Delphi Complete Works of Dio Chrysostom

by Dio Chrysostom

  [107] The most surprising thing of all, however, is that he who is rich in friends is able, although but one man, to do a multiplicity of things at the same time, to deliberate about many matters simultaneously, to see many things, to hear many things, and to be in many places at once — a thing difficult even for the gods — with the result that there is nothing remaining anywhere that is bereft of his solicitude.

  [108] καὶ τοίνυν οὐχ ἧττον αἱ τῶν φίλων εὐπάθειαι τὸν ἀγαθὸν πεφύκασιν εὐφραίνειν τῆς αὐτοῦ τινος τέρψεως. πῶς γὰρ οὐ μακαριστόν, ὅτῳ πάρεστι πολλοῖς [p. 52] μὲν σώμασιν ἡδόμενον εὐφραίνεσθαι, πολλαῖς δὲ διανοίαις φροντίζοντα βουλεύεσθαι πολλαῖς δὲ ψυχαῖς εὐτυχοῦντα χαίρειν;

  [108] Once more, the happy experiences of his friends are bound to delight a good man no less than some joy of his own. For is that man not most blessed who has many bodies with which to be happy when he experiences a pleasure, many souls with which to rejoice when he is fortunate?

  [109] εἰ δὲ δόξα τοῖς φιλοτίμοις περισπούδαστον, πολλάκις ἂν εὐδοξεῖν εἴη τῶν φίλων ἐπαινουμένων. εἰ δὲ πλοῦτος πέφυκεν εὐφραίνειν τοὺς κτωμένους, πολλάκις ἂν εἴη πλούσιος ὁ τοῖς φίλοις μεταδιδοὺς

  [109] And if glory be the high goal of the ambitious, he may achieve it many times over through the eulogies of his friends. If wealth naturally gladdens its possessor, he can be rich many times over who shares what he has with his friends.

  [110] τῶν παρόντων. καὶ τοίνυν ἡδὺ μὲν χαρίζεσθαι τοῖς ἐλευθέροις, ἀφθόνων ὄντων, ἡδὺ δὲ λαμβάνειν δῶρα, δικαίως λαμβάνοντα καὶ δι᾽ ἀρετήν: ὁ τοίνυν τοῖς φίλοις χαριζόμενος ἥδεται ἅμα μὲν ὡς διδούς, ἅμα δὲ ὡς αὐτὸς κτώμενος. καὶ γὰρ δὴ παλαιός ἐστιν ὁ λόγος ὁ κοινὰ ἀποφαίνων τὰ τῶν φίλων. οὐκοῦν ἀγαθῶν

  [110] Then, too, while it is a pleasure to show favours to good men and true when one’s means are ample, it is also a pleasure to receive gifts when they are deserved and for merit. Hence, he who shows his friends a favour rejoices both as giver and as receiver at the same time. Old, in sooth, is the proverb which says that “Common are the possessions of friends.” Therefore, when the good have good things, these will certainly be held in common.

  [111] παρόντων τοῖς ἀγαθοῖς οὐχ ἥκιστα ἂν εἴη ταῦτα κοινά. ἐν μὲν οὖν τοῖς ἄλλοις οὐ πάντως ὑπερβάλλειν τοὺς ἰδιώτας ὁ τοιοῦτος βασιλεὺς βούλεται, πολλαχοῦ δὲ καὶ ἔλαττον ἐκείνων ἔχειν, οἷον σχολῆς, ῥᾳθυμίας, ἀνέσεως: ἐν μόνῃ δὲ φιλίᾳ βούλεται πλεονεκτεῖν.

  [111] Now, while in any other matter, such as leisure, ease, and relaxation, our good king does not wish to have unvarying advantage over private citizens and, indeed, would often be satisfied with less, in the one matter of friendship he does want to have the larger portion;

  [128] οὐχ οὕτως δ᾽ ἡγεῖται μακάριον ὅτι ἔξεστι κεκτῆσθαι καλλίστους μὲνἵππους, κάλλιστα δὲ ὅπλα, καλλίστην δὲ ἐσθῆτα, καὶ τἄλλα ὁμοίως, ἀλλ᾽ ὅτι φίλους τοὺς καλλίστους, καὶ πολύ γε αἴσχιον φιλίας ἐνδεέστερον ἔχειν τῶν ἰδιωτῶν ἢ τούτων τινός.

