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20. Vinten-Johansen, P., et al. Cholera, Chloroform, and the Science of Medicine: A Life of John Snow. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 2003.
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25. Halliday, S. The Great Stink of London: Sir Joseph Bazalgette and the Cleansing of the Victorian Metropolis. Stroud, England: Sutton, 2001.
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35. Gigerenzer, G. Reckoning with Risk. New York, NY: Penguin, 2003.
36. Douglas, R.M., H. Hemilä, E. Chalker, et al. “Vitamin C for Preventing and Treating the Common Cold.” (Review.) Cochrane Library Issue 3 (2007).
37. Schwartz, A.R., Y. Togo, R.B. Hornick, et al. “Evaluation of the Efficacy of Ascorbic Acid in Prophylaxis of Induced Rhinovirus 44 Infection in Man.” J Infect Dis 128 (1973): 500–505. Walker, G., M.L. Bynoe, D.A. Tyrrell. “Trial of Ascorbic Acid in Prevention of Colds.” Br Med J 1 (1967): 603–606. Karlowski, T.R., T.C. Chalmers, L.D. Frenkel, et al. “Ascorbic Acid for the Common Cold.” JAMA 231 (1975): 1038–1042.
38. Higgins, R. “Doses Too Small.” In Douglas, R.M., H. Hemilä, E. Chalker, et al. “Vitamin C for Preventing and Treating the Common Cold.” (Review.) Cochrane Library Issue 3 (2007).
39. Cathcart, R.F. “The Three Faces of Vitamin C.” J Orthomolecular Med 7:4 (1993): 197–200.
40. Cathcart, R.F. “Vitamin C: The Non-toxic, Non-rate-limited, Antioxidant Free Radical Scavenger.” Med Hypotheses 18 (1985): 61–77.
41. Cathcart, R.F. “Vitamin C, Titrating to Bowel Tolerance, Anascorbemia, and Acute Induced Scurvy.” Med Hypotheses 7 (1981): 1359–1376. Available online at: http://www.doctoryourself.com/titration.html.
42. Anderson, T.W., G. Suranyi, G.H. Beaton. “The Effect on Winter Illness of Large Doses of Vitamin C.” Can Med Assoc J 111 (1974): 31–36.
43. Hickey, S., and H. Roberts. Ascorbate: The Science of Vitamin C. Lulu Press, 2004.
44. Angell, M. The Truth About the Drug Companies. New York, NY: Random House, 2004. Goozner, M. The $800 Million Pill. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 2004.
45. Sardi, Bill. Personal communication (2006).
46. Taylor, H. “Reputation of Pharmaceutical Companies, While Still Poor, Improves for Second Year in a Row.” Healthcare News 6:5 (May 2006). Harris Interactive. http://www.harrisinteractive.com.
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50. Kienle, G.S., and H. Kiene. “The Powerful Placebo Effect: Fact or Fiction?” J Clin Epidemiol 50:12 (1997): 1311–1318.
51. Levine, M.E., R.M. Stern, K.L. Koch. “The Effects of Manipulating Expectations through Placebo and Nocebo Administration on Gastric Tachyarrhythmia and Motion-induced Nausea.” Psychosom Med 68 (2006): 478–486.
52. Hróbjartsson, A., and P.C. Gotzsche. “Is the Placebo Powerless? An Analysis of Clinical Trials Comparing Placebo with No Treatment.” N Engl J Med 344:21 (2001): 1594–1602. [Erratum: N Engl J Med 345:4 (2001): 304.]
53. Spiegel, D., H. Kraemer, R.W. Carlson. “Is the Placebo Powerless?” N Engl J Med 345:17 (2001): 1276. Klosterhalfen, S., and P. Enck. “Psychobiology of the Placebo Response.” Auton Neurosci 125:1–2 (2006): 94–99.
54. Kolata, G. “Placebo Effect is More Myth Than Science, a Study Says.” The New York Times (May 24, 2001).
55. Cameron, E., and L. Pauling. Cancer and Vitamin C. Philadelphia, PA: Camino Books, 1993. Cameron, E., and L. Pauling. “Supplemental Ascorbate in the Supportive Treatment of Cancer: Reevaluation of Prolongation of Survival Times in Terminal Human Cancer.” Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 75 (1978): 4538–4542. Hoffer, A. Vitamin C and Cancer: Discovery, Recovery, Controversy. Kingston, ON, Canada: Quarry Press, 2000. Murata, A., F. Morishige, H. Yamaguchi. “Prolongation of Survival Times of Terminal Cancer Patients by Administration of Large Doses of Ascorbate.” Intl J Vitamin Nutr Res Suppl 23 (1982): 101–113.
