Delphi Complete Works of Dio Chrysostom

by Dio Chrysostom

  [123] Neither should our poor become auctioneers or proclaimers of rewards for the arrest of thieves or runaways, shouting in the streets and market-place with great vulgarity, or scriveners who draw up contracts and summonses or, in general, documents that have to do with trials and complaints, and claim knowledge of legal forms; nor must they be learned and clever pettifogging lawyers, who pledge their services to all alike for a fee, even to the greatest scoundrels, and undertake to defend unblushingly other men’s crimes, and to rage and rant and beg mercy for men who are neither their friends nor kinsmen, though in some cases these advocates bear a high report among their fellow-citizens as most honourable and distinguished men. No, we shall allow none of our poor to adopt such professions but shall leave these to the other sort.

  [124] παραχωρεῖν δὲ ἑτέροις. χειροτέχνας μὲν γὰρ ἐξ αὐτῶν τινας ἀνάγκη γενέσθαι, γλωσσοτέχνας δὲ καὶ δικοτέχνας οὐδεμία ἀνάγκη. τούτων δὲ τῶν εἰρημένων τε καὶ ῥηθησομένων εἴ τινα δοκεῖ χρήσιμα ταῖς πόλεσιν, ὥσπερ ταῖς νῦν οἰκουμέναις, οἷον δὴ ἴσως τὸ περὶ τὴν τῶν δικῶν ἀναγραφὴν καὶ τῶν συμβολαίων, τάχα δὲ καὶ κηρυγμάτων ἐνίων, ὅπως ἂν ἢ ὑφ᾽ ὧν γιγνόμενα ἥκιστα ἂν εἴη βλαβερὰ, οὐ νῦν καιρός ἐστι διορίζειν.

  [124] For though some of them must of necessity become handcraftsmen, there is no necessity that they should become tongue-craftsmen and law-craftsmen.

  Still, if any of the occupations of which I have been speaking, and shall yet speak, seem to have their useful place in our cities as they do in these now existing, such as perhaps the registering of judgments and contracts, and perhaps certain proclamations, it is not now the place for us to determine how and by whom these needs shall be met with the least harm.

  [125] οὐ γὰρ πολιτείαν ἐν τῷ παρόντι διατάττομεν, ὁποία τις ἂν ἢ ἀρίστη γένοιτο ἢ πολλῶν ἀμείνων, ἀλλὰ περὶ πενίας προυθέμεθα εἰπεῖν ὡς οὐκ ἄπορα αὐτῇ τὰ πράγματά ἐστιν, ᾗπερ δοκεῖ τοῖς πολλοῖς αὐτή τε εἶναι φευκτὸν καὶ κακόν, ἀλλὰ μυρίας ἀφορμὰς πρὸς τὸ ζῆν παρέχει τοῖς αὐτουργεῖν βουλομένοις οὔτε ἀσχήμονας οὔτε βλαβεράς.

  [125] For we are not at present mapping out the form of government that would be best, or better than many, but we did set out to discuss poverty and to show that its case is not hopeless, as the majority think, but that it affords many opportunities of making a living that are neither unseemly nor injurious to men who are willing to work with their hands.

  [126] ἀπὸ γὰρ αὐτῆς ἀρχῆς ταύτης τὰ περὶ γεωργίας καὶ θήρας προυτράπημεν προδιελθεῖν ἐπὶ πλέον πρότερον, καὶ νῦν περὶ τῶν κατὰ ἄστυ ἐργασιῶν, τίνες αὐτῶν πρέπουσαι καὶ ἀβλαβεῖς τοῖς μὴ κάκιστα βιωσομένοις καὶ τίνες χείρους ἂν ἀποτελοῖεν τοὺς ἐπ᾽ αὐτῶν.

  [126] Indeed, it was with that very premise that we were led to tell that quite lengthy tale at the beginning about life among farmers and hunters, and to speak now about city occupations, defining those that are befitting and not harmful to men who are not to live on the lowest plane, and those which degrade the men who are employed in them.

