Delphi Complete Works of Dio Chrysostom

by Dio Chrysostom

  [94] Then when they clashed and engaged again, Achilles and his followers fought most brilliantly and slew great numbers of the Trojans and their allies, notably Sarpedon, king of the Lycians and a reputed child of Zeus; and at the river ford there was a great slaughter of the fleeing Trojans, not fleeing in headlong confusion, however, but repeatedly turning to make a stand.

  [95] τὸν δὲ Ἕκτορα ἐν τούτῳ παραφυλάττειν, ἐμπειρότατον ὄντα καιρὸν μάχης ξυνεῖναι, καὶ μέχρι μὲν ἤκμαζεν ὁ Ἀχιλλεὺς καὶ νεαλὴς ὢν ἐμάχετο, μὴ ξυμφέρεσθαι αὐτῷ, μόνον δὲ τοὺς ἄλλους παρακαλεῖν: ἐπεὶ δ᾽ ᾐσθάνετο κάμνοντα ἤδη καὶ πολὺ τῆς πρότερον ὑφεικότα ὁρμῆς, ἅτε οὐ ταμιευσάμενον ἐν τῷ ἀγῶνι, καὶ ὑπὸ τοῦ ποταμοῦ κοπωθέντα μείζονος ἐρρυηκότος ἀπείρως διαβαίνοντα, καὶ ὑπό τε Ἀστεροπαίου τοῦ Παίονος ἑώρα τετρωμένον, Αἰνείαν τε συστάντα αὐτῷ καὶ μαχεσάμενον ἐπὶ πλέον, ὁπότε δὲ ἐβουλήθη ἀσφαλῶς ἀποχωρήσαντα, Ἀγήνορα δὲ οὐ καταλαβόντα ὁρμήσαντα διώκειν: καίτοι τούτῳ μάλιστα προεῖχεν ὁ Ἀχιλλεὺς ὅτι ἐδόκει τάχιστος εἶναι:

  [95] Meanwhile Hector, experienced as he was in discerning the critical moment in a fight, kept on his guard, and as long as Achilles possessed his full strength and fought with youthful vigour, avoided him, contenting himself with cheering the others on. But later he noticed that Achilles was at last growing fatigued and had lost a great measure of his original impetus because he had not spared his strength in that struggle, and that he was exhausted by his reckless plunge into the river, swollen beyond its wont, and had been wounded by Asteropaeus, the son of Paeon. Then he saw, too, that Aeneas had engaged Achilles and, after a prolonged fight, had come off in safety at the moment he desired, and that the latter, rushing in pursuit of Agenor, had not been able to overtake him — and yet it was in this very point that Achilles chiefly excelled, in that he was reckoned the swiftest of foot.

  [96] καταφανὴς οὖν ἐγεγόνει αὐτῷ διὰ τούτων ἁπάντων εὐάλωτος ὤν, ἅτε δεινῷ τὴν πολεμικὴν τέχνην: ὥστε θαρρῶν ἀπήντησεν αὐτῷ κατὰ μέσον τὸ πεδίον. καὶ τὸ μὲν πρῶτον ἐνέκλινεν ὡς φεύγων, ἀποπειρώμενος αὐτοῦ, ἅμα δὲ κοπῶσαι βουλόμενος, ὁτὲ μὲν περιμένων, ὁτὲ δὲ ἀποφεύγων: ἐπεὶ δὲ ἑώρα βραδύνοντα καὶ ἀπολειπόμενον, οὕτως ὑποστρέψας αὐτὸς ἧκεν ἐπ᾽ [p. 140] αὐτὸν οὐδὲ τὰ ὅπλα φέρειν ἔτι δυνάμενον, καὶ συμβαλὼν ἀπέκτεινε καὶ τῶν ὅπλων ἐκράτησεν, ὡς καὶ τοῦτο Ὅμηρος εἴρηκε. τοὺς δὲ ἵππους διῶξαι μέν φησι τὸν Ἕκτορα, οὐ λαβεῖν δέ, κἀκείνων ἁλόντων.

