50. Economic Planning Board, Kaebal yôndae-¤i kyôngje chôngch’aek: kyôngje kihoegwôn 20nyônsa [Economic Policy during the Developmental Decades: Twenty Years of the Economic Planning Board] (Seoul: Miraesa, 1982), 40; Stephan Haggard and Chung-in Moon, “The South Korean State in International Economy: Liberal, Dependent, and Mercantile?” in Antinomies of Interdependence, ed. John Ruggie (New York: Columbia University Press, 1983), 47–60.
51. Sin Pôm-sik, ed., Park Chung Hee taet’ongryông sônjip [Selected Works of President Park Chung Hee] (Seoul: Chimun’gak, 1969), 199.
52. Stephan Haggard and Tun-jen Cheng, “State and Foreign Capital in East Asian NICs,” in The Political Economy of the New Asian Industrialism, ed.
Frederic C. Deyo (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1987).
53. For debates on this issue, see Yang Sông-ch’ôl , Park Chung Hee-wa Kim Il Sung [Park Chung Hee and Kim Il Sung], 84; Pak Myông-rim, Han’guk chônjaeng-¤i palbal-gwa kiwôn [The Korean War: The Outbreak and Its Origins], vol. 2 (Seoul: Nanam, 1996), 548.
54. Park Chung Hee, Uri minjok-¤i nagal-gil [Our Nation’s Path], 129, 130.
55. Ibid., 257–258.
56. Sôn U-Yôn, “Park Chung Hee yuksông ch¤ngôn sang” [Verbal Testimony by Park Chung Hee 1], Monthly Chosun, March 1992, 158–159.
57. Chông Sang-ho, “Yusandoen minjuhwa, kyôngjaeng-¤i pujae-wa t’onghap-¤i
Notes to Pages 130–133
669
pin’gon” [An Aborted Democratization, an Absence of Political Competition, and Poverty of Integration], in Park Chung Hee-r¤l nômôsô [Beyond Park Chung Hee], ed. Study Group on Korean Politics, 109–132.
58. Park Chung Hee, Choguk k¤ndaehwa-¤i chip’yo [Index of Modernization of Our Fatherland] (Seoul: Koryô sôchôk, 1967), 48.
59. Park Chung Hee, Minjok chungh¤ng-¤i kil [The Road to the Revival of Our Nation], 47–50.
60. Ibid., 61–62.
61. Park Chung Hee, Kukka-wa hyôngmyông-gwa na [The State, the Revolution, and I], 252–256.
62. See Chapter 14 below.
63. Park Chung Hee, Kukka-wa hyôngmyông-gwa Na [The State, the Revolution, and I], 134–138; Yi Sôk-che, Kak’ha, Uri hyôngmyông hapsida [General, Let’s Have a Revolution] (Seoul: Sôjôkp’o, 1995), 81; Yi Pyung-dong, “Park Chung Hee-wa saema¤l undong” [Park Chung Hee and the New Community Movement] in Hyôndaesa-r¤l ôttôk’e polgôtin’ga 4 [How to View the Modern History of Korea], vol. 4, ed. Dong-A Ilbosa (Seoul: Dong-A Ilbo, 1990), 356–
381; Chôn Chae-ho, Pandongjôk k¤ndaeju¤ija Park Chung Hee [Park Chung Hee as a Reactionary Modernizer], 79–84; Office of the President, Saema¤l undong: Park Chung Hee taet’ongryông yônsôlmun sônjip [New Community Movement: Selected Speeches of President Park Chung Hee] (Seoul: Office of the President, 1978).
64. Henderson, Korea, The Politics of the Vortex, trans. Pak Haeng-ung and Yi Chong-sam, Soyongdoli-¤i Han’guk chôngch’i, 506.
65. Kim Un-t’ae, ed., Han’guk chôngch’iron [On Korean Politics] (Seoul: Pakyôngsa, 1991), 438.
66. Yi Sang-u, Park Chung Hee p’amyôl-¤i chôngch’igongjak [The Ruined Political Maneuvering of Park Chung Hee], 71; Yi Ki-hong, Kyôngje k¤ndaehwa-¤i sum¤n iyagi [A Behind-the-Scenes Story of Economic Modernization] (Seoul: Voice, 1999), 41.
67. James H. Hausman and Chông Il-hwa, Han’guk taet’ongryông-¤l umjigin migun taewi: haus¤man ch¤ngôn [A U.S. Army Captain Who Maneuvered Presidents of South Korea: The Testimony of Hausman] (Seoul: Han’guk-munwôn, 1995), 58–59.
