44. Kim Chông-ryôm, Han’guk kyôngje chôngch’aek 30-nyônsa: Kim Chông-ryôm hoegorok [A 30-year history of Korea’s economic policy] (Seoul: JoongAng Ilbo, 1990), 84; Kim Ch’ung-sik, Namsan-¤i pujangd¤l, 1 [The KCIA Directors], vol. 1 (Seoul: Dong-A Ilbosa, 1992), 64–65.
45. Author interview with Yi Sôk-che, June 2005; see also Cho Yong-jung,
“Tak’yument’ari: Kukka chaegôn ch’oego hoe¤i” [Documentation: The Supreme Council for National Reconstruction], Sindonga, May 1983, 130–
131.
46. Yi claims to have prepared about thirty-five programs. See Yi Sôk-che, Kak’ha
[General], 62–63, 83–84.
47. Ibid.,168–169.
48. Ch’a Kyun-h¤i, a career financial expert, was the first vice minister of the EPB
(June 1962-June 1963).
49. Kim served as ambassador plenipotentiary in Japan (1957–1958) and Britain (1958–1960). Kim began his career as a bank officer in April 1938 and, in February 1949, he became director-general of the Financial Bureau, Bank of Korea.
50. JoongAng Ilbo, Sillok Park Chung Hee [A Historical Record: Park Chung Hee] (Seoul: JoongAng M&B, 1998), 124. See Chônkyôngryôn 20-nyônsa [A 20-Year History of the Federation of Korean Industries] (Chôn’guk kyôngjein yônhaphoe, 1983), 252.
51. All quotes in this paragraph from Park Chung Hee, Our Nation’s Path, 217.
52. Yi Sôk-che, Kak’ha [General], 200.
53. Embtel 293, August 12, 1961, Box 128, NSF: Korea, JFKL. Correction issued: August 14, 1961.
Notes to Pages 102–109
663
54. Author interview with Minister Chông, June 2005. Minister Chông later served as chairman of the National Assembly from 1981 to 1984, until he resigned from his official position as a consequence of an alleged corruption scandal. For details on the background for Chông’s involvement in the currency reform, see his autobiography, Kyôkpyun-ui saengaer-¤l tora bomyô
[Looking Back on the Rapid Changes in My Life] (Seoul: Han’guk sanôp kaebal yôn’guwôn, 2001), 268–272.
55. See Donald S. Macdonald, U.S.-Korean Relations from Liberation to Self-Reliance: The Twenty-Year Record (Boulder: Westview Press, 1992), 218.
56. Chônkyôngryôn 20-nyônsa [A 20-Year History of the Federation of Korean Industries], 205. There were two key reasons for the revision: U.S. pressure to downsize and a critical shortage of government holdings of foreign currency.
57. Macdonald, U.S.-Korean Relations from Liberation to Self-Reliance, 219.
58. The minister of the MoF changed three times in the first year of military rule: Major-General Paek Sôn-jin (May-June); Kim Yu-t’aek (June-July); and Ch’ôn Pyông-gyu (July 1961–June1962).
59. In particular, Kim Chông-ryôm’s influence in assembling an economy-oriented technocracy, especially in the 1970s as the chief of staff who was also designated by Park as his “economic manager,” cannot be stressed enough.
60. Both held Ph.D.s from the United States, the former in mechanical engineering and the latter in metallurgic engineering. Ham is known to have been Minister Chông’s brain trust, who inspired him to promote MCI-led industrialization.
61. Chông Nae-hyôk, Kyôkpyun-¤i saengaer-¤l tora bomyô [Looking Back on the Rapid Changes in My Life], 252.
62. Presidential Task Force on Korea, “Report to the National Security Council,”
June 5, 1961, Box 127, NSF: Korea, JFKL, 21–22.
63. Ibid., appendix C.
64. Colonel Cho In-bok became president of Kyôngsông Electric Company. Two other newly appointed presidents were Colonel Hwang In-sông at Chosôn Electric Company and Colonel Kim Tôk-jun at Namsôn Electric Company.
65. Chông Nae-hyôk, Kyôkpyunui saengaer¤l tora bomyô [Looking Back on the Rapid Changes in My Life], 253–254, 275.
66. Minju Han’guk Hyôngmyông ch’ôngsa [A History of the Democratic Korean Revolution] (Seoul: Minju han’guk hyôngmyông ch’ôngsa p’yônch’an wiwônhoe, 1963), 161–164, 325, 352.