  [96] And so it had become clear to Hector, a master in the art of war, that in view of all these conditions Achilles was an easy prey. Accordingly he boldly confronted him in the open plain. At first he gave way as if in open flight, but with the real purpose of testing him and, at the same time, wearying him by now making a stand and now fleeing. Then when he noted that he lagged and fell behind, he himself turned and fell upon Achilles, who was no longer able even to support his arms. He gave him battle, slew him, and, just as Homer has told it, possessed himself of his arms. He pursued the horses of Achilles too,” said the Egyptian priest, “but he did not bring them in though they too were caught.

  [97] τὸ μὲν οὖν σῶμα μόλις διέσωσαν ἐπὶ τὰς ναῦς οἱ Αἴαντες. οἱ γὰρ Τρῶες ἤδη θαρροῦντες καὶ νικᾶν νομίζοντες, μαλακώτερονἐφείποντο: ὁ δὲ Ἕκτωρ ἐνδυσάμενος τὰ τοῦ Ἀχιλλέως ὅπλα ἐπίσημα ὄντα ἔκτεινέ τε καὶ ἐδίωκε μέχρι τῆς θαλάττης, ὡς ὁμολογεῖ ταῦτα Ὅμηρος. νὺξ δὲ ἐπιγενομένη ἀφείλετο μὴ πάσας ἐμπρῆσαι τὰς ναῦς. τούτων δὲ οὕτως γενομένων, οὐκ ἔχων ὅπως κρύψῃ τἀληθές, Πάτροκλον εἶναί φησι τὸν ἐπεξελθόντα μετὰ τῶν Μυρμιδόνων,ἀναλαβόντα τὰ τοῦ Ἀχιλλέως ὅπλα, καὶ τοῦτον ὑπὸ τοῦ Ἕκτορος ἀποθανεῖν, καὶ τὸν Ἕκτορα τῶν ὅπλων οὕτως κρατῆσαι.

  [97] The two Ajaxes with great difficulty managed to bring back the body of Achilles to the ships; for the Trojans, now feeling relieved and believing that they were victorious, were pressing on with less energy; while Hector, after donning the emblazoned arms of Achilles, continued the slaughter and pressed on in pursuit to the sea, just as Homer admits. Night fell, however, and prevented the burning of all the ships.

  “Yet in the face of these facts, Homer, finding it impossible to conceal the truth, says it was Patroclus who attacked with the Myrmidons after taking Achilles’ arms, that it was he who was slain by Hector, and that Hector in this manner won the arms.

  [98] καίτοι πῶς ἂν ὁ Ἀχιλλεὺς ἐν τοσούτῳ κινδύνῳ τοῦ στρατοπέδου ὄντος καὶ τῶν νεῶν ἤδη καιομένων καὶ ὅσον οὔπω ἐπ᾽ αὐτὸν ἥκοντος τοῦ δεινοῦ, καὶ τὸν Ἕκτορα ἀκούων ὅτι φησὶ μηδένα αὑτῷἀξιόμαχον εἶναι καὶ τὸν Δία βοηθεῖν αὑτῷ καὶ δεξιὰ σημεῖα φαίνειν, εἴ γε ἐβούλετο σῶσαι τοὺς Ἀχαιούς, αὐτὸς μὲν ἐν τῇ σκηνῇ ἔμενεν ἄριστος ὢν μάχεσθαι, τὸν δὲ πολὺ χείρονα αὑτοῦ ἔπεμπε; καὶ ἅμα μὲν παρήγγελλεν ἐμπεσεῖν ἰσχυρῶς καὶ ἀμύνεσθαι τοὺς Τρῶας, ἅμα δὲ τῷ Ἕκτορι μὴ μάχεσθαι; οὐδὲ γὰρ ἐπ᾽ ἐκείνῳ ἦν

  [98] And yet when the army was beset with so great peril, when the ships were now ablaze, and danger was almost at his own doors, how was it possible for Achilles, hearing that Hector declared he had found no foeman worthy of his steel and that Zeus was helping him and showing him signs of his favour, to remain in his tent, great champion that he was, if he really desired the salvation of the Achaeans, and to send a hero much his inferior and exhort him to lay on manfully and beat back the Trojans, only not only to engage with Hector? For it was quite impossible, I imagine, for Patroclus to choose with whom he would fight when once he had set forth.