  [112] and he doubtless thinks it in no wise peculiar or strange — nay, he actually exults because young people love him more than they do their parents, and older men more than they do their children, because his associates love him more than they do their peers, and those who know him only by hearsay love him more than they do their nearest neighbours.

  [129] ᾧ γὰρ ἐξ ἁπάντων ἀνθρώπων ἐκλέξασθαι τοὺς πιστοτάτους ὑπάρχει, καὶ σχεδὸν οὐδείς ἐστιν ὃς οὐκ ἂν ἄσμενος ὑπακούσειεν αὐτῷ βουλομένῳχρῆσθαι, πῶς οὐ καταγέλαστον τοῦτον μὴ χρῆσθαι τοῖς σπουδαιοτάτοις; οἱ μὲν γὰρ πολλοὶ τῶν δυναστῶν τοὺς ὅπως δήποτε πλησίον γενομένους καὶ τοὺς κολακεύειν ἐθέλοντας, τούτους μόνους ὁρῶσι, τοὺς δὲ ἄλλους πάντας ἀπελαύνουσι, καὶ τούς γε βελτίστους ἔτι μᾶλλον.

  [113] Extremely fond of kith and kin though he may be, yet, in a way, he considers friendship a greater good than kinship. For a man’s friends are useful even without the family tie, but without friendship not even the most nearly related are of service. So high a value does he set on friendship as to hold that at no time has anyone been wronged by a friend, and that such a thing belongs to the category of the impossible;

  [130] ὁ δὲ ἐξ ἁπάντων ποιεῖται τὴν ἐκλογήν, ἄτοπον ἡγούμενοσΝισαίους μὲν ἵππους μεταπέμπεσθαι, ὅτι βελτίους εἰσὶ τῶν Θετταλῶν, καὶ κύνας Ἰνδικάς, ἀνθρώποις δὲ μόνοις χρῆσθαι τοῖς ἐγγύς. πάντα γὰρ ὑπάρχει τούτῳ, δι᾽ ὧν ἐστι φιλία κτητόν.

  [114] for the moment one is detected doing wrong, he has shown that he was no friend at all. Indeed, all who have suffered any outrage have suffered it at the hands of enemies — friends in name, whom they did not know to be enemies. Such sufferers must blame their own ignorance and not reproach the name of friendship.

  [131] [p. 53] προσάγεται γὰρ εἰς εὔνοιαν τοὺς μὲν φιλοτίμους ἔπαινος, τοὺς δὲ ἡγεμονικοὺς τὸ ἀρχῆς μεταλαμβάνειν, τοὺς δὲ αὖ πολεμικοὺς τὸ πράττειν τι τῶν πολεμικῶν, τοὺς δὲ ἐπιμελεῖς τὸ πράγματα διοικεῖν:

  [115] Furthermore, it is not impossible for a father to be unjust to a son and for a child to sin against its parents; brother, too, may wrong brother in some way; but friendship our king esteems as such an altogether sacred thing that he tries to make even the gods his friends.

  [132] τούς γε μὴν φιλοστόργους ἡ συνήθεια. τίς οὖν δύναται μᾶλλον ἄρχοντας ἀποδεικνύειν; τίς δὲ πλειόνων δεῖται τῶν ἐπιμελουμένων; τίς δὲ κύριος μειζόνων μεταδοῦναι πραγμάτων; τίνι δὲ μᾶλλον ἔξεστιν ἑτέρῳ πιστεύειν τὰ πρὸς πόλεμον; αἱ παρὰ τίνος δὲ τιμαὶ φανερώτεραι; ἡ παρὰ τίνι δὲ εὐδοξοτέρα τράπεζα; εἰ δὲ ὠνητὸν ὑπῆρχε φιλία, τίς εὐπορώτερος χρημάτων, ὥστε μηδένα ἔχειν τὸν ἀντιποιησόμενον;

  [116] Now, while it may be gathered from all that has been said that tyrants suffer all the ills that are the opposites of the blessings we have enumerated, this is especially true as regards the matter we are now discussing. For the tyrant is the most friendless man in the world, since he cannot even make friends.

