Humankind

by Rutger Bregman

  Feeling hopeful, I went in search of the report. And luck was on my side: I turned up a copy at a second-hand bookshop in the UK. Two weeks later it landed on my doormat. Flicking through, I found what I was looking for here.

  Six boys alone on an island. Same story, same details, same wording, and–once again–no source.10

  Okay, I thought, maybe I can track down this Susanna Agnelli and ask where she got the story. But no such luck: she’d passed away in 2009. If this had really happened, I reasoned, there must be an article about it from 1977. Not only that, the boys could still be alive. But search as I might in archive upon archive, I couldn’t find a thing.

  Sometimes all it takes is a stroke of luck. Sifting through a newspaper archive one day, I typed a year incorrectly and ended up deep in the 1960s. And there it was. The reference to 1977 in Agnelli’s report turns out to have been a typo.

  In the 6 October 1966 edition of Australian newspaper The Age, a headline jumped out at me: ‘Sunday Showing for Tongan Castaways’. The story concerned six boys who had been found three weeks earlier on a rocky islet south of Tonga, an island group in the Pacific Ocean (and a British protectorate until 1970). The boys had been rescued by an Australian sea captain after being marooned on the island of ‘Ata for more than a year. According to the article, the captain had even got a television station to film a re-enactment of the boys’ adventure.

  ‘Their survival story already is regarded as one of the great classic stories of the sea,’ the piece concluded.

  I was bursting with questions. Were the boys still alive? And could I find the television footage? Most importantly, though, I had a lead: the captain’s name was Peter Warner. Maybe he was even still alive! But how do you go about locating an elderly man on the other side of the globe?

  As I did a search for the captain’s name, I had another stroke of luck. In a recent issue of the Daily Mercury, a tiny local paper from Mackay, Australia, I came across the headline: MATES SHARE 50-YEAR BOND. Printed alongside was a small photograph of two men, smiling, one with his arm slung around the other. The article began: ‘Deep in a banana plantation at Tullera, near Lismore, sits an unlikely pair of mates […] These men have laughing eyes and a sparkling energy that belies their age. The elder is 83 years old, the son of a wealthy industrialist. The younger, 67, was, literally, a child of nature.’11

  Their names? Peter Warner and Mano Totau. And where had they met?

  On a deserted island.

  3

  We set out one September morning. My wife Maartje and I had rented a car in Brisbane, on Australia’s east coast, and I was seated anxiously at the wheel. The nerves may have had something to do with the fact that it took me six attempts to pass my driving test, and now I had to navigate on the left-hand side of the road. But also: I was on my way to meet a main character from ‘one of the great classic stories of the sea’.

  Some three hours later we arrived at our destination, a spot in the middle of nowhere that stumped Google Maps. Yet there he was, sitting out in front of a low-slung house off this dirt road: the man who rescued six lost boys fifty years ago. Captain Peter Warner.

  Before I tell his story, there are a few things you should know about Peter, because his life alone is worth a movie. He was born the youngest son of Arthur Warner, once one of the richest and most powerful men in Australia. Back in the 1930s, Arthur ruled over a vast empire called Electronic Industries, which dominated the country’s radio market at the time.

  Peter had been groomed to follow in his father’s footsteps. Instead, at the age of seventeen, he ran away. He went to sea in search of adventure. ‘I’d prefer to fight nature rather than human beings,’ he later explained.12

  Peter spent the next few years sailing the seven seas, from Hong Kong to Stockholm, from Shanghai to St Petersburg. When he finally returned five years later, the prodigal son proudly presented his father with a Swedish captain’s certificate. Unimpressed, Warner Sr demanded his son learn a useful profession.

  ‘What’s easiest?’ Peter asked.

  ‘Accountancy,’ Arthur lied.13

  It took another five years of night school for Peter to earn his degree. He went to work for his father’s company, yet the sea still beckoned, and whenever he could get away Peter went to Tasmania, where he kept his own fishing fleet. It was this fishing on the side that brought him to Tonga in the winter of 1966. He had arranged an audience with the king to ask permission to trap lobster in Tongan waters. Unfortunately, His Majesty Taufa‘ahau Tupou IV refused.