67. Macdonald, U.S.-Korean Relations from Liberation to Self-Reliance, 219.
68. For details of the secret agreement between Kim and Ohira, see Yi To-sông, ed., Sillok, Park Chung Hee-wa Han-il hoedam: 5.16-esô choinkkaji [A True Record, Park Chung Hee and Korea-Japan Normalization Talks: From May 16, 1961 to the Signing of the Agreement] (Seoul: Hansong, 1995).
69. Kim Ch’ung-sik, Namsan-¤i pujangd¤l: Chôngch’i kongjak saryôngbu KCIA [The KCIA Directors: KCIA, Headquarters of Political Maneuvering], 1:72–77.
Notes to Pages 109–117
664
70. As early as October 1961, U.S. ambassador Berger warned in his telegram report to the secretary of state that Kim Chong-pil’s dominance would be a factor in any factional fight in the SCNR. See Embtel 640 (section two of two), October 28, 1961, Box 128, NSF: Korea, JFKL.
71. Cho Yong-jung, “Tak’yument’ari: Kukka chaegôn ch’oego hoe¤i” [Documentation: The Supreme Council for National Reconstruction], 160.
72. Ibid., 166.
73. Kim Ch’ung-sik, Namsan-¤i pujangd¤l [The KCIA Directors], 1:66.
74. Kim’s power within the KCIA was drastically reduced immediately after February 21, when Kim Chae-ch’un was appointed director of the KCIA. He dismissed thirty-one who were mostly from members of Kim Chong-pil’s team, in the eighth class of the Korea Military Academy. Major General Kim Yong-sun, who had succeeded Kim as the second director of the KCIA, in 1963, served for only forty-five days, to be replaced by Kim Chae-ch’ua.
75. Cho Yong-jung, “Tak’yument’ari: Kukka chaegôn ch’oego hoe¤i” [Documentation: The Supreme Council for National Reconstruction], 155–162.
76. According to Chông Chae-gyông, the three earlier attempts were (1) on May 8, 1960, known as “5.8 kyehoek [May 8th plan]” but abruptly canceled because of the student revolution on April 19; (2) on April 19, 1961, on the first anniversary of the April 19 revolution; and (3) on May 13, 1961. Chông Chae-gyông, Wi’in Park Chung Hee [The Great Man Park Chung Hee] (Seoul: Chimmundang, 1992), 152.
77. In the poem that Park reportedly delivered to his brother-in-law just before the coup, Park pledges “to commit k’waedo halbok, ” the traditional Japanese samurai-style suicide. See ibid.
4. Modernization Strategy: Ideas and Influences 1. Robert E. Ward and Dankwart A. Rustow, eds., Political Modernization in Japan and Turkey (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1964).
2. Park Chung Hee, Minjok chungh¤ng-¤i kil [The Road to the Revival of Our Nation] (Seoul: Kwangmyông ch’ulp’ansa, 1978), 6.
3. Albert S. Yee, “The Causal Effects of Ideas on Policies,” International Organization 50, no. 1 (Winter 1996): 69–108; Geoffry L. Taubman, “Combating the Phantom Menace: Foreign Ideas, Domestic Political Change and Responses to Globalization,” paper presented at the annual meeting of the International Studies Association, Los Angeles, 14–18 March 2000, 7.
4. Gordon J. Direnzo, Personality, Power and Politics: A Social Psychological Analysis of the Italian Deputy and His Parliamentary System (Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press, 1967), 5.
5. Takagi Masao was Park Chung Hee’s Japanese name. During the Japanese colonial period, all Koreans were forced to change their Korean names into Japanese as a way of homogenizing Japanese and Koreans into one (naesôn ilch’e).
6. Okazaki Hisahiko, Kukka to joho: Nihonno gaikou senryakuwo motomete
Notes to Pages 117–119
665
[The State and Intelligence: Searching for Japan’s Foreign Policy] (Tokyo: Bungeishunju, 1984), 116.
7. Yi Ki-t’aek, “Park Chung Hee-wa Ilbon” [Park Chung Hee and Japan], in Hyôndaesa-r¤l ôttôk’e polgôtin’ga [How to View the Modern History of Korea], vol. 4, ed. Dong-A Ilbosa (Seoul: Dong-A Ilbosa, 1990), 190.
8. Han Yong-wôn, Ch’anggun [Founding of the Military] (Seoul: Pakyôngsa, 1984), 34–38. Cho Kap-che, Nae mudôm-e ch’im-¤l paet’ôra2: chônjaeng-gwa sarang [Spit on My Grave, vol. 2: War and Love] (Seoul: Chosun Ilbo
sa, 1998), 2:127–131; Sin Yong-gu, Park chung hee chôngsin punsôk: sinhwa-n¤n ôpta [The Psychoanalysis of Park Chung Hee: There Is No Myth] (Seoul: Tt¤indol, 2000),135–140.
