federal, 187, 196, 216, 265, 306n111
Jumonville, sieur de, 32–33
Jumonville Glen, 22, 34–35, 58
Keimer, Samuel, 8
King, Rufus, 241
Kings Mountain, Battle of, 149
Knox, Henry, 109, 121, 187–89, 264
Lafayette, Marquis de: and Franklin, 134, 251; and Washington, 161, 190, 220, 248, 269
Langdon, John, 250
Laurens, Henry, 148, 151–52, 154, 165
Laurens, John, 148
Lawrence, D. H., 272
Lay, Benjamin, 244
Lear, Tobias, 268
Lee, Arthur, 124
Lee, Charles, 99, 145, 286n3
Lee, George Washington Custis, 271
Lee, Henry, III, 235
Lee, Richard Henry, 119, 147, 246
Lee, Robert E., 271
Lee, William (Billy), 191
Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania, 80–82
Lexington, Battle of, 92–93, 100
Lincoln, Abraham, xii
Livingston, Robert R., 119, 150, 158
Logstown, 21–22
London (England), 12, 20, 29, 35, 37, 41, 49, 63, 104, 107, 131, 151; Franklin and, 13, 193, 251; Franklin in, 8, 59, 61, 66–67, 70, 72, 80, 82, 86, 89, 91, 94, 98, 101, 108, 110, 121, 124; Washington and, 26, 32, 40, 54, 64, 71, 74–79
Long Island, Battle of, 121
Louis XVI, 136–37, 145, 148, 154
Louisiana, 19–20, 23, 30, 57, 169
loyalist, 64, 106, 114–15, 121, 149, 189, 299n103
Mackay, James, 34–35
Madison, James, xii, 17; at Annapolis Convention, 172–73; in Confederation Congress, 161, 252–53, 256–57, 260; at Constitutional Convention, 4–5, 192–99, 203–6, 217, 219; Constitutional Convention notes of, 199, 211, 223, 302–3n52; correspondence with Washington of, 187–88, 256–57; in House of Representatives, 252–53, 256–57, 260, 264–65; in ratification debates, 225, 235–36, 238–42
Maine, 231
Manhattan, 121, 128–31, 141, 161. See also New York City
Maryland, 16, 30–31, 39–41, 55, 161, 171–73
Mason, George: on British, 75–81, 87, 90, 108; on Constitution, 219, 235; at Constitutional Convention, 205, 214, 217–19; on presidency, 214, 218–19
Massachusetts, 15, 37–38, 52, 74, 135, 147, 150, 202, 246; American Revolution in, 92–93, 99, 113–14, 136; British rule, resistance to, 64, 68, 73, 82–86, 89; at Constitutional Convention, 198, 207, 218, 230, 241; debtor insurrection in, 176, 188–90; ratification of Constitution by, 228–32, 236, 312n33; slavery and, 241–42, 252
Massachusetts Centinel, 229
Massachusetts Gazette, 229
Mecom, Jane, 81, 114, 118, 184–85, 223, 292–93n2
Mellon, Thomas, 272
Melville, Herman, 272
Mercer, George, 68, 70–71
Miller’s Run (Pennsylvania), 43–47
Mississippi River, 19–20, 152, 159, 169
Monmouth, Battle of, 140–41
Monroe, James, 236
Montreal, 114–18, 130
Morgan, Edmund, 67, 163
Morocco, 237
Morris, Gouverneur, 155, 241–42, 227; at Constitutional Convention, 204–5, 207–9, 212–17
Morris, Robert, 226–27; at Constitutional Convention, vii–viii, 183–84, 197, 204; as superintendent of finance, 138, 147, 154–55, 163–64; and Washington, 186, 192, 214, 265
Morris, Robert Hunter, 49–52
Morristown (New Jersey), 129, 137, 140–41, 144–45
Mount Vernon, viii–ix, 15–16, 18, 42, 61, 76, 108, 113, 144, 185, 191–92, 248–49; meetings at, 171–72; Washington at, 58, 76, 87, 114, 152, 162, 167–68, 174, 229, 233, 235–37, 268
Mount Vernon Compact, 171, 173
Murrow, Edward R., 273
