Iron, Steam & Money
Page 35
Statute of Artificers (1563) and 40
wages and 17
Watt and 109
wool trade and 154, 161
Aristotle 86
Arkwright, Richard 4, 77, 121, 162, 200
aggressive business practices 301
apprentices, pioneers use of in factories 202–3
background 37, 190–1
banking system, experiences problems with 297
capitalist system and 300
Chorley mill and 198, 199, 329
Cromford mill and 31, 175, 194–5, 196, 197, 198, 199, 201, 202, 203, 204, 205, 210, 211, 216, 316, 319–21, 322 see also Cromford mill, Derbyshire
death 205
death threat 209, 300
factory system and 31, 190, 196, 202–3, 205, 319–20, 321, 322
financial incentive for innovation38
knighted 203
licensing 31, 45–6, 201, 202, 207, 321
marries 191
mobility of labour and 316–17
partners and 193–4
patents and 3, 30, 32, 135, 190, 193, 197, 200, 202, 207–14, 221
personal finances 190, 197, 203–4, 205
social ascent 203–5
spirit of industrialisation, embodies buccaneering 191
transport infrastructure and 218
trial 207–14
water-frame, invention of 3, 4, 30, 31, 32, 77, 121, 172, 174, 174–5, 176, 177, 181, 191–202
Willersley Castle 205
workers, treatment of 191, 196,202–3
Arkwright Jnr, Richard 203
artisans:
apprentices 36
banking system and 297
Boulton as 118
characteristic British inventor/entrepreneur as 36, 37
direct sales by 293
emergence of 16
engineering profession emerges from 104
fluidity of society and 24
gentleman sons of successful artisans/industrialists look down upon 282
immigrant 35
laws designed to protect 17
Newcomen as 93
‘plus’ 36
second- and third-generation 22, 24
single generation of make possible Britain’s transition to industrialisation 5, 46
social class of engineer–artisan 6
Watt as 109, 111
William Smith as 270
wool trade and 152, 153, 154, 161
work within severe limits 38
atmospheric engines 6, 7, 82, 85–8, 102, 137–8, 141, 344 see also steam power
Attercliffe Common colliery Sheffield 106
Augustine, Saint 23
Austria 118, 286, 288
Backbarrow Iron Company, south Cumbria 316
Baddley, Richard 264
Baines, Edward 216–17, 344
Bald, Robert 72
Bamford family 160–1
Bamford, Samuel 160, 219
Bank of England 18–19, 296, 301, 303
banking and financial system 18–19, 41, 120, 129, 194, 296, 297, 301–3
Banks, Sir Joseph 204
Baptists 14, 41, 92, 93, 96
Barnes, Thomas 272
Barnsley 268, 316
Baskerville, Thomas 232
Bateman and Sherrard 106, 224
Beach, Richard 98
beam engines 133 see also steam power
Bearcroft, Edward 202, 208, 210, 211
Beighton, Henry 98
Bell, Thomas 183
Bengal, India 21, 152, 159, 168, 179
Bentley, Elizabeth 325
Berthollet, Claude-Louis 134
Bessemer process 249, 252
Bessemer, Henry 45
Bewdley 263, 264
Biram, Benjamin 72
Biram, Joshua 72
Birley brothers 223
Birmingham 31
canal system and 268, 271
industrialisation in 38
ironmasters in 264
Lunar Society of 44, 297
Manchester replaces as centre of British engineering 224
Paul and Wyatt mills in 171, 221, 318
Quakers in 233, 302
Soho Foundry in 69, 134
Soho Manufactory in 116–17, 126, 134
street improvements in 337
unincorporated 17, 233
Watt in 43, 116–17, 119, 120, 121, 124, 126, 127, 130, 131, 134
Black Death 153
Black, Joseph 43, 109, 111, 114
Blackburn 172, 217, 218, 219, 220, 224
Blackett, Christopher 272
Blake, William 25
blast furnace, Darby’s 2, 77, 79, 229–39, 240, 241, 244, 250, 251, 270, 316
Blenkinsop, John 272, 273, 274, 275
Blincoe, Robert 325
Blith, Walter 60–1
Bloomfield colliery, Tipton, Staffordshire 123, 125, 127
Blundell, Henry 332
Bolton 176, 177, 178, 191, 197, 199, 217, 218, 219, 221, 224
Borlase, William 102
Boswell, James 126
Bouchon, Basile 185
Boulton & Watt 126
Albion Mill 133–4
Arkwright and 199
Cornish market and 137, 138, 139