  [99] οἶμαι προελθόντι γε ἅπαξ ὅτῳ ἐβούλετο μάχεσθαι. οὕτως δὲ ὑποκαταφρονῶν τοῦ Πατρόκλου καὶ ἀπιστῶν αὐτῷ, τὴν δύναμιν ἐπέτρεπεν ἐκείνῳ καὶ τὰ ὅπλα τὰ αὑτοῦ καὶ τοὺς ἵππους, ὡς ἂν κάκιστά τις βουλεύσαιτο περὶ τῶν αὑτοῦ, πάντα ἀπολέσαι βουλόμενος: ἔπειτα ηὔχετο τῷ Διὶ ὑποστρέψαι τὸν Πάτροκλον μετὰτῶν ὅπλων ἁπάντων καὶ τῶν ἑταίρων, οὕτως ἀνοήτως πέμπων αὐτὸν πρὸς ἄνδρα κρείττονα, ᾧ προκαλουμένῳ τοὺς ἀρίστους οὐδεὶς ὑπακοῦσαι ἤθελεν,

  [99] But although he had such a poor opinion of Patroclus and distrusted him, did Achilles entrust his force to him, and his own weapons and horses, an insane course which no one would adopt regarding his own interests unless he wished to ruin everything? Then did he pray Zeu
s to bring back Patroclus with all his arms and comrades, while sending him forth so foolishly against a mightier man whose challenge to the bravest and one was willing to accept,

  [100] ὁ δὲ Ἀγαμέμνων ἄντικρυς ἔφη καὶ τὸν Ἀχιλλέα φοβεῖσθαι καὶ μὴ βούλεσθαι συμβαλεῖν ἐκείνῳ; τοιγαροῦν οὕτω βουλευσάμενον αὐτὸν λέγει τοῦ τε ἑταίρου στερηθῆναι καὶ πολλῶνἑτέρων, ὀλίγου δὲ καὶ τῶν ἵππων καὶ ἄοπλον γενέσθαι. ἃ οὐδέποτ᾽ [p. 141] ἂν ἐποίησεν Ἀχιλλεὺς μὴ ἀπόπληκτος ὤν: εἰ δὲ μή, πάντως ἂν αὐτὸν ἐκώλυσε Φοῖνιξ. ἀλλ᾽ οὐ γὰρ ἐβούλετο, φησί, ταχέως ἀπαλλάξαι τοῦ κινδύνου τοὺς Ἀχαιούς, ἕως ἂν λάβῃ τὰ δῶρα, καὶ ἅμα οὐδέπω τῆς ὀργῆς ἐπέπαυτο.

  [100] and whom Agamemnon declared frankly even Achilles so feared that he shrank from encountering him? Consequently, after making this plan, he lost, as Homer admits, both his comrade and many other men, while he almost lost his horses too, and did lose his arms. Now Achilles would never have done such things unless he was out of his senses, and if this had been the case, Phoenix would certainly have restrained him.

  “But, says Homer, Achilles did not wish to free the Achaeans from their peril speedily, not until he should receive his gifts. Besides, he had not yet given over his anger.

  [101] καὶ τί ἦν ἐμποδὼν αὐτὸν προελθόντα ἐφ᾽ ὅσον ἐβούλετο πάλιν μηνίειν; ξυνεὶς δὲ τῆς τοιαύτης ἀλογίας αἰνίττεται διὰ πρόρρησίν τινα μένειν αὐτόν, ὡς, εἰ ἐξῄει, πάντως ἀποθανούμενον, ἄντικρυς αὐτοῦ κατηγορῶν δειλίαν: καίτοι ἐξῆν αὐτῷ διὰ ταύτην τὴν πρόρρησιν ἀποπλεῦσαι διενεχθέντα πρὸς τὸν Ἀγαμέμνονα. οὐ μέντοι ἀλλὰ καὶ περὶ τοῦ Πατρόκλου ἐτύγχανεν ἀκηκοὼς τῆς μητρός, ὅν φησιν ἐν ἴσῳ τῇ ἑαυτοῦ κεφαλῇ τιμᾶν καὶ μηδὲ αὐτὸς ἔτι βούλεσθαι ζῆν ἐκείνου ἀποθανόντος.

  [101] But what was there to prevent his coming forth and then nursing his wrath as long as he wished? Homer is aware of this inconsistency and hints that he tarried in his tent on account of a certain prophecy that declared he would surely die if he went out, thus laying the charge of cowardice squarely at his door. And yet on the strength of this prophecy he might have withdrawn from the expedition after his quarrel with Agamemnon. But what is more to the point, it happens that he had heard the warning which his mother gave with reference to Patroclus, whom he declares he loves as his own soul and after whose death he would wish to live no longer.