68. Cho Kap-che, Naemudôm-e ch’im-¤l paet’ôra [Spit on My Grave], 3:70. Cho offers a counterargument.
69. Park Chung Hee, Kukka-wa hyôngmyông-kwa na [The State, the Revolution, and I], 231–232.
70. Pak K¤n-hye’s testimony in Cho Kap-che, “Park taet’ongryông-¤i ch’ôngwadae ilgi wônbon” [Original Version of President Park’s Blue House Diary], Wôlgan Chosun, April 1989, 321.
71. Yi Tong-wôn, Taet’ongryông-¤l kirimyô [Missing the President], 57–58; Kang Sông-jae, “Park Chung Hee-ege ônsông-¤l nopin bôgô taesa” [Ambassador Berger Who Raised His Voice to Park Chung Hee], Sindonga, January 1987, 332–337; W. D. Reeve, Republic of Korea: A Political and Economic Study (London: Oxford University Press, 1963), 177–178.
72. Man-wu Yi, “Double Patronage toward South Korea,” in Alliance under Ten-
Notes to Pages 134–136
670
sion: The Evolution of South Korean–U.S. Relations, ed. Man-wu Yi, Ronald D. McLaurn, and Moon Chung-in (Boulder: Westview Press, 1988), 35–36.
73. Kim Chin-hyôn and Chi Tong-uk, “Han’guk changgi kaebal kyehoek-¤i naemak” [The Inside Story of Korea’s Long-Term Economic Development Plan], Sindong-A, September 1966, 100–120; Anne O. Krueger, The Developmental Role of the Foreign Sector and Aid (Cambridge, MA: Council on East Asian Studies, Harvard University, 1979), 77–78; Yi Yong-wôn, Che-i konghwaguk-kwa Chang myôn [Chang Myôn and the Second Republic]
(Seoul: Pômusa, 1999), 48–49; Yi Ki-hong, Kyôngje k¤ndaehwa-¤i sum¤n iyagi [A Behind-the-Scenes Story of Economic Modernization], 263–267; Yi Wan-bôm, “Che ilch’a kyôngje kaebal ogaenyôn kyehoek-¤i ipangwa mikug-
¤i yôkhal” [Designing the First Five-Year Economic Development Plan and the Role of the United States], 93–94.
74. From Seoul to Secretary of State, Embtel 699 (Seoul), November 11, 1961, in 5.16 kwa Park Chung Hee chôngpu¤i sôngnip: chônmunch’ôl [The 5.16 Coup and the Inauguration of the Park Chung Hee Government: Collection of Telegrams], ed. Institute for the Modern History of Korea, Academy of Korean Studies (Sôngnam: AKS, 1999).
75. Cho Kap-che, Naemudôm-e ch’im-¤l paet’ôra [Spit on My Grave], 5:47.
76. John C. H. Fei and Gustav Ranis, “Han’guk kyôngje-¤i changgi kaebal pangan” [Long-term Economic Development Plan of the Korean Economy], trans. Sindong-A Editorial Borad, Sindong-A, March 1965, 190–216.
77. Haggard, Kim, and Moon, “The Transition to Export-led Growth,” 862–868; Im Ch’ôl-gyu, “Yusom” [USOM], Sindong-A, May 1965, 151–170.
78. Subcommittee on International Relations, U.S. House of Representatives, Investigation of Korean-American Relations (Washington, D.C.: U.S. GPO, 1978), trans. Research Group of Korean-American Relations, Seoul National University, P’¤reijô pogosô [The Fraser Report] (Seoul: Silch’ônmunhaksa, 1986), 252.
79. David C. Cole and Yong Chol Pak, Financial Development in Korea, 1945–
1978 (Cambridge, Mass.: Council on East Asian Studies, Harvard University, 1983), 201, 298–303.
80. Ibid.,163–165; Haggard, Kim, and Moon, “The Transition to Export-led Growth.”
81. Research Group of Korean-American Relations, Seoul National University, P’¤reigô pogosô [The Fraser Report], 244–245. For an opposing view, see Yi Wan-bôm, “Che ilch’a kyôngje kaebal ogaenyôn kyehoek-¤i ipan-gwa miguk-
¤i yôkhal” [Designing the First Five-Year Economic Development Plan and the Role of the United States], 133–134.