  [112] καὶ οὐ μόνον οὐδὲν ἡγεῖται ποιεῖν ἄτοπον, ἀλλὰ καὶ ἀγάλλεται μᾶλλον μὲν ὑπὸ τῶν νεωτέρων ἀγαπώμενος ἢ οἱ γονεῖς, μᾶλλον δὲ ὑπὸ τῶν πρεσβυτέρων ἢ τοὺς παῖδας ἀγαπῶσι, μᾶλλον δὲ ὑπὸ τῶν συνόντων ἢ τοὺς ἐξ ἴσ�
�υ συνόντας ἀγαπῶσι, μᾶλλον δὲ ὑπὸ τῶν ἀκοῇ μόνον ἀκουόντων ἢ οἱ

  [117] Those like himself he suspects, since they are evil, and by those unlike himself, and good, he is hated; and the hated man is an enemy to both the just and the unjust. For some men do justly hate him; while others, because they covet the same things, plot against him.

  [113] σφόδρα ἐγγὺς ὄντες ἀγαπῶσι: φιλοσυγγενέστατος δὲ ὢν καὶ φιλοικειότατος ἔσθ᾽ ὅπῃ μεῖζον ἀγαθὸν νενόμικε τὴν φιλίαν τῆς συγγενείας. ἄνευ μὲν γὰρ συγγενείας οἱ φίλοι χρήσιμοι, ἄνευ δὲ φιλίας οὐδὲ οἱ σφόδρα ἐγγὺς ὠφέλιμοι. τοσούτου δὲ ἀξίαν κρίνει τὴν φιλίαν, ὥστε οὐδένα ἡγεῖται τῶν πώποτε ἠδικῆσθαι ὑπὸ φίλου, ἀλλὰ τοῦτο δὴ ἓν τῶν λεγομένων ἀδυνάτων εἶναι ὥστε καὶ παθεῖν ὑπὸ φίλου κακῶς τῶν ἀδυνάτων εἶναι κέκρικεν.

  [118] And so the Persian king had one special man, called the “king’s eye” — not a man of high rank, but just an ordinary one. He did not know that all the friends of a good king are his eyes.

  [114] ἅμα γάρ τις ἀδικῶν πεφώραται καὶ δῆλον πεποίηκεν ὅτι οὐκ ἦν φίλος. ὅσοι δὲ πεπόνθασι δεινόν, ὑπ᾽ ἐχθρῶν πεπόνθασι, λεγομένων μὲν φίλων, ἀγνοουμένων δὲ ὅτι ἦσαν ἐχθροί. δεῖ οὖν καταμέμφεσθαι τὴν αὑτῶν ἄγνοιαν, ἀλλὰ μὴ ψέγειν τὸ τῆς φιλίας ὄνομα.

  [119] And should not the ties of blood and kinship be especially dear to a good king? For he regards his kith and kin as a part of his own soul,

  [115] καίτοι πατέρα γε ὄντα οὐκ ἀδύνατον υἱὸν ἀδικῆσαι καὶ παῖδα περὶ τοὺς γονέας ἐξαμαρτεῖν: ὁμοίως δὲ ἀδελφοὺς ἀλλήλων κακόν τι ἀπολαῦσαι. οὕτως δὲ πάνυ τὴν φιλίαν ἱερὸν νενόμικεν ὥστε καὶ τοὺς [p. 54]

  [120] and sees to it that they shall not only have a share of what is called the king’s felicity, but much more that they shall be thought worthy to be partners in his authority; and he is especially anxious to be seen preferring them in honour, not because of their kinship, but because of their qualifications. And those kinsmen who live honourable lives he loves beyond all others, but those who do not so live he considers, not friends, but relatives.

