Vitamin C- The Real Story

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Vitamin C- The Real Story Page 20

by Steve Hickey


  44. McCormick, W.J. “Have We Forgotten the Lesson of Scurvy?” J Appl Nutr 15:1–2 (1962): 4–12.

  45. McCormick, W.J. “Cancer: The Preconditioning Factor in Pathogenesis.” Arch Pediatr NY 71 (1954): 313. McCormick, W.J. “Cancer: A Collagen Disease, Secondary to a Nutritional Deficiency?” Arch Pediatr 76 (1959): 166.

  46. Pincus, F. “Acute Lymphatic Leukaemia.” In Nothnagel’s Encyclopedia of Practical Medicine, American Ed. Philadelphia, PA: W.B. Saunders, 1905, pp. 552–574.

  47. Gonzalez, M.J., J.R. Miranda-Massari, E.M. Mora, et al. “Orthomolecular Oncology: A Mechanistic View of Intravenous Ascorbate’s Chemotherapeutic Activity.” P R Health Sci J 21:1 (March 2002): 39–41. Hickey, S., and H. Roberts. Cancer: Nutrition and Survival. Lulu Press, 2005.

  48. McCormick, W.J. “Coronary Thrombosis: A New Concept of Mechanism and Etiology.” Clin Med 4:7 (July 1957).

  49. Scannapieco, F.A., and R.J. Genco. “Association of Periodontal Infections with Atherosclerotic and Pulmonary Diseases.” J Periodontal Res 34:7 (1999): 340–345.

  50. Paterson, J.C. “Some Factors in the Causation of Intimal Hemorrhage and in the Precipitation of Coronary Thrombosis.” Can Med Assoc J 44 (1941): 114.

  51. Enstrom, J.E., L.E. Kanim, M.A. Klein. “Vitamin C Intake and Mortality among a Sample of the United States Population.” Epidemiology 3:3 (1992): 194–202.

  52. McCormick, W.J. “The Changing Incidence and Mortality of Infectious Disease in Relation to Changed Trends in Nutrition.” Med Record (September 1947).

  53. McCormick, W.J. “Ascorbic Acid as a Chemotherapeutic Agent.” Arch Pediatr NY 69 (1952): 151–155. Available online at: http://www.doctoryourself.com/mccormick1951.html.

  54. Curhan, G.C., W.C. Willett, F.E. Speizer, et al. “Intake of Vitamins B6 and C and the Risk of Kidney Stones in Women.” J Am Soc Nephrol 10:4 (1999): 840–845.

  55. McCormick, W.J. “Lithogenesis and Hypovitaminosis.” Med Record 159:7 (1946): 410–413.

  56. McCormick, W.J. “Intervertebral Disc Lesions: A New Etiological Concept.” Arch Pediatr NY 71 (1954): 29–33.

  57. Salomon, L.L., and D.W. Stubbs. “Some Aspects of the Metabolism of Ascorbic Acid in Rats.” Ann NY Acad Sci 92 (1961): 128–140. Conney, A.H., et al. “Metabolic Interactions between L-Ascorbic Acid and Drugs.” Ann NY Acad Sci 92 (1961): 115–127.

  58. Armour, J., K. Tyml, D. Lidington, et al. “Ascorbate Prevents Microvascular Dysfunction in the Skeletal Muscle of the Septic Rat.” J Appl Physiol 90:3 (2001): 795–803.

  59. Conney, A.H., C.A. Bray, C. Evans, et al. “Metabolic Interactions between L-Ascorbic Acid and Drugs.” Ann NY Acad Sci 92 (1961): 115–127.

  60. Pauling, L. “Evolution and the Need for Ascorbic Acid.” Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 67 (1970): 1643–1648.

  61. Hickey, S., and H. Roberts. Ridiculous Dietary Allowance. Lulu Press, 2005.

  Chapter 3: Taking Vitamin C

  1. Hickey, S., and H. Roberts. Ridiculous Dietary Allowance. Lulu Press, 2005.

  2. Ibid.

  3. Expert Group on Vitamins and Minerals. “Review of Vitamin C.” U.K. Government Update Paper EVM/99/21/P. London: Expert Group on Vitamins and Minerals, November 1999.