  [127] εἰ δὲ πολλὰ τῶν εἰρημένων καθόλου χρήσιμά ἐστι πρὸς πολιτείαν καὶ τὴν τοῦ προσήκοντος αἵρεσιν, ταύτῃ καὶ δικαιότερον συγγνώμην ἔχειν τοῦ μήκους τῶν λόγων, ὅτι οὐ μάτην ἄλλως οὐδὲ περὶ ἄχρηστα πλανωμένῳ πλείονες γεγόνασιν. ἡ γὰρ περὶ ἐργασιῶν καὶ τεχνῶν σκέψις καὶ καθόλου περὶ βίου προσήκοντος ἢ μὴ τοῖς μετρίοις καὶ καθ᾽ αὑτὴν ἀξία πέφηνεν πολλῆς καὶ πάνυ ἀκριβοῦς θεωρίας.

  [127] Further, if much that I have said is, in general, serviceable in moulding public policy and assisting in a proper choice, then there is the greater reason for pardoning the length of my discourse, because I have not dragged it out in idle wandering or talk about useless things. For the study of employments and trades and, in general, of the life fitting or otherwise for ordinary people has proved to be, in and of itself, worthy of a great deal of very careful research.

  [128] χρὴ οὖν τὰς ἐκτροπὰς τῶν λόγων, ἄν καὶ σφόδρα μακροὶ δοκῶσι, μὴ μέντοι [p. 214] περί γε φαύλων μηδὲ ἀναξίων λόγων μηδὲ οὐ προσηκόντων, μὴ δυσσκόλως φέρειν, ὡς οὐκ αὐτὴν λιπόντος τὴν τῶν ὅλων ὑπόθεσιν τοῦ λέγοντος, ἕως ἂν περὶ τῶν ἀναγκαίων καὶ προσηκόντων φιλοσοφίᾳ

  [128] The hearer should therefore not be annoyed at digressions even if they do seem excessively long, if only they are not about trivial or unworthy or irrelevant things, since the speaker has not abandoned the real theme of the whole provided he treats of the matters that are essential and pertinent to philosophy.

  [129] διεξίῃ. σχεδὸν γὰρ κατὰ τοῦτο μιμούμενοι τοὺς κυνηγέτας οὐκ ἂν ἁμαρτάνοιμεν: οἵ γε ἐπειδὰν τὸ πρῶτον ἴχνος ἐκλαβόντες κἀκείνῳἑπόμενοι μεταξὺ ἐπιτύχωσιν ἑτέρῳ φανερωτέρῳ καὶ μᾶλλον ἐγγύς, οὐκ ὤκνησαν τούτῳ ξυνακολουθήσαντες, καὶ ἑλόντες τὸ ἐμπεσὸν ὕστερον ἴσως οὖν οὐδὲ ἐκεῖνο μεμπτέον,

  [129] Probably if we imitated the hunter in this we should not go far astray. When he picks up his first trail and, following it, all at once comes upon another that is clearer and fresher, he does not hesitate to follow up this latter and then, after bagging his game, goes back to the first trail.

  [130] ὅστις περὶ ἀνδρὸς δικαίου καὶ δικαιοσύνης λέγειν ἀρξάμενος, μνησθεὶς πόλεως παραδείγματος ἕνεκεν, πολλαπλάσιον λόγον ἀνάλωσεν περὶπολιτείας, καὶ οὐ πρότερον ἀπέκαμε πρὶν ἢ πάσας μεταβολὰς καὶ ἅπαντα γένη πολιτειῶν διεξῆλθε, πάνυ ἐναργῶς τε καὶ μεγαλοπρεπῶς τὰ ξυμβαίνοντα περὶ ἑκάστην ἐπιδεικνύς:

  [130] Neither should we, perhaps, find fault with a man who set out to discuss the just man and justice and then, having mentioned a city for the sake of illustration, expatiated at much greater length on the constitution of a state and did not grow weary until he had enumerated all the variations and the kinds of such organizations, setting forth very clearly and magnificently the features characteristic of each;