  Disappointed, Peter headed back to Tasmania, but on the way he took a little detour, outside royal waters, to cast his nets. And that’s when he saw it: a minuscule island in the azure sea.

  The island of ‘Ata.

  Peter knew that no ships had anchored there in ages. The island had been inhabited once, up until one dark day in 1863, when a slave ship appeared on the horizon and sailed off with the natives. Since then, ‘Ata had been deserted–cursed and forgotten.

  But Peter noticed something odd. Peering through his binoculars, he saw burned patches on the green cliffs. ‘In the tropics it’s unusual for fires to start spontaneously,’ he told us, a half century later. ‘So I decided to investigate.’ As his boat approached the western tip of the island, Peter heard a shout from the crow’s nest.

  ‘Someone’s calling!’ yelled one of his men.

  ‘Nonsense,’ Peter shouted back. ‘It’s just squawking seabirds.’

  But then, through his binoculars, he saw a boy. Naked. Hair down to his shoulders. This wild creature leaped from the cliffside and plunged into the water. Suddenly more boys followed, screaming at the top of their lungs.

  Peter ordered his crew to load their guns, mindful of the Polynesian custom of dumping dangerous criminals on remote islands. It didn’t take long for the first boy to reach the boat. ‘My name is Stephen,’ he cried in perfect English. ‘There are six of us and we reckon we’ve been here fifteen months.’

  Peter was more than a little sceptical. The boys, once aboard, claimed they were students at a boarding school in Nuku‘alofa, the Tongan capital. Sick of school meals, they had decided to take a fishing boat out one day, only to get caught in a storm.

  Likely story, Peter thought. Using his two-way radio, he called in to Nuku‘alofa. ‘I’ve got six kids here,’ he told the operator. ‘If I give you their names, can you telephone the school to find out if they’re pupils there?’

  ‘Stand by,’ came the response.

  Twenty minutes ticked by. (As Peter tells this part of the story, he gets a little misty-eyed.)

  Finally, ‘A very tearful operator came on the radio, and said, “You found them! These boys have been given up for dead. Funerals have been held. If it’s them, this is a miracle!”’

  I asked Peter if he’d ever heard of the book Lord of the Flies.

  ‘Yes, I’ve read it,’ he laughed. ‘But that’s a completely different story!’

  4

  In the months that followed I tried to reconstruct as precisely as possible what had happened on that tiny island of ‘Ata. Peter’s memory turned out to be excellent. Even at the age of ninety, everything he recounted was consistent with the other sources.14

  My foremost other source lived a few hours’ drive from Peter. Mano Totau, fifteen years old at the time and now pushing seventy, counted the captain among his closest friends. A couple days after our visit with Peter, Mano was waiting to welcome me and my wife in his garage in Deception Bay, just north of Brisbane.

  The real Lord of the Flies, Mano told us, began in June 1965.

  The protagonists were six boys, all pupils at St Andrew’s, a strict Catholic boarding school in Nuku‘alofa. The oldest was sixteen, the youngest thirteen, and they had one main thing in common: they were bored witless. The teenagers longed for adventure instead of assignments, for life at sea instead of school.

  So they came up with a plan to escape: to Fiji, some five hundred miles away, or even all the way to
New Zealand. ‘Lots of other kids at school knew about it,’ Mano recalled, ‘but they all thought it was a joke.’

  There was only one obstacle. None of them owned a boat, so they decided to ‘borrow’ one from Mr Taniela Uhila, a fisherman they all disliked.

  The boys took little time to prepare for the voyage. Two sacks of bananas, a few coconuts and a small gas burner were all the supplies they packed. It didn’t occur to any of them to bring a map, let alone a compass. And none of them was an experienced sailor. Only the youngest, David, knew how to steer a boat (which, according to him, ‘was why they wanted me to come along’).15

  The journey began without a hitch. No one noticed the small craft leaving the harbour that evening. Skies were fair; only a mild breeze ruffled the calm sea.