  4. McCormick, W.J. “Coronary Thrombosis: A New Concept of Mechanism and Etiology.” Clin Med 4:7 (July 1957) 839–845.

  5. Levine, M., C. Conry-Cantilena, Y. Wang, et al. “Vitamin C Pharmacokinetics in Healthy Volunteers: Evidence for a Recommended Dietary Allowance.” Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 93 (1996): 3704–3709. Standing Committee on Dietary Reference Intakes, Institute of Medicine. Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Selenium, and Carotenoids: A Report of the Panel on Dietary Antioxidants and Related Compounds. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 2000. Levine, M., Y. Wang, S.J. Padayatty, et al. “A New Recommended Dietary Allowance of Vitamin C for Healthy Young Women.” Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 98:17 (2001): 9842–9846.

  6. Kallner, A., I. Hartmann, D. Hornig. “Steady-state Turnover and Body Pool of Ascorbic Acid in Man.” Am J Clin Nutr 32 (1979): 530–539.

  7. Baker, E.M., R.E. Hodges, J. Hood, et al. “Metabolism of Ascorbic-1-14C Acid in Experimental Human Scurvy.” Am J Clin Nutr 22:5 (1969): 549–558.

  8. Kallner, A., I. Hartmann, D. Hornig. “On the Absorption of Ascorbic Acid in Man.” Intl J Vitamin Nutr Res 47 (1977): 383–388. Hornig, D.H., and U. Moser. “The Safety of High Vitamin C Intakes in Man.” In Counsell, J.N., and D.H. Hornig (eds.). Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid). London: Applied Science Publishers, 1981, pp. 225–248.

  9. Young, V.R. “Evidence for a Recommended Dietary Allowance for Vitamin C from Pharmacokinetics: A Comment and Analysis.” Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 93 (1996): 14344–14348. Ginter, E. “Current Views of the Optimum Dose of Vitamin C.” Slovakofarma Rev XII (2002): 1, 4–8.

  10. Hornig, D. “Distribution of Ascorbic Acid, Metabolites and Analogues in Man and Animals.” Ann NY Acad Sci 258 (1975): 103–118. Moser, U. “The Uptake of Ascorbic Acid by Leukocytes.” Ann NY Acad Sci 198 (1987): 200–215.

  11. Watson, R.W.G “Redox Regulation of Neutrophil Apoptosis, Antioxidants and Redox Signalling.” Forum Rev 4:1 (2002): 97–104. Kinnula, V.L., Y. Soini, K. Kvist-Makela, et al. “Antioxidant Defense Mechanisms in Human Neutrophils, Antioxidants and Redox Signalling.” Forum Rev 4:1 (2002): 27–34.

  12. Hickey, S., and H. Roberts. Ascorbate: The Science of Vitamin C. Lulu Press, 2004.

  13. Washko, P., and M.J. Levine. “Inhibition of Ascorbic Acid Transport in Human Neutrophils by Glucose.” Biol Chem 267:33 (1992): 23568–23574.

  14. Santisteban, G.A., and J.T. Ely. “Glycemic Modulation of Tumor Tolerance in a Mouse Model of Breast Cancer.” Biochem Biophys Res Commun 132:3 (1985): 1174–1179. Hamel, E.E., G.A. Santisteban, J.T. Ely, et al. “Hyperglycemia and Reproductive Defects in Non-diabetic Gravidas: A Mouse Model Test of a New Theory.” Life Sci 39:16 (1986): 1425–1428. Ely, J.T. “Glycemic Modulation of Tumor Tolerance.” J Orthomolecular Med 11:1 (1996): 23–34. Fladeby, C., R. Skar, G. Serck-Hanssen. “Distinct Regulation of Glucose Transport and GLUT1/GLUT3 Transporters by Glucose Deprivation and IGF-I in Chromaffin Cells.” Biochim Biophys Acta 1593:2–3 (2003): 201–208.

