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[120] Duggan, 129-30.
[121] Marco Soresina, Italy Before Italy: Institutions, Conflicts and Political Hopes in the Italian States, 1815-1860 (New York: Routledge Studies in Modern European History, 2018), chapter 7 .
[122] After the failure of the first war of independence in 1849, Garibaldi and Mazzini had a falling out. This led him to make connections to other powers, including the Genoese military committee that helped him finance the expedition. He even had some exploratory contact with Cavour, to see if it might be worth compromising on his republican ideals, in the name of Italian unity. Smith, Cavour and Garibaldi 1860 , 17.
[123] Francesco Crispi, The Memoirs of Francesco Crispi, Vol. 1: Exile, And, the Thousand (Classic Reprint) (Fb&c Limited, 2016), 305.
[124] Duggan, 131.
[125] Duggan, 131.
[126] Mack Smith, Caouvr and Garibaldi 1860, 18.
[127] Duggan, 134.
[128] Lucy Riall, Sicily and the Unification of Italy: Liberal Policy and Local Power, 1859-1866 (Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press Incorporated, 1998), 1-2 .
[129] Duggan, 134.
[130] Turin grew sixty-three percent during that same period, and Milan grew a whopping one hundred and three percent. Frank M. Snowden, Naples in the Time of Cholera, 1884-1911 (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2002), 14.
[131] Naples had already been hit by an epidemic in 1837 which killed approximately 14,000 people. Lucy Riall, The Italian Risorgimento: State, Society and National Unification (New York: Routledge, 2002), 43.
[132] On the recovery efforts and subsequent crises, see Snowden.
[133] On the British travelers’ prejudices against southern Italy, see Ouditt.
[134] Snowden, 11.
[135] Karl Baedeker, Italy from the Alps to Naples; Handbook for Travellers (New York City: C. Scribne r’ s sons, 1909), http://archive.org/details/italyfromalpston00karl.
[136] Walter Benjamin and Asja Lacis, “ Naples , ” in Reflections: Essays, Aphorisms, Autobiographical Writing , ed. Peter Demetz, trans. Edmund Jephcott (New York: Schocken Books, 1986), 16 3– 73.
[137] On the theoretical significance of porosity, see Serenella Iovino, Ecocriticism and Italy: Ecology, Resistance, and Liberation (London: Bloomsbury Publishing, 2016).
[138] Aubrey Menen, Four Days of Naples (New York: Seaview Books, 1979).
[139] Paolo De Marco, Polvere di piselli: la vita quotidiana a Napoli durante l’ occupazione alleat a : 1943-1944 (Naples: Liguori, 1996).
[140] Maria Porzio, Arrivano gli alleati!: amori e violenze nel l’ Italia liberata (Bari: Laterza, 2011) . Michela Ponzani, Guerra alle donne: partigiane, vittime di stupro, “ amanti del nemico , ” 1940-45 (Turin: Einaudi, 2012).
[141] United States et al., Soldie r’ s Guide to Naples (Place of publication not identified: Southern District, PBS, 1945).
[142] John Horne Burns, The Gallery (New York: New York Review of Books, 2013) . Norman Lewis, Naples ’ 44: A World War II Diary of Occupied Italy (Boston, MA: Da Capo Press, 2004) . Curzio Malaparte, The Skin , trans. David Moore (New York: New York Review Books, 2013) . On these three authors in the context of literary representations of the occupation, see John Gat t‐ Rutter, “ Liberation and Literature: Naples 1944 , ” Journal of Modern Italian Studies 1, no. 2 (1996): 24 5– 72.
[143] Astarita, 1.
[144] D’Acierno and Pugliese, 1.
[145] Scarth, 1.