82. See Amicus Most, Expanding Exports: A Case Study of the Korean Experience (Washington, D.C.: USAID, 1969). See also Haggard, Kim, and Moon,
“The Transition to Export-led Growth.”
83. Kim H¤ng-gi, ed., Yôngyok-¤i han’guk kyôngje: pisa kyôngjhe kihoekwôn samsipsamnyônsa [The Glory and Hardships of the Korean Economy: 33
Years’ Untold History of the Economic Planning Board] (Seoul: Maeil Business Newspaper, 1999), 103.
Notes to Pages 136–144
671
84. Song In-sang, Puh¤nggwa sôngjang [Reconstruction and Growth] (Seoul: 21segibuks¤ Saenal, 1994), 249.
85. Kim H¤ng-gi, ed., Yôngyok-¤i han’guk kyôngche [The Glory and Hardships of the Korean Economy), 255; Ch’oe Hyông-sôp, Ch’oe hyông-sôp hoegorok: Puli kkôjiji ann¤n yôn’guso (Institute Working 24 Hours: A Memoir of Hyông-sôp Ch’oe) (Seoul: Chosun Ilbosa, 1995), 52–65.
5. The Labyrinth of Solitude: Park and the
E
xercise of Presidential Power
I would like to express my gratitude to Yi Su-hyôn for assisting me with the collection and classification of the Blue House Secretariat’s personnel information during Park Chung Hee’s political rule. Without her assistance, this essay would not have been possible. The research was supported by a Korea University Grant.
1. National Election Commission, Republic of Korea, “Chungang Sôngô Kwanri Wiwônhoe: Yôkdae Sôngô Chôngbo Sis¤t’em [National Election Commission Republic of Korea: Information Database of Past Elections],” National Election Commission, Republic of Korea, http://www.nec.go.kr/sinfo/index.html.
2. Kim Ch’ung-nam, Sônggonghan taet’ongryông, silpaehan taet’ongryông [Successful Presidents and Failed Presidents] (Seoul: Chônwôn, 1992), 286.
3. Consult Park Chung Hee, Uri minjok-¤i nagalgil [Our Nation’s Path] (Seoul: Tonga ch’ulp’ansa, 1962) and Kukka-wa hyôngmyông-gwa na [The State, the Revolution, and I] (Seoul: Hyangmunsa, 1963) for Park’s authoritarian political beliefs.
4. See Cho Kap-che, Nae mudôm-e ch’ im-¤l paet’ ôra 3: hyôngmyông chônya
[Spit on My Grave, vol. 3: On the Eve of Revolution] (Seoul: Chosun Ilbosa, 1999), 28–51.
5. See ibid., 65.
6. Law on Korea Central Intelligence Agency, Law no. 619, promulgated on June 10, 1961.
7. See ibid., as amended by Law no. 1510 of December 14, 1963, as well as the Law on Korea Central Intelligence Agency Employees promulgated on May 31, 1963.
8. Consult New Democratic Party’s floor leader Kim Young-sam’s “Kukchông chônban-e kwanhan chilmun” [Questions on the National Political Situation]
raised on June 13, 1969, at the second plenary meeting of the seventieth National Assembly session. The full text is quoted in Kim Young-sam, Kim Young-sam hoegorok 1: minjuju¤i-r¤l wihan na-¤i t’ujaeng [The Recollections of Kim Yông-sam, vol. 1: My Struggle for Democracy] (Seoul: Paeksan sôdang, 2000), 263–280.
9. See Kim Chin, Ch’ ôngwadae pisôsil 1: yuksông-¤ro t¤lôbon Park Chung Hee sidae-¤i chôngch’i kwôllyôk pisa [The Blue House Secretariat, vol. 1: The Untold Story of the Park Chung Hee Era Told by the Voices of Witnesses] (Seoul: JoongAng Ilbosa, 1994), 9–221, for Park’s complex relationship with his security forces.
Notes to Pages 145–151
672
10. See Kim Hyông-uk and Pak Sa-wôl, Kim Hyông-uk hoegorok 1: 5.16 pisa
[The Recollections of Kim Hyông-uk, vol. 1: The Untold Story of the May Sixteenth Military Revolution] (Seoul: Ach’im, 1985), 193–220, 234–243, 253–
279.
11. Consult Kim Hyông-uk and Pak Sa-wôl, Kim Hyông-uk hoegorok 2: han’ guk chungang chôngbobu [The Recollections of Kim Hyông-uk, vol. 2: The Korea Central Intelligence Agency] (Seoul: Ach’im, 1985), 13–15, 119–128, 231–
240, 273–314.