56. Matre, D., K.L. Casey, S. Knardahl. “Placebo-induced Changes in Spinal Cord Pain Processing.” J Neurosci 26:2 (2006): 559–563. Dworkin, R.H., J. Katz, M.J. Gitlin. “Placebo Response in Clinical
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57. Benedetti, F., H.S. Mayberg, T.D. Wager, et al. “Neurobiological Mechanisms of the Placebo Effect.” J Neurosci 25:45 (2005): 10390–10402.
58. Ellis, S.J., and R.F. Adams. “The Cult of the Double-blind Placebo-controlled Trial.” Br J Clin Pract 51:1 (1997): 36–39.
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60. Sech, S.M., J.D. Montoya, P.A. Bernier, et al. “The So-called ‘Placebo Effect’ in Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia Treatment Trials Represents Partially a Conditional Regression to the Mean Induced by Censoring.” Urology 51:2 (1998): 242–250.
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Chapter 5: The Need for Antioxidants
1. Halliwell, B., and J.M.C. Gutteridge. Free Radicals in Biology and Medicine. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, 1999.
2. Packer, L., and C. Colman. The Antioxidant Miracle. New York, NY: Wiley, 1999.
3. Linster, C.L., T.A. Gomez, K.C. Christensen, et al. “Arabidopsis VTC2 Encodes a GDP-L-galactose Phosphorylase, the Last Unknown Enzyme in the Smirnoff-Wheeler Pathway to Ascorbic Acid in Plants.” J Biol Chem 282:26 (2007): 18879–18885.
4. Bors, W., and G.R. Buettner. “The Vitamin C Radical and Its Reactions.” In Packer, L., and J. Fuchs (eds.). Vitamin C in Health and Disease. New York, NY: Marcel Dekker, 1997, pp. 75–94.
5. Kubin, A., K. Kaudela, R. Jindra, et al. “Dehydroascorbic Acid in Urine as a Possible Indicator of Surgical Stress.” Ann Nutr Metab 47:1 (2003): 1–5.
6. Sinclair, A.J., P.B. Taylor. J. Lunec, et al. “Low Plasma Ascorbate Levels in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Consuming Adequate Dietary Vitamin C.” Diabet Med 11:9 (1994): 893–898.
7. Rusakow, L.S., J. Han, M.A. Hayward, et al. “Pulmonary Oxygen Toxicity in Mice is Characterized by Alterations in Ascorbate Redox Status.” J Appl Physiol 79:5 (1995): 1769–1776.
8. Obrosova, I.G., L. Fathallah, E. Liu, et al. “Early Oxidative Stress in the Diabetic Kidney: Effect of DL-Alpha-lipoic Acid.” Free Radic Biol Med 34:2 (2003): 186–195. Jiang, Q., J. Lykkesfeldt, M.K. Shigenaga, et al. “Gammatocopherol Supplementation Inhibits Protein Nitration and Ascorbate Oxidation in Rats with Inflammation.” Free Radic Biol Med 33:11 (2002): 1534–1542. Simoes, S.I., C.V. Eleuterio, M.E. Cruz, et al. “Biochemical Changes in Arthritic Rats: Dehydroascorbic and Ascorbic Acid Levels.” Eur J Pharm Sci 18:2 (2003): 185–189.
9. Schafer, F., and G.R. Buettner. “Redox Environment of the Cell as Viewed Through the Redox State of the Glutathione Disulfide/Glutathione Couple.” Free Radic Biol Med 30:11 (2001): 1191–1202.
10. Montecinos, V., P. Guzmán, V. Barra, et al. (2007) “Vitamin C is an Essential Antioxidant that Enhances Survival of Oxidatively Stressed Human Vascular Endothelial Cells in the Presence of a Vast Molar Excess of Glutathione.” J Biol Chem 282:21 (May 2007): 15506–15515.
11. Cathcart, R.F. “Vitamin C: The Nontoxic, Non-rate-limited, Antioxidant Free Radical Scavenger.” Med Hypotheses 18 (1985): 61–77.