  15. Daruwala, R., J. Song, W.S. Koh, et al. “Cloning and Functional Characterization of the Human Sodium-dependent Vitamin C Transporters hSVCT1 and hSVCT2.” FEBS Lett 460:3 (1999): 480–484. Tsukaguchi, H., T. Tokui, B. Mackenzie, et al. “A Family of Mammalian Na+-dependent L-Ascorbic Acid Transporters.” Nature 399 (1999): 70–75.

  16. Olson, A.L., and J.E. Pessin. “Structure, Function and Regulation of the Mammalian Facilitative Glucose Transporter Gene Family.” Annu Rev Nutr 16 (1996): 235–256. Mueckler, M. “Facilitative Glucose Transporters.” Eur J Biochem 219 (1994): 713–725.

  17. Cathcart, R.F. “Vitamin C: The Nontoxic, Nonrate-limited, Antioxidant Free Radical Scavenger.” Med Hypotheses 18 (1985): 61–77.

  18. Douglas, R.M., H. Hemila, R. D’Souza, et al. “Vitamin C for Preventing and Treating the Common Cold.” Cochrane Database Syst Rev 18:4 (2004): CD000980.

  19. Drisco, J. Data presented at the Nutritional Medicine Today Conference, Toronto, Canada, 2007.

  20. Yung, S., M. Mayersohn, J.B. Robinson. “Ascorbic Acid Absorption in Humans: A Comparison among Several Dosage Forms.” J Pharm Sci 71:3 (1982): 282–285.

  21. Gregory, J.F. “Ascorbic Acid Bioavailability in Foods and Supplements.” Nutr Rev 51:10 (1993): 301–303.

  22. Pelletier, O., and M.O. Keith. “Bioavailability of Synthetic and Natural Ascorbic Acid.” J Am Diet Assoc 64 (1964): 271–275.

  23. Mangels, A.R., G. Block, C.M. Frey, et al. “The Bioavailability to Humans of Ascorbic Acid from Oranges, Orange Juice and Cooked Broccoli is Similar to that of Synthetic Ascorbic Acid.” J Nutr 123:6 (1993): 1054–1061.

  24. Gregory, J.F. “Ascorbic Acid Bioavailability in Foods and Supplements.” Nutr Rev 51:10 (1993): 301–303.

  25. Vinson, J.A., and P. Bose. “Comparative Bioavailability to Humans of Ascorb
ic Acid Alone or in a Citrus Extract.” Am J Clin Nutr 48:3 (1988): 601–604. Johnston, C.S., and B. Luo. “Comparison of the Absorption and Excretion of Three Commercially Available Sources of Vitamin C.” J Am Diet Assoc 94:7 (1994): 779–781.

  26. Spiclin, P., M. Gasperlin, V. Kmetec. “Stability of Ascorbyl Palmitate in Topical Microemulsions.” Intl J Pharm 222:2 (2001): 271–279.

  27. De Ritter, E., N. Cohen, S.H. Rubin. “Physiological Availability of Dehydro-L-Ascorbic Acid and Palmitoyl-L-Ascorbic Acid.” Science 113:2944 (1951): 628–631.

  28. Levine, M., S.C. Rumsey, R. Daruwala, et al. “Criteria and Recommendations for Vitamin C Intake.” JAMA 281 (1999): 1415–1423.

  29. American Association of Poison Control Centers (AAPCC). “Annual Report of the American Association of Poison Control Centers’ National Poisoning and Exposure Database.” (Formerly known as the Toxic Exposure Surveillance System.) Washington, DC: AAPCC, 1983–2005.

  30. National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS). “1987 Summary: National Hospital Discharge Survey.” Washington, DC: NCHS, 1987.

  31. Ray, W.A., M.R. Griffin, R.I. Shorr. “Adverse Drug Reactions and the Elderly.” Health Affairs 9 (1990): 114–122.

  32. Ostapowicz, G., R.J. Fontana, F.V. Schiødt, et al. “Results of a Prospective Study of Acute Liver Failure at 17 Tertiary Care Centers in the United States.” Ann Intern Med 137 (2002): 947–954.