  [102] ὡς δὲ ἑώρα αὐτὸν οὐ δυνάμενον βαστάσαι τὸ δόρυ τὰ ἄλλα ἐδίδου δῆλον ὅτι προσεοικότα τῷ δόρατι, καὶ οὐκ ἐφοβεῖτο μὴ οὐ δύνηται φέρειν αὐτά: ὥσπερ οὖν καί φησι συμβῆναι περὶ τὴν μάχην. ἀλλὰ γὰρ εἴ τις ἅπαντα ἐλέγχοι, πολὺ ἂν ἔργον εἴη. τὸ γὰρ ψεῦδος ἐξ αὑτοῦ φανερόν ἐστι τοῖς προσέχουσιν: ὥστε οὐδενὶ ἄδηλον καὶ τῶν ὀλίγον νοῦν ἐχόντων ὅτι σχεδὸν ὑπόβλητός ἐστιν ὁ Πάτροκλος καὶ τοῦτον ἀντήλλαξεν Ὅμηρος τοῦ Ἀχιλλέως, βουλόμενος τὸ κατ᾽ ἐκεῖνον κρύψαι.

  [102] Yet when he saw him unable to lift the spear, he gave him the other things that were evidently proportionate in weight to the spear and did not fear that he would be unable to carry them. And this is just what Homer says did happen in the battle.

  “But it would be a long task to show up every misstatement. To any careful observer the falsehoods are self-evident, so much so that anyone with half a mind can see that Patroclus is little more than a counterfeit that Homer has substituted for Achilles in his eagerness to conceal the truth concerning that hero.

  [103] ὑφορώμενος δὲ μή τις ἄρα καὶ τοῦ Πατρόκλου ζητῇ τάφον: ὥσπερ οἶμαι καὶ τῶν ἄλλων ἀριστέων τῶν ἀποθανόντων ἐν Τροίᾳ φανεροί εἰσιν οἱ τάφοι: διὰ τοῦτο προκαταλαμβάνων οὐκ ἔφη τάφον αὐτοῦ γενέσθαι καθ᾽ αὑτόν, ἀλλὰ μετὰ τοῦ Ἀχιλλέως τεθῆναι. καὶ Νέστωρ μὲν οὐκ ἠξίωσε μετ᾽ Ἀντιλόχου ταφῆναι δι᾽ αὐτὸν ἀποθανόντος, οἴκαδε τὰ ὀστᾶ κομίσας: τὰ δὲ τοῦ Ἀχιλλέως ὀστᾶ ἀνεμίχθη τοῖς τοῦ Πατρόκλου; μάλιστα μὲν οὖν ἐβούλετο Ὅμηρος ἀφανίσαι τὴν τοῦ Ἀχιλλέως τελευτὴν ὡς οὐκ ἀποθανόντος ἐν Ἰλίῳ.

  [103] “Then Homer had a misgiving that there might actually be some search for the tomb of Patroclus — it would naturally be, I suppose, clearly marked just as are the tombs of the other chieftains also who were slain at Troy — so, safeguarding himself against this, he says that Patroclus had no separate tomb but was buried with Achilles. Again, Nestor, who brought back the bones of Antilochus with him from Troy, did not ask to be buried with him, although Antilochus died for him, but the ashes of Achilles were mingled with those of Patroclus.

  “Now it was Homer’s especial aim to throw a veil over the death of Achilles and create the impression that he did not die at Troy;

  [104] τοῦτο δὲ ἐπεὶ ἀδύνατον ἑώρα, τῆς φήμης ἐπικρατούσης καὶ τοῦ τάφου δεικνυμένου, τό γε ὑφ᾽ Ἕκτορος [p. 142] αὐτὸν ἀποθανεῖν ἀφείλετο καὶ τοὐναντίον ἐκεῖνον ὑπὸ τοῦ Ἀχιλλέως ἀναιρεθῆναί φησιν, ὃς τοσοῦτον ὑπερεῖχε τῶν ἀνθρώπων ἁπάντων καὶ προσέτι αἰκισθῆναι τὸν νεκρὸν αὐτοῦ καὶ συρῆναι μέχρι τῶν τειχῶν. πάλιν δὲ εἰδὼς τάφον ὄντα τοῦ Ἕκτορος καὶ τιμώμενον αὐτὸν ὑπὸ τῶν πολιτῶν, ἀποδοθῆναι αὐτὸν λέγει κελεύσαντος