  [131] εἰ καὶ παρά τισιν αἰτίαν ἔχει περὶ τοῦ μήκους τῶν λόγων καὶ τῆς διατριβῆς τῆς περὶ τὸ παράδειγμα δήπουθεν: ἀλλ᾽ ὡς οὐδὲν ὄντα πρὸς τὸ προκείμενοντὰ εἰρημένα καὶ οὐδ᾽ ὁπωστιοῦν σαφεστέρου δι᾽ αὐτὰ τοῦ ζητουμένου γεγονότος, οὗπερ ἕνεκεν ἐξ ἀρχῆς εἰς τὸν λόγον παρελήφθη, διὰ ταῦτα, εἴπερ ἄρα, οὐ παντάπασιν ἀδίκως εὐθύνεται.

  [131] even though he does find critics here and there who take him to task for the length of his discuss
ion and the time spent upon “the illustration, forsooth!” But if the criticism be that his remarks on the state have no bearing on the matter in hand and that not the least light has been thrown on the subject of investigation which led him into the discussion at the start — for these reasons, if for any, it is not altogether unfair to call him to task.

  [132] ἐὰν οὖν καὶ ἡμεῖς μὴ προσήκοντα μηδὲ οἰκεῖα τῷ προκειμένῳ φαινώμεθα διεξιόντες, μακρολογεῖν εἰκότως ἄν λεγοίμεθα. καθ᾽ αὑτὸδὲ ἄλλως οὔτε μῆκος οὔτε βραχύτητα ἐν λόγοις ἐπαινεῖν ἢ ψέγειν δίκαιον. περὶ δὲ τῶν λοιπῶν τῶν ἐν ταῖς πόλεσι πράξεων χρὴ θαρροῦντας διαπερᾶναι, τῶν μὲν μιμνησκομένους, τὰ δὲ καὶ ἐῶντας ἄρρητά τε καὶ ἀμνημόνευτα.

  [132] So if we too shall be found to be expounding matters that are not pertinent or germane to the question before us, then we might be found guilty of prolixity. But, strictly speaking, it is not fair on other grounds to commend or to criticize either length or brevity in a discourse.

  Now we must confidently go on and finish our discussion of the other activities of city life, mentioning some of them and leaving others unmentioned and unrecorded.

  [133] οὐ γὰρ δὴ περί γε πορνοβοσκῶν καὶπερὶ πορνοβοσκίας ὡς ἀμφιβόλων ἀπαγορευτέον, ἀλλὰ καὶ πάνυ ἰσχυριστέον τε καὶ ἀπορρητέον, λέγοντι μηδένα προσχρῆσθαι μήτε οὖν πένητα μήτε πλούσιον ἐργασίᾳ τοιαύτῃ, μισθὸν ὕβρεως καὶ ἀκολασίας ὁμοίως παρὰ πᾶσιν ἐπονείδιστον ἐκλέγοντας, ἀναφροδίτου μίξεως καὶ ἀνεράστων ἐρώτων κέρδους ἕνεκα γιγνομένους[p. 215] συναγωγούς, αἰχμάλωτα σώματα γυναικῶν ἢ παίδων ἢ ἄλλως ἀργυρώνητα ἐπ᾽ αἰσχύνῃ προϊστάντας ἐπ᾽ οἰκημάτων ῥυπαρῶν, πανταχοῦ τῆς πόλεως ἀποδεδειγμένων, ἔν τε παρόδοις ἀρχόντων καὶ ἀγοραῖς, πλησίον ἀρχείων τε καὶ ἱερῶν, μεταξὺ τῶν ὁσιωτάτων,