12. Consult Kim Hyông-uk and Pak Sa-wôl, Kim Hyông-uk hoegorok 3: Park Chung Hee wangjo-¤i pihwa [The Recollections of Kim Hyông-uk, vol. 3: The Secrets of Park Chung Hee’s Dynasty] (Seoul: Ach’im, 1985), 100–107.
13. See Kang Sông-jae, K’udet’a kwôllyôk-¤i saengri [The Physiology of Military Coup d’état Power] (Seoul: Dong-A Ilbosa, 1987), 142–176.
14. Cho Kap-che, Nae mudôm-e ch’ im-¤l paet’ ôra 5: Kim Chong-p’ il-¤i p’ ungun
[Spit on My Grave, vol. 5: The Adventures of Kim Chong-p’il] (Seoul: Chosun Ilbosa, 1999), 180–187.
15. See Kim Ch’ung-sik, Namsan-¤i pujangd¤l 1 [The KCIA Directors, vol. 1] (Seoul: Dong-A Ilbosa, 1992), 342–423.
16. Consult ibid., 2:14–54, 246–278.
17. Consult Kim Chông-ryôm’s A! Park Chung Hee: Kim Chông-ryôm chôngch’i hoegorok [Ah! Park Chung Hee: Kim Chông-ryôm’s reflections on politics]
(Seoul: JoongAng M&B, 1997), 74–75.
18. See Byung-kook Kim, Pundan-gwa hyôngmyông-¤i tonghak: han’guk-kwa meksik’o-¤i chôngch’i kyôngje [The Dynamics of National Division and Revolution: The Political Economy of South Korea and Mexico] (Seoul: Munhak-kwa chisôngsa, 1994), 346–365.
19. Taet’ongryông pisôsil p’yôllam [A Handbook on the Office of the President]
(Seoul: Administrative Staff Office, Office of the President, 1997).
20. Interview with Sô Pong-gyun, who served as senior secretary for political affairs in 1966, with status equivalent to that of a vice minister.
21. JoongAng Ilbo Sillok Park Chung Hee sidae t’¤kbyôl ch’wijaet’im, Sillok Park Chung Hee [A Historical Record: Park Chung Hee] (Seoul: JoongAng M&B, 1998), 336.
22. Interview with Chông So-yông, who served as a secretary for macroeconomic policy with jurisdiction over the EPB and MoF between 1963 and 1969.
Chông So-yông became MoF vice minister in 1968, returning to the Blue House to serve as senior secretary on economic affairs between 1969 and 1973.
23. Kim Chông-ryôm, A! Park Chung Hee: Kim Chông-ryôm chôngch’i hoegorok
[Ah! Park Chung Hee: Kim Chông-ryôm’s Reflections on Politics], 52–55.
24. Cho Kap-che, Nae mudôm-e ch’im-¤l paet’ôra [Spit on My Grave], 5:104–
105.
25. See Yung Whee Rhee, Bruce Ross-Larson, and Garry Pursell, Korea’s Competitive Edge: Managing the Entry into World Markets (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press for the World Bank, 1984), 9–38.
26. Consult Kim Chông-ryôm, Han’guk kyôngje chôngch’aek 30nyônsa: Kim
Notes to Pages 151–155
673
Chông-ryôm hoegorok [A Thirty-Year History of Korea’s Economic Policy: The Recollections of Kim Chông-ryôm] (Seoul: JoongAng Ilbo, 1990), 419.
27. See O Wôn-ch’ôl’s Han’gukhyông kyôngje kônsôl: enjiniôring ôp’¤roch’i 1
[Korean-Style Economic Development: An Engineering Approach], vol.1
(Seoul: Kia kyôngje yôn’guso, 1995), 240. O Wôn-ch’ôl entered public service as a head of the research division in Park’s military junta in 1961 and soon transferred to MTI to become Chemical Industry Division director (1961–
1964), First Industry Bureau director (1964–1968), Planning and Management director (1968–1970), and assistant vice minister of mining and industry (1970–1971).
28. Ibid., 3:262–265.
29. Interview with Kim Chông-ryôm and Yang Yun-se. Yang Yun-se met with Park on a weekly basis to advise on foreign loan and foreign investment policy as the director of the EPB Division on Foreign Capital Management (Grade 3A) during the 1962–1966 period.
30. Yi Sang-u, “Park Chung Hee-n¤n yongin-¤i ch’ônjaeyônna?” [Was Park a Genius in Using People?], Sindong-A, September 1984, 268–289.