12. Hickey, S., R.F. Cathcart, H.J. Roberts. “Dynamic Flow.” J Orthomolecular Med 20:4 (2005): 237–244.
13. Vitamin C Foundation. http://www.vitamincfoundation.org/suref2ire.htm. Accessed April 7, 2007.
14. Chakrabarti, B., and S. Banerjee. “Dehydroascorbic Acid Level in Blood of Patients Suffering from Various Infectious Diseases.” Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 88 (1955): 581–583.
15. May, J.M., Z. Qu, X. Li. “Requirement for GSH in Recycling of Ascorbic Acid in Endothelial Cells.” Biochem Pharmacol 62:7 (2001): 873–881. Vethanayagam, J.G., E.H. Green, R.C. Rose, et al. “Glutathione-dependent Ascorbate Recycling Activity of Rat Serum Albumin.” Free Radic Biol Med 26 (1999): 1591–1598. Mendiratta, S., Z.C. Qu, J.M. May. “Enzyme-dependent Ascorbate Recycling in Human Erythrocytes: Role of Thioredoxin Reductase.” Free Radic Biol Med 25 (1998): 221–228.
16. Jacob, R.A. “The Integrated Antioxidant System.” Nutr Res 15 (1995): 755–766. Lewin, S. Vitamin C: Its Molecular Biology and Medical Potential. New York, NY: Academic Press, 1976. Cathcart, R.F. “A Unique Function for Ascorbate.” Med Hypotheses 35 (1991): 32–37. Pauling, L. General Chemistry. New York, NY: Dover, 1988.
Chapter 6: Infectious Diseases
1. Bhopal, R.S. “Generating Health from Patterns of Disease.” Proc R Coll Physicians Edinburgh 31 (2001): 293–298.
2. Falco, V., F. de Silva, J. Alegre, et al. “Legionella pneumophila: A Cause of Severe Community-acquired Pneumonia.” Chest 100 (1991): 1007–1011. el-Ebiary, M., X. Sarmiento, A. Torres, et al. “Prognostic Factors of Severe Legionella Pneumonia Requiring Admission to ICU.” Am J Respir Crit Care Med 156 (1997): 1467–1472. Marston, B.J., H.B. Lipman, R.F. Breiman. “Surveillance for Legionnaires’ Disease: Risk Factors for Morbidity and Mortality.” Arch Intern Med 154 (1994): 2417–2422.
3. England, A.C., D.W. Fraser, B.D. Plikaytis, et al. “Sporadic Legione
llosis in the United States: The First Thousand Cases.” Ann Intern Med 94 (1981): 164–170. Lettinga, K.D., A. Verbon, G.J. Weverling, et al. “Legionnaires’ Disease at a Dutch Flower Show: Prognostic Factors and Impact of Therapy.” Emerg Infect Dis 8:12 (December 2002): 1448–1454.
4. Levy, T.E. Vitamin C, Infectious Disease and Toxins. Xlibris, 2002.
5. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Vital Statistics of the U.S., Vol. 2. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 1989.
6. Cathcart, R.F. “Vitamin C Function in AIDS.” Medical Tribune (July 13, 1983). Cathcart, R.F. “Vitamin C in the Treatment of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS).” Med Hypotheses 14 (1984): 423–433.
7. Brighthope, I., and P. Fitzgerald. The AIDS Fighters. New Canaan, CT: Keats, 1987.
8. Hickey, S., and H. Roberts. Ascorbate: The Science of Vitamin C. Lulu Press, 2004.
9. Sardi, B. “Global Battle Erupts Over Vitamin Supplements.” www.lewrockwell.com. May 16, 2005.
10. Fuller, J.G. Fever! The Hunt for a New Killer Virus. Pleasantville, NY: Reader’s Digest Press, 1974.
11. Klenner, F. “The Significance of High Daily Intake of Ascorbic Acid in Preventive Medicine.” In Williams, R., and D.K. Kalita (eds.). Physician’s Handbook on Orthomolecular Medicine, 3rd ed. New York, NY: Pergamon, 1977.
12. Cathcart, R.F. “Clinical Trial of Vitamin C.” (Letter to the Editor.) Medical Tribune (June 25, 1975).
13. Cathcart, R.F. “Vitamin C Titrating to Bowel Tolerance, Anascorbemia and Acute Induced Scurvy.” Med Hypotheses 7 (1981): 1359–1376.
14. Levy, T.E. Vitamin C, Infectious Disease and Toxins. Xlibris, 2002. Hoffer, A., and M. Walker. Putting It All Together: The New Orthomolecular Nutrition. New Canaan, CT: Keats, 1978.