  [133] In dealing with brothel-keepers and their trade we must certainly betray no weakness as though something were to be said on both sides, but must sternly forbid them and insist that no one, be he poor or be he rich, shall pursue such a business, thus levying a fee, which all the world condemns as shameful, upon brutality and lust. Such men bring individuals together in union without love and intercourse without affection, and all for the sake of filthy lucre. They must not take hapless women or children, captured in war or else purchased with money, and expose them for shameful ends in dirty booths which are flaunted before the eyes in every part of the city, at the doors of the houses of magistrates and in market-places, near government buildings and temples,

  [134] μήτ᾽ οὖν βαρβαρικὰ σώματα μήτε Ἑλλήνων πρότερον μὲν οὐ πάνυ, τὰ νῦν δὲ ἀφθόνῳ τε καὶ πολλῇ δουλείᾳ κεχρημένων, ἐπὶ τὴν τοιαύτην λώβην καὶ ἀνάγκην ἄγοντας, ἱπποφορβῶν καὶ ὀνοφορβῶν πολὺ κάκιον καὶ ἀκαθαρτότερον ἔργον ἐργαζομένους, οὐ κτήνεσι κτήνη δίχα βίας ἑκόντα ἑκοῦσιν ἐπιβάλλοντας οὐδὲν αἰσχυνομένοις, ἀλλὰ ἀνθρώποις αἰσχυνομένοις καὶ ἄκουσιν οἰστρῶντας καὶ ἀκολάστους ἀνθρώπους ἐπ᾽ ἀτελεῖ καὶ ἀκάρπῳ συμπλοκῇ σωμάτων φθορὰν μᾶλλον ἢ γένεσιν ἀποτελούσῃ, οὐκ αἰσχυνομένους οὐδένα ἀνθρώπων ἢ θεῶν,

  [134] in the midst of all that is holiest. Neither barbarian women, I say, nor Greeks — of whom the latter were in former times almost free but now live in bondage utter and complete — shall they put in such shameful constraint, doing a much more evil and unclean business than breeders of horses and of asses carry on, not mating beasts with beasts where both are willing and feel no shame, but mating human beings that do feel shame and revulsion, with lecherous and dissolute men in an ineffectual and fruitless physical union that breeds destruction rather than life. Yes, and they respect no man nor god —

  [135] οὔτε Δία γενέθλιον οὔτε Ἥραν γαμήλιον οὔτε Μοίρας τελεσφόρους ἢ λοχίαν Ἄρτεμιν ἢ μητέρα Ῥέαν,

  [135] not Zeus, the god of family life, not Hera, the goddess of marriage, not the Fates, who bring fulfilment, not Artemis, protectress of the child-bed, not mother Rhea, not the Eileithyiae, who preside over human birth, not Aphrodite, whose name stands for the normal intercourse and union of male and female.

  [136] οὐδὲ τὰς προεστώσας ἀνθρωπίνης γενέσεως Εἰλειθυίας οὐδὲ Ἀφροδίτην ἐπώνυμον τῆς κατὰ φύσιν πρὸς τὸ θῆλυ τοῦ ἄρρενος συνόδου τε καὶ ὁμιλίας: μὴ δὴ ἐπιτρέπειν τὰ τοιαῦτα κέρδη μηδὲ νομοθετεῖν μήτε ἄρχοντα μήτε νομοθέτην μήτ᾽ ἐν ταῖς ἄκρως πρὸς ἀρετὴν οἰκησομέναις πόλεσιν μήτ᾽ ἐν ταῖς δευτέραις ἢ τρίταις ἢ τετάρταις ἢ ὁποιαισοῦν, ἐὰν ἐπ᾽ αὐτῶν τινι ᾖ τὰ τοιαῦτα κωλύειν.

  [136] No, we must proclaim that neither magistrate nor lawgiver shall allow such merchandising or legalize it, whether our cities are to house a people of the highest virtue or to fall into a second, third, fourth, or any other class, so long as it is in the power of any one of them to prevent such things.