  [116] θεοὺς αὑτῷ πειρᾶται ποιεῖν φίλους. ἐν ἅπασι μὲν οὖν τοῖς εἰρημένοις ἔστι συννοεῖν ὅτι πάντα τἀναντία τοῖς τυράννοις κακὰ πρόσεστιν ὧν ἐμνήσθημεν ἀγαθῶν, οὐχ ἥκιστα δὲ ἐν τῷ νῦν λεγομένῳ. πάντων γὰρ ἀπορώτατός ἐστι φιλίας τύραννος: οὐδὲ γὰρ δύναται ποιεῖσθαι φίλους.

  [121] For other friends he may cast off when he has discovered something objectionable in them, but in the case of his kinsmen, he cannot dissolve the tie; but whatever their character, he must allow the title to be used.

  [117] τοὺς μὲν γὰρ ὁμοίους αὑτῷ, πονηροὺσὑφορᾶται, ὑπὸ δὲ τῶν ἀνομοίων καὶ ἀγαθῶν μισεῖται. ὁ δὲ μισούμενος ἐχθρὸς καὶ τοῖς ἀδίκοις ἄδικος. οἱ μὲν γὰρ δικαίως μισοῦσιν αὐτόν, οἱ δὲ τῶν αὐτῶν ἐπιθυμοῦντες ἐπιβουλεύουσιν.

  [122] His wife, moreover, he regards not merely as the partner of his bed and affections, but also as his helpmate in his counsel and action, and indeed in his whole life.

  [118] ὥστε ὁ μὲν Πέρσης ἕνα τινὰ ἔσχεν, ὀφθαλμὸν βασιλέως λεγόμενον, καὶ τοῦτον οὐ σπουδαῖον ἄνθρωπον, ἀλλὰ ἐκ τῶν ἐπιτυχόντων,ἀγνοῶν ὅτι τοῦ ἀγαθοῦ βασιλέως οἱ φίλοι πάντες εἰσὶν ὀφθαλμοί. φιλοίκειος δὲ καὶ φιλοσυγγενὴς πῶς οὐκ ἂν εἴη διαφερόντως;

  [123] He alone holds that happiness consists, not in flowery ease, but much rather in excellence of character; virtue, not in necessity but in free-will; while patient endurance, he holds, does not mean hardship but safety. His pleasures he increases by toil, and thereby gets more enjoyment out of them, while habit lightens his toil.

  [119] ὅς γε τοὺς οἰκείους καὶ τοὺς συγγενεῖς μέρος νενόμικε τῆς αὑτοῦ ψυχῆς;

  [124] To him “useful” and “pleasurable” are interchangeable terms; for he sees that plain citizens, if they are to keep well and reach old age, never give nourishment to an identical and inactive body, but that a part of them work first at trades, some of which — such as smithing, shipbuilding, the construction of houses — are very laborious;

  [120] καὶ προνοεῖ γε οὐ μόνον ὅπως μετέχωσι τῆς λεγομένης εὐδαιμονίας, πολὺ δὲ μᾶλλον ὅπως ἄξιοι δοκῶσι κοινωνεῖντῆς ἀρχῆς, καὶ τοῦτο ἐσπούδακεν ἐξ ἅπαντος ὅπως μὴ διὰ τὴν συγγένειαν αὐτούς, ἀλλὰ διὰ τὴν ἀρετὴν φαίνηται προτιμῶν. καὶ τοὺς μὲν ζῶντας μάλιστα πάντων ἀγαπᾷ καὶ φίλους ἀναγκαίους νενόμικεν.

  [125] while those who own land first toil hard at farming, and those who live in the city have some city employment;

  [121] τοὺς μὲν γὰρ φίλους ἔστι διαλύσασθαι δυσχέρειάν τινα ἐν αὐτοῖς ἐνιδόντα: πρὸς δὲ τοὺς συγγενεῖς οὐχ οἷόν τε διαλύσασθαιτὴν συγγένειαν, ἀλλ᾽ ὁποῖοί ποτ᾽ ἂν ὦσιν, ἀνάγκη τοῦτο ἀκούειν τὸ ὄνομα.