  33. Nourjah, P., S.R. Ahmad, C. Karwoski, et al. “Estimates of Acetaminophen (Paracetomal)-associated Overdoses in the United States.” Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Safety 15:6 (2006): 398–405.

  34. Gurkirpal, S. “Recent Considerations in Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drug Gastropathy.” Am J Med (July 1998): 31S. Wolfe, M., D. Lichtenstein, S. Gurkirpal. “Gastrointestinal Toxicity of Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs.” N Engl J Med 340:24 (1999): 1888–1889.

  35. Kohn, L., J. Corrigan, M. Donaldson. To Err is Human: Building a Safer Health System. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1999.

  36. Leape, L.L. “Unnecessary Surgery.” Annu Rev Public Health 13 (1992): 363–383. Phillips, D.P., N. Christenfeld, L.M. Glynn. “Increase in U.S. Medication-error Deaths between 1983 and 1993.” Lancet 351:9103 (1998): 643–644. Lazarou, J., B.H. Pomeranz, P.N. Corey. “Incidence of Adverse Drug Reactions in Hospitalized Patients: A Meta-analysis of Prospective Studies.” JAMA 279:15 (April 1998): 1200–1205.

  37. Johnston, C.S. “Biomarkers for Establishing a Tolerable Upper Intake Level for Vitamin C.” Nutr Rev 57 (1999): 71–77. Garewal, H.S., and A.T. Diplock. “How ‘Safe’ are Antioxidant Vitamins?” Drug Safety 13:1 (July 1995): 8–14. Diplock, A.T. “Safety of Antioxidant Vitamins and Beta-carotene.” Am J Clin Nutr 62:6 Suppl (1995): 1510S–1516S.

  38. McCormick, W.J. “Lithogenesis and Hypovitaminosis.” Med Record 159 (1946): 410–413.

  39. van Aswegen, C.H., J.C. Dirksen van Sckalckwyk, P.J. du Toit, et al. “The Effect of Calcium and Magnesium Ions on Urinary Urokinase and Sialidase Activity.” Urol Res 20:1 (1992): 41–44.

  40. Lemann Jr., J., W.F. Piering, E. Lennon. “Possible Role of Carbohydrateinduced Calciuria in Calcium Oxalate Kidney-stone Formation.” N Engl J Med 280:5 (1969): 232–237.

  41. Chalmers, A.H, D.M. Cowley, J.M. Brown. “A Possible Etiological Role for Ascorbate in Calculi Formation.” Clin Chem 32:2 (1986): 333–336. Baxmann, A.C., G. De O, C. Mendonça, et al. “Effect of Vitamin C Supplements on Urinary Oxalate and pH in Calcium Stone-forming Patients.” Kidney Intl 63 (2003): 1066–1071. Auer, B.L., D. Auer, A.L. Rodgers. “The Effect of Ascorbic Acid Ingestion on the Biochemical and Physicochemical Risk Factors Associated with Calcium Oxalate Kidney Stone Formation.” Clin Chem Lab Med 36:3 (1998): 143–147.

  42. Tiselius, H. “Stone Incidence and Prevention.” Brazil J Urol 26:5 (2000): 452–462.

  43. Curhan, G.C., W.C. Willett, F.E. Speizer, et al. “Megadose Vitamin C Consumption Does Not Cause Kidney Stones. Intake of Vitamins B6 and C and the Risk of Kidney Stones in Women.” J Am Soc Nephrol 4 (April 1999): 840–845.

  44. Curhan, G.C., W.C. Willett, E.B. Rimm, et al. “A Prospective Study of the Intake of Vitamins C and B6, and the Risk of Kidney Stones in Men.” J Urol 155:6 (1996): 1847–1851.

  45. Ruwende, C., and A. Hill. “Glucose-6-phosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency and Malaria.” J Mol Med 76:8 (1998): 581–588.