  [137] ἐὰν δ᾽ ἄρα παλαιὰ ἔθη καὶ νοσήματα ἐσκιρωμένα χρόνῳ παραλάβῃ, μήτοι γε παντελῶς ἐᾶν ἀθεράπευτα καὶ ἀκόλαστα, ἀλλὰ σκοποῦντα τὸ δυνατὸν ἁμῃγέπῃ στέλλειν καὶ κολάζειν. ὡς οὔποτε φιλεῖ τὰ μοχθηρὰ μένειν ἐπὶ τοῖς αὐτοῖς, ἀλλ᾽ ἀεὶ κινεῖται καὶ πρόεισιν ἐπὶ τὸ ἀσελγέστερον, μηδενὸς ἀναγκαίου μέτρου τυγχάνοντα.

  [137] But if old customs and diseases that have become entrenched in the course of time fall to the care of our ruler, he shall by no means leave them without attention and correction, but, with an eye to what is practicable, he shall curb and correct them in some way or other. For evils are never wont to remain as they are; they are ever active and advancing to greater wantonness if they meet no compelling check.

  [138] δεῖ δὴ ποιεῖσθαί τινα ἐπιμέλειαν, μὴ πάνυ τι πρᾴως μηδὲ ῥᾳθύμως φέροντας τὴν εἰς τὰ ἄτιμα καὶ δοῦλα σώματα ὕβριν, οὐ ταύτῃ μόνον, ᾗ κοινῇ τὸ ἀνθρώπινον γένος ἅπαν ἔντιμον καὶ ὁμότιμον ὑπὸ τοῦ φύσαντος θεοῦ ταὐτὰ σημεῖα καὶ σύμβολα ἔχον τοῦ τιμᾶσθαι δικαίως καὶ λόγον καὶ ἐμπειρίαν καλῶν τε καὶ αἰσχρῶν γέγονεν, ἀλλὰ [p. 216] κἀκεῖνο ἐνθυμουμένους, ὅτι χαλεπὸν ὕβρει τρεφομένῃ δι᾽ ἐξουσίαν ὅρον τινὰ εὑρεῖν,ὃν οὐκ ἂν ἔτι τολμήσαι διὰ φόβον ὑπερβαίνειν: ἀλλ᾽ ἀπὸ τῆς ἐν τοῖς ἐλάττοσι δοκοῦσι καὶ ἐφειμένοις μελέτης καὶ συνηθείας ἀκάθεκτον τὴν ἰσχὺν καὶ ῥώμην λαβοῦσα οὐδενὸς ἔτι φείδεται τ
ῶν λοιπῶν.

  [138] It is our duty, therefore, to give some heed to this and under no condition to bear this mistreatment of outcast and enslaved creatures with calmness and indifference, not only because all humanity has been held in honour and in equal honour by God, who begat it, having the same marks and tokens to show that it deserves honour, to wit, reason and the knowledge of evil and good, but also because of the following consideration, which we must always remember: that for flagrant wrong fostered by licence it is difficult to set a limit that it will no longer, through fear of the consequences, dare to transgress. Indeed, beginning with practices and habits that seem trivial and allowable, it acquires a strength and force that are uncontrollable, and no longer stops at anything.

  [139] ἤδη οὖν χρὴ παντὸς μᾶλλον οἴεσθαι τὰσἐν τῷ μέσῳ ταύτας φανερὰς καὶ ἀτίμους μοιχείας καὶ λίαν ἀναισχύντως καὶ ἀνέδην γιγνομένας, ὅτι τῶν ἀδήλων καὶ ἀφανῶν εἰς ἐντίμους γυναῖκάς τε καὶ παῖδας ὕβρεων οὐχ ἥκιστα παρέχουσι τὴν αἰτίαν, τοῦ πάνυ ῥᾳδίως τὰ τοιαῦτα τολμᾶσθαι, τῆς αἰσχύνης ἐν κοινῷ καταφρονουμένης, ἀλλ᾽ οὐχ, ὥσπερ οἴονταί τινες, ὑπὲρ ἀσφαλείας