9. A testimony by Kim Chong-sin in The Observer, March 1991, 188.
10. Cho Kap-che, Nae mudôm-e ch’im¤l paet’ôra [Spit on My Grave], 2:57; Kim Hyông-uk and Pak Sa-wôl, Kim Hyông-uk hoegorok 2: han’guk chungang chôngbobu [Kim Hyông-uk’s Memoir: The Korea Central Intelligence Agency] (Seoul: Ach’im, 1985), 2:187.
11. Richard Samuels, Rich Nation, Strong Army: National Security and Technological Transformation of Japan (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1994), 35–
38; Kim Chông-ryôm, A! Park Chung Hee: Kim Chông-ryôm chôngch’i hoegorok [Ah! Park Chung Hee: Kim Chông-ryôm’s reflections on politics]
(Seoul: JoongAng M&B, 1997), 116–117.
12. Kim Chông-ryôm, A! Park Chung Hee [Ah! Park Chung Hee], 116–117; JoongAng Ilbo Sillok Park Chung Hee sidae t’¤kbyôl ch’wijaet’im, Sillok Park Chung Hee [A Historical Record: Park Chung Hee] (Seoul: JoongAng M&B, 1998), 117–119.
13. Yi Sang-u, Park Chung Hee, p’amyôl-¤i chôngch’igongjak [The Ruined Political Maneuvering of Park Chung Hee] (Seoul: Dong-A Ilbosa, 1993), 23.
14. JoongAng Ilbo Sillok Park Chung Hee sidae t’¤kbyôl ch’wijaet’im, Sillok Park Chung Hee [A Historical Record: Park Chung Hee], 193.
15. Kimiya Tadashi, “Han’guk-¤i naep’ojôk kongôphwa chônllyak-¤i chwajôl: 5.16 kunsa chôngbu-¤i kukkajayulsông-¤i kujojôk han’gye” [The Failure of the Inward-looking Deepening Strategy in South Korea: The Limits of the State’s Structural Autonomy in the 5.16 Military Government] (Ph.D. diss., Korea University, 1991), 131–136.
16. Ryu Sang-yông, “Han’guk sanôphwa-esô¤i kukka-wa kiôp-¤i kwan’gye: P’ohang chech’ôl-gwa kukka chabonju-¤i” [Government-Business Relations in the Industrialization of South Korea: Pohang Iron & Steel Company and State Capitalism] (Ph.D. diss., Yonsei University, 1995), 90–105.
17. Kim Chông-ryôm, Han’guk kyôngje chôngch’aek 30nyônsa: Kim Chông-ryôm hoegorok [A 30-Year History of Korea’s Economic Policy: The Recollections of Kim Chông-ryôm] (Seoul: JoongAng Ilbosa, 1990), 322–324; O Wôn-ch’ôl, Han’gukhyông kyôngje kônsôl 5: enjiniôring ôp’¤roch’i [Korean-Style Economic Development: An Engineering Approach] (Seoul: Kia kyôngje yôn’guso, 1996), 5:11–31.
18. Kim Yôn-g¤k, “Park Chung Hee-wa hujino-¤i widaehan ujông” [The Great
Notes to Pages 119–122
666
Friendship of Park Chung Hee and Hujino], Wôlgan Chosun, January 1997, 330.
19. Noguchi Yukio, Senkyuhyakunenyonjunen Taisei [The 1940 System] (Tokyo: Tokyo Keizai Shimbunsa, 1995).
20. Yi Sang-u, Park Chung Hee p’amyôl-¤i chôngch’igongjak [The Ruined Political Maneuvering of Park Chung Hee], 23; Ch’oe Yông, Park Chung Hee-¤i sasanggwa haengdong [Park Chung Hee’s Thoughts and Behavior] (Seoul: Hyôn¤msa, 1995), 19; JoongAng Ilbo, Sillok Park Chung Hee sidae t’¤kbyôl ch’wijaet’im, Sillok Park Chung Hee [A Historical Record: Park Chung Hee], 117–119.
21. Yi Pyông-ju (Park Chung Hee Sojang, K¤ ch’ôngryômhan yuadokchon; wôllojakka Li Pyông-ju-¤i) “Taet’ongnyôngd¤l¤i ch’osang 2” [The Portrait of Presidents 2], Wôlgan Chosun, July 1991, 480; Cho Kap-che, Nae mudôm-e ch’im-¤l paet’ôra [Spit on My Grave], 2:125–126.