31. Chông Il-gwôn, “Na-wa Park taet ’ ongnyông: ‘kun’gwa chôngch’i chag¤men kwanyôhaji masio’” [President Park and I: “Do not get involved with military and political fund-raising”], Sindong-A, February 1987, 251–267.
32. Cho Kap-che, Nae mudôm-e ch’im-¤l paet’ôra 7: sôngjang sok-¤i k¤n¤l [Spit on My Grave, vol. 7: The Dark Shades of Growth] (Seoul: Chosun Ilbosa, 2001), 47.
33. Yi Yông-sôk, JP wa HR: Kim Chong-p’il-gwa Yi Hu-rak-¤i chôngch’ i pihwa
[JP and HR: The Untold Political Story of Kim Chong-p’il and Yi Hu-rak]
(Seoul: Wôn¤m ch’ulp’ansa, 1983), 89–94, 119–126.
34. Chông Ku-yông, Chông Ku-yông hoegorok: silp’aehan tojôn [The Recollections of Chông Ku-yông: The Failed Challenge] (Seoul: JoongAng Ilbosa, 1987), 264.
35. Kim Ch’ung-sik, Namsan-¤i pujangd¤l 1 [The KCIA Directors], 1:364–372.
36. Ibid., 2:14–81.
37. Consult Kim Hyông-uk and Pak Sa-wôl, Kim Hyông-uk hoegorok 3: Park Chung Hee wangjo-¤i pihwa [The Recollections of Kim Hyông-uk, vol. 3: The Secrets of Park Chung Hee’s Dynasty], 263–351.
38. The files the KCIA kept on its former directors were used not by Park but by Chun Doo-hwan when he launched a military coup in 1980. The army security commander cleared his way to power in May 1980 by simultaneously arresting key DRP lea
ders—Kim Chong-p’il, Yi Hu-rak, Kim Chin-man, Pak Chong-gyu, and O Wôn-ch’ôl—on charges of “illicit wealth accumulation”
while cracking down on major opposition politicians and dissident activists on charges of “instigating social instability and unrest in labor unions and on university campuses.” See Dong-A Ilbo, May 19 and June 18, 1980.
39. Chông Ku-yông, Chông Ku-yông hoegorok: silp’aehan tojôn [The Recollections of Chông Ku-yông: The Failed Challenge], 15, 139.
40. Kim Hyông-uk and Pak Sa-wôl, Kim Hyông-uk hoegorok 2: han’guk
Notes to Pages 156–160
674
chungang chôngbobu [The Recollections of Kim Hyông-uk, vol. 2: The Korea Central Intelligence Agency], 282–284.
41. Ibid., 285.
42. Ibid., 307–314.
43. Ibid., 136, 14.
44. Consult Ch’oe Han-su, Han’guk chôngdang chôngch’i pyôndong 1 [Change of Korean Party Politics], vol. 1 (Seoul: Semyông sôgwan, 1999), 209–210, 217, 221, 231.
45. Kim Young-sam, Kim Young-sam hoegorok 2: minjuju¤i-r¤l wihan na-¤i t’ ujaeng (The Recollections of Kim Young-sam, vol. 2: My Struggle for Democracy) (Seoul: Paeksan sôdang, 2000), 43–51.
46. Cho Kap-che, Yugo! 1 [The Death of Park!], vol. 1 (Seoul: Han’gilsa, 1987), 77–80.
47. David C. Cole and Princeton N. Lyman, Korean Development: The Interplay of Politics and Economics (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1971), 96. See also Chông Ku-yông, Chông Ku-yông hoegorok: silp’aehan tojôn [The Recollections of Chông Ku-yông: The Failed Challenge], 124–130.
48. Chông Ku-yông, Chông Ku-yông hoegorok: silp’aehan tojôn [The Recollections of Chông Ku-yông: The Failed Challenge], 121.
49. See Chapter 7 below.
50. Cho Kap-che, Nae mudô-me ch’im-¤l paet’ôra 7 [Spit on My Grave], 7:297.
51. Ibid.
52. O Wôn-ch’ôl, Han’gukhyông kyôngje kônsôl: enjiniôring ôp’¤roch’i 2 [Korean-style Economic Development: An Engineering Approach], 2:227–241.
53. An Mun-sôk, “Kim Hak-ryôl-ron: kyôngje kihoek p’ungt’o-¤i chosôngja”
Park Chung Hee Era Page 96