  [104] but seeing the impossibility of this, since the tradition prevailed and his tomb was being pointed out, Homer, suppressing the account of his death by Hector’s hand, makes the contrary statement that the latter, who was so far superior to all other men, was slain by Achilles, adding that his corpse was dishonoured and dragged as far as the walls. Knowing, too, that there was a tomb of Hector where he was honoured by the citizens, Homer goes on to say that his body was returned by command of Zeus upon payment of a ransom,

  [105] τοῦ Διὸς λύτρων δοθέντων, τέως δὲ τὴν Ἀφροδίτην ἐπιμεληθῆναι καὶ τὸν Ἀπόλλω τοῦ διαμεῖναι τὸν νεκρόν. οὐκ ἔχων δὲ ὅ,τι ποιήσῃ τὸν Ἀχιλλέα, ἐπεὶ ἔδει αὐτὸν ὑπὸ τῶν Τρώων τινὸς ἀνῃρῆσθαι: οὐ γὰρ δὴ καὶ τοῦτον ἔμελλεν, ὥσπερ καὶ τὸν Αἴαντα, ὑφ᾽ ἑαυτοῦ ἀποθανόντα ποιεῖν, φθονῶν τῆς δόξης τῷ ἀνελόντι:τὸν Ἀλέξανδρόν φησιν ἀποκτεῖναι αὐτόν, ὃν πεποίηκε τῶν Τρώων κάκιστον καὶ δειλότατον καὶ ὑπὸ τοῦ Μενελάου μικροῦ δεῖν ζωγρηθέντα, γρηθέντα, ὃν λοιδορούμενον ἀεὶ πεποίηκεν, ὡς μαλθακὸν αἰχμητὴν καὶ ἐπονείδιστον ἐν τοῖς Ἕλλησι.

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sp; [105] Aphrodite and Apollo having in the meanwhile cared for its preservation. But not knowing what disposition to make of Achilles — for he must have been slain by some one of the Trojans, since Homer had no idea of representing him as dying by his own hand as he did Ajax, thereby denying his slayer the glory of the deed — Homer says that Paris slew him, Paris, whom he has depicted as the most base and cowardly of the Trojans, and as having been almost captured alive by Menelaus, whom he has depicted as being always reviled as a faint-hearted spearman and a name of reproach among the Greeks; and he does this, we see,

  [106] ἵνα δὴ τοῦ Ἕκτορος τὴν δόξαν ἀφέλοιτο, καὶ τὸν Ἀχιλλέα φαίνεται καθῃρηκώς, καὶ πολὺ χείρωκαὶ ἀδοξότερον αὐτοῦ ποιήσας τὸν θάνατον. τέλος δὲ προάγει ἤδη τεθνηκότα τὸν Ἀχιλλέα καὶ ποιεῖ μαχόμενον: οὐκ ὄντων δὲ ὅπλων, ἀλλὰ τοῦ Ἕκτορος ἔχοντος: ἐν τούτῳ γὰρ ἔλαθεν αὐτὸν ἕν τι τῶν ἀληθῶν ῥηθέν: ἐκ τοῦ οὐρανοῦ φησι κομίσαι τὴν Θέτιν ὑπὸ τοῦ Ἡφαίστου γενόμενα ὅπλα: καὶ οὕτως δὴ γελοίως τὸν Ἀχιλλέαμόνον τρεπόμενον τοὺς Τρῶας, τῶν δὲ ἄλλων Ἀχαιῶν, ὥσπερ οὐδενὸς παρόντος, ἁπάντων ἐπελάθετο: ἅπαξ δὲ τολμήσας τοῦτο ψεύσασθαι πάντα συνέχεε. καὶ τοὺς θεοὺς ἐνταῦθα ποιεῖ μαχομένους ἀλλήλοις, σχεδὸν ὁμολογῶν ὅτι οὐδὲν αὐτῷ μέλει ἀληθείας.

  [106] in order to steal the glory for Hector — who undoubtedly slew Achilles — thus making the hero’s end much less creditable than it really was and much more inglorious.