  46. Liu, T.Z., T.F. Lin, I.J. Hung, et al. “Enhanced Susceptibility of Erythrocytes Deficient in Glucose-6-phosphate Dehydrogenase to Alloxan/glutathioneinduced Decrease in Red Cell Deformability.” Life Sci 55:3 (1994): 55–60.

  47. Ballin, A., E.J. Brown, G. Koren, et al. “Vitamin C-induced Erythrocyte Damage in Premature Infants.” J Pediatr 113 (1998): 114–120. Mentzer, W.C., and E. Collier. “Hydrops Fetalis Associated with Erythrocyte G-6-PD Deficiency and Maternal Ingestion of Fava Beans and Ascorbic Acid.” J Pediatr 86 (1975): 565–567. Campbell Jr., G.D., M.H. Steinberg, J.D. Bower. “Ascorbic Acid-induced Hemolysis in G-6-PD Deficiency.” Ann Intern Med 82 (1975): 810. Rees, D.C., H. Kelsey, J.D.M. Richards. “Acute Hemolysis Induced by High-dose Ascorbic Acid in Glucose-6-phosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency.” Br Med J 306 (1993): 841–842.

  48. Council for Responsible Nutrition. “Fact Sheet: Are Vitamins and Minerals Safe for Persons with G6PD Deficiency?” Washington, DC: Council for Responsible Nutrition, 2005. Available online at: http://www.crnusa.org/pdfs/CRN_G6PDDeficiency_0305.pdf.

  49. Cook, J.D., S.S. Watson, K.M. Simpson, et al. “The Effect of High Ascorbic Acid Supplementation on Body Iron Stores.” Blood 64 (1984): 721–726. Hunt, J.R., S.K. Gallagher, L.K. Johnson. “Effect of Ascorbic Acid on Apparent Iron Absorption by Women with Low Iron Stores.” Am J Clin Nutr 59 (1994): 1381–1385.

  50. Bacon, B.R., J.K. Olynyk, E.M. Brunt, et al. “HFE Genotype in Patients with Hemochromatosis and Other Liver Diseases.” Ann Intern Med 130 (1999): 953–962.

  51. McLaran, C.J., J.H.N. Bett, J.A. Nye, et al. “Congestive Cardiomyopathy and Haemochromatosis—Rapid Progression Possibly Accelerated by Excessive Ingestion of Ascorbic Acid.” Aust NZ J Med 12 (1982): 187–188.

  52. Berger, T.M., M.C. Polidori, A. Dabbagh, et al. “Antioxidant Activity of Vitamin C in Iron-overloaded Human Plasma.” J Biol Chem 272 (1997): 15656–15660.

  53. Cathcart, R.F. Personal communication, 2006.

  54. Appell, D. “The New Uncertainty Principle: For Complex Environmental Issues, Science Learns to Take a Backseat to Political Precaution.” Sci Am (January 2001). Available online at: http://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?colID=18&articleID=000C3111-2859-1C71-84A9809EC588EF21.

  Chapter 4: Conventional Medicine versus Vitamin C

  1. Lanfranchi, A. “The Abortion-Breast Cancer Link: What Today’s Evidence Shows.” Ethics and Medics 28:1 (January 2003): 1–4.

  2. Lemjabbar, H., D. Li, M. Gallup, et al. “Tobacco Smoke-induced Lung Cell Proliferation Mediated by Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha–converting Enzyme and Amphiregulin.” J Biol Chem 278:28 (2003): 26202–26207.

  3. Bernert, J.T., R.B. Jain, J.L. Pirkle, et al. “Urinary Tobacco-specific Nitrosamines and 4-Aminobiphenyl Hemoglobin Adducts Measured in Smokers of Either Regular or Light Cigarettes.” Nicotine Tobacco Res 7:5 (2005): 729–738.