  But that night the boys made a grave error. They fell asleep. A few hours later they awoke to water crashing down over their heads. It was dark. All they could see were foaming waves cresting around them. They hoisted the sail, which the wind promptly tore to shreds. Next to break was the rudder. ‘When we get home,’ joked Sione, the eldest, ‘we must tell Taniela his boat is just like himself–too old and cranky.’16

  In the days that followed there was little to joke about. ‘We drifted for eight days,’ Mano told me. ‘Without food. Without water.’ The boys tried catching fish. They managed to collect some rainwater in hollowed-out coconut shells and shared it equally between them, each taking a sip in the morning and another in the evening. Sione tried boiling seawater on the gas burner, but it tipped over and burned a large part of his leg.

  Then, on the eighth day, they spied a miracle on the horizon. Land. A small island, to be precise. Not a tropical paradise with waving palm trees and sandy beaches, but a hulking mass of rock, jutting up more than a thousand feet out of the ocean.

  These days, ‘Ata is considered uninhabitable. A rugged Spanish adventurer found this out a few years ago. He thought it might be a good spot for the shipwreck expeditions he organises for rich folk with unusual needs. He went to check it out, but just nine days in the poor guy had to call it quits. When a journalist asked if his company would be expanding to the rocky outcrop, he answered in no uncertain terms.

  ‘Never. The island is far too tough.’17

  The teenagers had a rather different experience. ‘By the time we arrived,’ Captain Warner wrote in his memoirs, ‘the boys had set up a small commune with food garden, hollowed-out tree trunks to store rainwater, a gymnasium with curious weights, a badminton court, chicken pens and a permanent fire, all from handiwork, an old knife blade and much determination.’18

  It was Stephen–later an engineer–who, after countless failed attempts, managed to produce a spark using two sticks. While the boys in the make-believe Lord of the Flies come to blows over the fire, those in the real-life Lord of the Flies tended their flame so it never went out, for more than a year.

  The kids agreed to work in teams of two, drawing up a strict roster for garden, kitchen and guard duty. Sometimes they quarrelled, but whenever that happened they solved it by imposing a time-out. The squabblers would go to opposite ends of the island to cool their tempers, and, ‘After four hours or so,’ Mano later remembered, ‘we’d bring them back together. Then we’d say ‘Okay, now apologise.’ That’s how we stayed friends.’19

  Their days began and ended with song and prayer. Kolo fashioned a makeshift guitar from a piece of driftwood, half a coconut shell and six steel wires salvaged from their wrecked boat–an instrument Peter has kept all these years–and played it to help lift their spirits.

  And their spirits needed lifting. All summer long it hardly rained, driving the boys frantic with thirst. They tried constructing a raft in order to leave the island, but it fell apart in the crashing surf.20 Then there was the storm that swept across the island and dropped a tree on their hut.

  Worst of all, Stephen slipped one day, fell off a cliff and broke his leg. The other boys picked their way down after him and then helped him back up to the top. They set his leg using sticks and leaves. ‘Don’t worry,’ Sione joked. ‘We’ll do your work, while you lie there like King Taufa‘ahau Tupou himself!’21

  The boys were finally rescued on Sunday 11 September 1966.

  Physically, they were in peak condition. The local physician, Dr Posesi Fonua, later expressed astonishment at their muscled physiques and Stephen’s perfectly healed leg.

  But this wasn’t the end of the boys’ little adventure, because, when they arrived back in Nuku‘alofa, they found the police waiting to meet them. You might expect the officers to have been thrilled at the return of the town’s six lost sons. But no. They boarded Peter’s boat, arrested the boys and threw them in jail. Mr Taniela Uhila, whose sailing boat the boys had ‘borrowed’ fifteen months earlier, was still furious, and he’d decided to press charges.

  Fortunately for the boys, Peter came up with a plan. It occurred to him that the story of their shipwreck was perfect Hollywood material. Six kids marooned on an island… it was a tale people would be talking about for years. And being his father’s corporate accountant, Peter managed the company’s movie rights and knew people in television.22

  The captain knew exactly what to do. First, from Tonga, he called up the manager of Channel 7 in Sydney. ‘You can have the Australian rights,’ he told them. ‘Give me the world rights. Then we’ll spring these kids out of prison and take them back to the island.’ Next, Peter went around to see Mr Uhila and paid him £150 for his old boat, getting the boys released on the condition that they would cooperate with the movie.