Native Americans, 21–29, 32–34, 37, 44–52, 55–57, 83, 169, 209–10, 237, 265
navy: American, 38, 146, 159; British, 103, 109, 135, 141, 149, 151, 248, 266; French, 127, 135, 141, 150
Necessary and Proper Clause, 210, 240, 266
Nelson, Thomas, 233
Netherlands, The, 151–53
Newburgh (New York), 153–58
Newburgh Conspiracy, 155–58, 295nn38–39
New England, 90, 100–103, 107, 112, 118, 130, 150, 160, 195
New-England Courant, 7
Newfoundland, 150
New Hampshire, 250, 232, 236, 246
New Jersey, 66, 74, 82, 110, 139, 172, 209; American Revolution in, 114, 123, 128–29, 141, 145, 148; at Constitutional Convention, 203, 208; ratification of Constitution by, 226
Newport (Rhode Island), 128, 141
newspapers, 108, 244, 266–67; freedom of, 117, 244; ratification discussed in, 222, 224–30, 235; reports in, 136, 252, 258, 267; Washington hailed in, 53, 224, 227, 229, 232, 269. See also specific newspapers
New Winsor (New York), 141
New Yor
k, 44, 64, 172, 232, 246; American Revolution in, 100–101, 106, 109, 118–19, 121–24, 128–31, 142; at Constitutional Convention, 200, 202, 219. See also Manhattan, New York City
New York City, 8, 66, 70, 79; British occupation of, 122, 128–31, 140–41, 149, 151, 153, 158–61; as seat of government, 185, 260
nonimportation agreements. See boycotts of British goods
North, Lord, 83, 88, 92, 151
North Carolina, 55, 208–9, 246, 254, 306n85
Nova Scotia, 19
Ohio, Forks of the, 20–26, 29–31, 39, 168
Ohio Company, 20, 22, 29–30
Ohio Country, 7, 20–39, 43, 57, 63, 152, 169, 265, 267
Ohio River, 20, 159, 169
Olive Branch Petition, 101
Oliver, Andrew, 69
Orme, Robert, 42
Otis, James, 64, 68
Paine, Thomas, 115, 129, 288n45
paper money: state issuance of, 176, 200; congressional issuance of, 102, 137, 142
Paris (France), 126–28, 132, 142, 148, 151, 162, 166, 195
Paris (slave), 181
Parker, James, 37
Parliament, British, 38, 51, 59, 61–68, 71–89, 97–101, 108, 111, 138, 121, 151, 251
Peale, Charles Willson, 195, 212
Penn, Thomas, 59
Penn, William, 11
Penn family, as proprietors, 12, 29, 52, 59, 61, 66
Pennsylvania, 11–12, 48–53, 108, 249, 272; American Revolution in, 65–66, 69–70, 109–11, 131–32, 137–40, 154; constitution of, 125, 196; and Constitutional Convention, 177–78, 193, 196, 202–9; politics in, 49, 59, 68, 70, 81, 97, 172–73, 175–78, 183, 210, 226; ratification of Constitution by, 224–28, 310nn7–9; slavery in, 240–45; State House, 51, 177, 183–85, 193–94, 199, 225; western regions of, 7, 20, 48–49, 51, 55–57, 168. See also Ohio, Forks of the
Pennsylvania Abolition Society, 240–41, 245, 250–51
Pennsylvania Dutch, 48
Pennsylvania Gazette, 10, 28, 35, 36, 40, 50
Pennsylvania Packet, 136
Philadelphia, 29, 47–48, 51, 145, 237–38, 240–44; American Revolution in, 78–79, 131–32, 139; Constitutional Convention in, vii–ix, 172–73, 183–86, 190; federal government in, 89–94, 161, 249, 260; Franklin in, 8–11, 53, 61, 66, 91–94, 114, 167, 174, 184–86, 192–96, 237, 261, 274; Washington in, 89–90, 94, 118–19, 174, 191–223, 247, 249
Pierce, William, 198–200
Pinckney, Charles, 267, 306n109
Pitt, William (Lord Chatham), 63, 71–72, 92, 101
Pleasants, Robert, 269–71
Poe, Edger Allan, 272