  4. Zhou, H., G.M. Calaf, T.K. Hei. “Malignant Transformation of Human Bronchial Epithelial Cells with the Tobacco-specific Nitrosamine, 4-(Methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone.” Intl J Cancer 106:6 (2003): 821–826. Rubin, H. “Selective Clonal Expansion and Microenvironmental Permissiveness in Tobacco Carcinogenesis.” Oncogene 21:48 (2002): 7392–7411.

  5. D’Agostini, F., R.M. Balansky, C. Bennicelli, et al. (2001) “Pilot Studies Evaluating the Lung Tumor Yield in Cigarette Smoke-exposed Mice.” Intl J Oncol 18:3 (2001): 607–615. Coggins, C.R. “A Minireview of Chronic Animal Inhalation Studies with Mainstream Cigarette Smoke.” Inhal Toxicol 14:10 (2002): 991–1002.

  6. Witschi, H., I. Espiritu, M. Ly, et al. “The Chemopreventive Effects of Orally Administered Dexamethasone in Strain A/J Mice Following Cessa
tion of Smoke Exposure.” Inhal Toxicol 17:2 (2005): 119–122. Curtin, G.M., M.A. Higuchi, P.H. Ayres, et al. “Lung Tumorigenicity in A/J and rasH2 Transgenic Mice Following Mainstream Tobacco Smoke Inhalation.” Toxicol Sci 81:1 (2004): 26–34. Witschi, H. “Induction of Lung Cancer by Passive Smoking in an Animal Model System.” Methods Mol Med 74 (2003): 441–455.

  7. Epstein, S. Stop Cancer Before It Starts Campaign: How to Win the Losing War on Cancer. Chicago, IL: Cancer Prevention Coalition, 2003. Doll, R., and R. Peto. “The Causes of Cancer: Quantitative Estimates of Avoidable Risks of Cancer in the U.S. Today.” J Natl Cancer Inst 66 (1981): 1191–1308. Castle-man, B. “Doll’s 1955 Study on Cancer from Asbestos.” Am J Ind Med 39 (2001): 237–240. Doll, R. “Effects of Exposure to Vinyl Chloride and Assessment of the Evidence.” Scand J Work Environ Health 14 (1988): 61–78.

  8. An appreciation of Bradford Hill from Professor Peter Armitage, former president of the Royal Statistical Society. J Royal Stat Soc 154:3 (1991):482–484

  9. Proctor, R.N. Nazi War on Cancer. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2000.

  10. Doll, R., et al. “Mortality in Relation to Smoking: Forty Years’ Observations on Male British Doctors.” Br Med J 309 (1994): 901–909. Sharp, D. “Cancer Prevention Tomorrow.” Lancet 341 (1993): 486.

  11. MacMahon, B., S. Yen, D. Trichopoulos, et al. “Coffee and Cancer of the Pancreas.” N Engl J Med 304:11 (1981): 630–633.

  12. Weinstein, N.D. “Reactions to Life-style Warnings: Coffee and Cancer.” Health Educ Q 12:2 (1985): 129–134. Tavani, A., and C. La Vecchia. “Coffee and Cancer: A Review of Epidemiological Studies, 1990–1999.” Eur J Cancer Prev 9:4 (2000): 241–256.

  13. Kurozawa, Y., I. Ogimoto, A. Shibata, et al. “Coffee and Risk of Death from Hepatocellular Carcinoma in a Large Cohort Study in Japan.” Br J Cancer 93:5 (2005): 607–610. Shimazu, T., Y. Tsubono, S. Kuriyama, et al. “Coffee Consumption and the Risk of Primary Liver Cancer: Pooled Analysis of Two Prospective Studies in Japan.” Intl J Cancer 116:1 (2005): 150–154. Jordan, S.J., D.M. Purdie, A.C. Green, et al. “Coffee, Tea and Caffeine and Risk of Epithelial Ovarian Cancer.” Cancer Causes Control 15:4 (2004): 359–365. Jacobsen, B.K., E. Bjelke, G. Kvale, et al. “Coffee Drinking, Mortality, and Cancer Incidence: Results from a Norwegian Prospective Study.” J Natl Cancer Inst 76:5 (1986): 823–831.

 

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