  [126] he sees the leisured class crowd the gymnasia and wrestling-floors — some running on the track, others again wrestling, and others, who are not athletes, taking some form of exercise other than the competitive — in a word, everyone with at least a grain of sense doing something or other and so finding his meat and drink wholesome.

  [122] γυναῖκα δὲ οὐ κοίτης μόνον ἢ ἀφροδισίων κοινωνὸν νενόμικεν, βουλῆς δὲ καὶ ἔργων καὶ τοῦ ξύμπαντος βίου συνεργόν.

  [127] But the ruler differs from all these in that his toil is not in vain, and that he is not simply developing his body, but has the accomplishment of things as his end and aim. He attends to some matter needing his supervision, he acts promptly where speed is needed, accomplishes something not easy of accomplishment, reviews an army, subdues a province, founds a city, bridges rivers, or builds roads through a country.

  [123] μόνος δὲ τὴν εὐδαιμονίαν οὐχ ἡδυπάθειαν νενόμικε, πολὺ δὲ μᾶλλον καλοκἀγαθίαν, τὴν δὲ ἀρετὴν οὐκ ἀνάγκην, ἀλλὰβούλησιν, τὴν δὲ καρτερίαν οὐ ταλαιπωρίαν, ἀλλ᾽ ἀσφάλειαν, καὶ τὰς μὲν ἡδονὰς αὔξει τοῖς πόνοις καὶ μείζους διὰ τοῦτο καρποῦται,

  [128] He does not count himself fortunate just because he can have the best horses, the best arms, the best clothing, and so forth, but because he can have the best friends; and he holds that it is far more disgraceful to have fewer friends among the private citizens than any one of them has.

  [124] τοὺς δὲ πόνους ἐπελαφρύνει τῷ ἔθει. ταὐτὰ δὲ ἡγεῖται σ�
�μφέροντα [p. 55] καὶ ἡδέα: ὁρᾷ γὰρ τοὺς μὲν ἰδιώτας, εἰ μέλλουσιν ὑγιαίνειν καὶ παραμένειν εἰς γῆρας, οὔποτε ἀργῷ καὶ ἀπόνῳ τῷ σώματι τροφὴν προσφέροντας, ἀλλὰ τοὺς μὲν τέχνας ἐργαζομένους, ἐνίας αὐτῶν καὶ πολὺν ἐχούσας τὸν κάματον, τοὺς μὲν χαλκέας,

  [129] For when a man can select his most trustworthy friends from among all men — and there is scarcely a man who would not gladly accept his advances — surely it is ridiculous that he does not have the best. Most potentates have an eye only for those who get near them no matter how, and for those who are willing to flatter, while they hold all others at a distance and the best men more especially.

  [125] τοὺς δὲ ναυπηγούς, τοὺς δὲ οἰκοδόμους: ὅσοι δὲ κέκτηνται γῆν, διαπονοῦντας πρότερον τὰ περὶ γεωργίαν, ὅσοι δὲ ἐν ἄστει διάγουσι, τῶν κατὰ πόλιν τι πράττοντας:

  [130] The true king, however, makes his choice from among all men, esteeming it perverse to import horses from the Nisaean plains because they surpass the Thessalian breed, or hounds from India, and only in the case of men to take those near at hand;

  [126] τῶν τε σχολὴν ἀγόντων τὰ γυμνάσια μεστὰ καὶ τὰς παλαίστρας, καὶ τοὺς μὲν τρέχοντας ἐν τοῖς δρόμοις, τοὺς δὲ αὖ παλαίοντας, τοὺς δὲ ἄλλο τι περὶ τὴν ἀγωνίαν ἀσκοῦντας οὐκ ὄντας ἀθλητάς. ἁπλῶς δὲ εἰπεῖν, ἑκάστων τῶν μὴ σφόδρα ἀνοήτων καὶ σίτων καὶ λουτρῶν καὶ ὑγιεινῶν καὶ πάντων,