22. Gregory Henderson, Korea: The Politics of the Vortex, trans. Pak Haeng-ung and Yi Chong-sam, Soyongdoli-¤i Han’guk chôngch’i (Seoul: Hanul Academy, 2000 [1968]), 507n6.
23. Cho Kap-che, Naemudôm-e ch’im-¤l paet’ôra [Spit on My Grave], 2:79–80.
24. JoongAng Ilbo, Sillok Park Chung Hee sidae t’¤kbyôl ch’wijaet’im, Sillok Park Chung Hee [A Historical Record: Park Chung Hee], 115.
25. Yi Tong-wôn, Taet’ongryông-¤l kirimyô [Missing the President] (Seoul: Koryewôn, 1992), 64.
26. Planning Unit, Heavy-Chemical Industrial Policy Committee, Chunghwahak kongôphwa chôngch’aek sônôn-e ttar¤n kongôp kujo kaep’yôllon [On Reorganization of Industrial Structures following the Declaration of Heavy-Chemical Industrial Policy], January 1, 1973, 9–14; quoted in Cho In-wôn, Kukkawa sônt’aek [The State and Choice], 183.
27. Cho Tong-sông, Han’guk-¤i chonghap sangsa [The General Trading Company of South Korea], vol. 1 (Seoul: Pômmunsa, 1983), 14; idem, Han’guk-¤i chonghap sangsa [The General Trading Company of South Korea], vol. 2
(Seoul: Pômmunsa, 1983), 165–170; Yi Chong-yun, Muyôk palchôn-kwa chonghap sangsa [The Development of Trade and the General Trade Company] (Seoul: Pakyôngsa, 1987), 33–43.
28. The term industrializing nationalism was suggested by Ezra F. Vogel. We thank him for his suggestion. On Park’s self-proclaimed nationalism, see Park Chung Hee, Kukka-wa hyôngmyông-gwa na [The Nation, the Revolution, and I] (Seoul: Hyangmunsa, 1963).
29. Chôn Chae-ho, Pandongjôk k¤ndaeju¤ija Park Chung Hee [Park Chung Hee as a Reactionary Modernizer] (Seoul: Ch’aekseang, 2000), 23–34.
30. On conservative opinion, see Yi Chông-sik, Yushin-¤i chôngch’i nolli [The Political Logic of Yushin] (Seoul: Pakyôngsa, 1977); Chông Chae-gyông, Hanminjok-¤i chungh¤ng sasang: Park Chung Hee taet’ongryông-¤i chôngch’i ch’ôlhak [The Thought of Revival of Our Nation: The Political Philosophy of President Park Chung Hee] (Seoul: Sinhwa ch’ulp’ansa, 1979); Han S¤ng-jo, Yushin kaepyôk sasang-¤i kwagô, hyônjae, mirae [Past, Present, and Future of Yushin Reform Thought] (Seoul: Sôhyanggak, 1977). On lib-
Notes to Pages 122–126
667
eral opinion, see Kang Man-gil, “Han’guk minjokchu¤iron-¤i ihae” [Understanding Nationalism in Korea], in Han’guk-¤i minjokchu¤i undong-gwa minjung [Nationalist Movements and the Minjung in Korea], ed. Yi Yông-h¤i and Kang Man-gil (Seoul: Ture, 1987); Pak Hyôn-ch’ae, “Pundan sidae han’guk minjokchu¤i-¤i kwaje” [The Task of Korean Nationalism in the Era of National Division], in Han’gukminjokchu¤iron [On Nationalism in Korea], vol. 2, ed. Song Kôn-ho and Kang Man-gil (Seoul: Ch’angjakkwa pip’yôngsa, 1983).
31. Son Ho-ch’ôl, Han’guk chôngch’ihak-¤i saegusang [New Design for Korean Political Science] (Seoul: Pulbit, 1991); Chông Yun-hyông, “Park Chung Hee chônggwôn-¤i kyôngje kaebal inyôm” [The Idea of Economic Development in the Park Chung Hee Government], in Han’guk chabonju¤i sônggyôk nonjaeng [Debates on the Character of Capitalism in South Korea], ed. idem (Seoul: Taewangsa, 1988); Kimiya Tadashi, “Han’guk-¤i naep’ojôk kongôphwa chôllyak-¤i chwajôl: 5.16 kunsa chôngbu-¤i kukkajayulsông-ui kujojôk han’gye” [The Failure of the Inward-looking Deepening Strategy in South Korea: The Limits of the State’s Structural Autonomy in the 5.16 Military Government].