  A few days later, a team from Channel 7 arrived in the ancient DC-3 that flew a once-weekly service to Tonga. Describing the scene to Maartje and me, Peter chuckles. ‘Out of that aircraft stepped three of those TV types in their city suits and pointy shoes.’

  By the time the group arrived on ‘Ata with the six boys in tow, the gang from Channel 7 was green around the gills. Worse, they didn’t know how to swim. ‘Don’t worry,’ Peter assured them. ‘These boys will save you.’

  The captain rowed the trembling men out to the breakers. ‘This is where you get out.’

  Even fifty years later, the memory brings tears to Peter’s eyes–this time from laughter. ‘So I tossed them out, and these Australian television people were sinking down, the Tongans diving down, picking them up, taking them through the surf, bashing them up against the rocks.’

  Next, the group had to scale the cliff, which took the rest of the day. When they finally arrived at the top, the TV crew collapsed, exhausted. Not surprisingly, the documentary about ‘Ata was no success. Not only were the shots lousy, but most of the 16mm film went missing, leaving a grand total of only thirty minutes. ‘Actually,’ Peter amends, ‘twenty minutes, plus commercials.’

  Naturally, as soon as I heard about the Channel 7 documentary I wanted to see it. Peter didn’t have it, so back in the Netherlands I contacted an agency that specialised in tracking down and restoring old recordings. But search as they might, it was nowhere to be found.

  Then Peter intervened again, putting me in touch with an independent filmmaker named Steve Bowman who had visited the ‘boys’ in 2006. Steve was frustrated that their story had never got the attention it deserved. His own documentary had never aired because his distributor went bankrupt, but he still had his raw interviews. He kindly offered to share them with me and also to put me in touch with Sione, the oldest of the bunch. Then he announced that he had the sole remaining copy of that original 16mm documentary.

  ‘May I see it?’ I asked Steve.

  ‘Of course,’ he answered.

  And that’s how–months after stumbling across a story on an obscure blog about six shipwrecked kids–I was suddenly watching the original 1966 footage on my laptop. ‘I am Sione Fataua,’ it began. ‘Five classmates from St Andrew’s High School and I washed ashore on this island in June 1965.’

  The mood when the boys returned to their families in Tonga was jubilant. Almost the entire island
of Ha‘afeva–population nine hundred–had turned out to welcome them home. ‘No sooner did one party end than preparations for another began,’ narrated the 1966 documentary voiceover.

  Peter was proclaimed a national hero. Soon he received a message from King Taufa‘ahau Tupou IV himself, inviting the captain for another audience. ‘Thank you for rescuing six of my subjects,’ His Royal Highness said. ‘Now, is there anything I can do for you?’

  The captain didn’t have to think long. ‘Yes! I would like to trap lobster in these waters and start a business here.’

  This time the king consented. Peter returned to Sydney, resigned from his father’s company and commissioned a new ship. Then he had the six boys brought over and granted them the thing that had started it all: an opportunity to see the world beyond Tonga. He hired Sione, Stephen, Kolo, David, Luke and Mano as the crew of his new fishing boat.

  The name of the boat? The Ata.

  5

  This is the real-life Lord of the Flies.

  Turns out, it’s a heart-warming story–the stuff of bestselling novels, Broadway plays and blockbuster movies.

  It’s also a story that nobody knows. While the boys of ‘Ata have been consigned to obscurity, William Golding’s book is still widely read. Media historians even credit him as being the unwitting originator of one of the most popular entertainment genres on television today: reality TV.

  The premise of so-called reality shows, from Big Brother to Temptation Island, is that human beings, when left to their own devices, behave like beasts. ‘I read and re-read Lord of the Flies,’ divulged the creator of hit series Survivor in an interview. ‘I read it first when I was about twelve, again when I was about twenty and again when I was thirty and since we did the programme as well.’23

  The show that launched this whole genre was MTV’s The Real World. Since it first aired in 1992, every episode opens with a cast member reciting, ‘This is the true story of seven strangers […] Find out what happens when people stop being polite and start getting real.’