32. Ko Yông-bok, “Park Chung Hee-¤i k¤ndaehwa inyôm” [Park Chung Hee’s Ideology of Modernization], in Hyôndaesa-r¤l ôttôk’e polgôtin’ga, 4:271.
33. Yang Sông-ch’ôl, Park Chung Hee-wa Kim Il Sung [Park Chung Hee and Kim Il Sung] (Seoul: Hanul, 1992), 84.
34. Ibid., 252–256.
35. Sim Yung-t’aek, Charip-e-¤i ¤iji: Park Chung Hee taet’ongryông ôrok [The Will of Self-Reliance: Quotations from President Park Chung Hee] (Seoul: Hallim ch’ulp’ansa, 1972), 229.
36. Park Chung Hee, Minjok-¤i chôryôk [The Potential Power of Our Nation]
(Seoul: Kwangmyông ch’ulpa’nsa, 1971), 16.
37. Chôn
Chae-ho,
“Tongwôndoen
minjokchu¤i-wa
chônt’ong
munhwa
chôngch’aek” [Mobilized Nationalism and Policies for Traditional Culture], in Park Chung Hee-r¤l nômôsô: Park Chung Hee-wa k¤ sidae-e taehan pip’anjôk yôn’gu [Beyond Park Chung Hee], ed. Han’guk Chôngch’i Yônguhoe [Study Group on Korean Politics] (Seoul: P’ur¤nsup, 1998), 244.
38. Park Chung Hee, Kukka-wa hyôngmyông-gwa na [The State, the Revolution, and I], 254; idem, Uri minjok-¤i nagal-gil [Our Nation’s Path] (Seoul:Tonga ch’ulp’ansa, 1962), chap. 5.
39. Park Chung Hee, Minjok chungh¤ng-¤i kil [The Road to Revival of Our Nation], 22.
40. Ibid., 32.
41. Ibid., 73–74.
42. Yang Sông-ch’ôl, Park Chung Hee-wa Kim Il Sung [Park Chung Hee and Kim Il Sung], 262.
43. Byung-kook Kim, Pundan-gwa hyôngmyông-¤i tonghak: han’guk-kwa meksik’o-¤i chôngch’i kyôngje [The Dynamics of National Division and Revolution: The Political Economy of South Korea and Mexico] (Seoul: Munhak-kwa chisôngsa, 1994), 183–200, 350–365.
Notes to Pages 126–130
668
44. Sim Yung-t’aek, Charipe-¤i ¤iji [The Will of Self-Reliance], 37. See also Park Chung Hee, Kukka-wa hyôngmyông-gwa na [The State, the Revolution, and I], 45.
45. Stephan Haggard, Byung-kook Kim, and Chung-in Moon, “The Transition to Export-led Growth,” Journal of Asian Studies 50, no. 4 (1991): 850–873; Yi Wan-bôm, “Che ilch’a kyôngje kaebal ogaenyôn kyehoek-¤i ipan’gwa miguk-
¤i yôkhal” [Designing the First Five-Year Economic Development Plan and the Role of the United States], in 1960nyôndae-¤i chôngch’i sahoe pyôndong
[Political and Social Changes in the 1960s], ed. Academy of Korean Studies (Seoul: Paeksansôdang, 1999), 126–133; Byung-Kook Kim, Pundan-gwa hyôngmyông-¤i tonghak [The Dynamics of National Division and Revolution], 365–381; Kim Chông-ryôm, Han’guk kyôngje chôngch’aek 30nyônsa
[A 30-Year History of Korea’s Economic Policy], 106–117.
46. Amsden, Asia’s Next Giant; Robert Wade, Governing the Market: Economic Theory and the Role of Government in East Asian Industrialization (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1990).
47. Kim Sang-on et al., Han’guk kyôngje-¤i kujobyônhwa [The Structural Change of the Korean Economy] (Ulsan: Ulsan University Press, 1997), 64; Sông Pyông-t’ak, Hanil yanggug-¤i kyôngje pigyo [Comparison of Korean and Japanese Economy] (Seoul: Hyungsôl Ch’ulp’ansa, 1994), 227, 246–247.
48. Kim Sang-on et al., Han’guk kyônje-¤i kujobyônhwa [The Structural Change of the Korean Economy], 61–62.
49. Kim Chông-ryôm, Han’guk kyôngje chôngch’aek 30nyônsa [A 30-Year History of Korea’s Economic Policy], 135–140; Ryu Sang-yông, “Han’guk sanôphwa-esô¤i kukka-wa kiôp-¤i kwan’gye” [Government-Business Relations in Industrialization of South Korea], 109–117.
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