Hornblower vs 50, 135
licensing of machines 45, 79, 124, 133, 177
Murdoch and 31, 128, 129, 131, 132, 138, 140
patents 50, 127, 135, 140
success of 31, 129, 130, 133, 134–5
Trevithick and 139, 140, 144
Wilkinson and 238, 300–1
Boulton, Matthew 3, 31, 140, 191, 295, 328
Albion Mill and 133–4
Arkwright trial and 213
Boswell and 125
Cornish market and 127
Cort and 243–4
early life 116
Hornblower and 135
Huntsman, buys steel from 252
Murdoch and 138
Nonconformist 118
personal life 116
raises capital in Cornwall 129, 130
Soho Foundry and 134
Soho Manufactory and 116, 118
steam engine patent and 122, 123
success 296, 300
toy-maker 116
Watt’s steam engine, invests in 39, 107–8, 118–19, 120, 121, 122, 123, 124, 125, 127, 129, 130
Bowes, George 72
Boyle, Robert 87, 93
Brabbon, John 324
Bradbury, John Leigh 45
Bradford 156, 216, 322, 326
Bradley ironworks, Staffordshire 132, 316
Brass Works, Bristol 234, 236
bread 14, 287, 290, 291, 305, 309, 314, 315
brick production 2, 11, 19–20, 45, 61, 63
Bridgewater canal 11, 218, 263–4, 266–7
Bridgewater, Duke of 263–4, 266–7
Bridgnorth 62, 233, 241
Brindley, James 106, 266, 267, 268
Bristol:
calico printing in 158
coal industry and 60
Darby in 234, 236, 316
harbour and port facilities 9
house building in 67
iron industry and 128, 232, 233, 234, 236
mail coaches in 261
population growth 10
Quakers in 234
slave trade and 15
street improvements in 337–8
turnpike 259
Britain:
banking and financial system 18–19, 41, 120, 129, 194, 296, 297, 301–3
cash-based economy, transition to 12–13
census, 1831 344
civil wars, 1640s 14
colonies and 8, 16, 21, 108, 159, 164, 186
commercialisation of society 12, 15–17, 18, 41, 285–94, 299
demand for goods in 16, 46, 285–94
diet, improved 14, 16, 287, 290
differences between other great powers and in aiding the birth of industrialisation 24–5
diversification of e
conomy from wool trade into manufacturing 11–12, 24, 36, 46, 159, 286, 314
education system 36, 37, 41–3, 46, 108, 109, 139, 176, 181, 215, 222, 282, 327, 329, 339 see also education
expertise in labour force, growing technical 9, 20, 35, 38, 47–8, 51, 153, 157, 159–60, 161, 223, 250, 300, 327
fluidity of society 16–17, 24
in the 1830s 343–6
infrastructure see transport
outstrips its European rivals 22
political situation in 1, 15, 16, 38, 221–2, 309, 317, 332–3
population growth in see population
religious differences in 14–15, 17, 23, 34, 36, 40–1, 42, 66, 92, 103, 116, 161, 222, 233–4, 250, 302
religious fatalism overturned in 23
restoration of the monarch, 1660 14
richness in mineral resources 56–7
social classes 1, 6, 14, 16, 37, 216, 222, 223, 286–7, 288, 292, 315, 320, 323, 327, 338–9, 332, 339, 345
social unrest 16–17, 24, 25, 40, 173, 176, 199, 329–33
unincorporated towns 17, 40
urbanisation 2, 8, 10, 12, 13, 16, 44, 67, 154, 287, 298, 323, 335, 336, 340
on the verge of the Industrial Revolution 8–25
wages in see wages
wealth 5, 9, 11, 12, 16, 24, 152, 153, 157, 285, 286, 343
why late eighteenth-century Britain was so well placed to be the crucible of the Industrial Revolution 22–3, 25, 46, 72–3, 345
see also under individual area and place name
Brooke, George 188–9
Brown, Mather 205
Brown, William 101–2
Brownrigg, William 67, 69
Brunel, Isambard Kingdom 280, 281, 282, 345
Brunton, William 43
Bull, William 140
Bundy, William 45
Burghley, Lord (William Cecil) 47, 48, 50
Burnley 219
Bute, Earl of 72
Byker colliery, near Newcastle 94, 101
Byng, John 198, 203
calico 21, 40, 45, 149, 155, 158–9, 160, 163, 183, 196, 197, 291, 292
Calley, John 92–3, 94, 96, 100
Calonne, Charles de 134
Camborne 33, 127, 137, 139, 140, 141, 142–3, 216
Camborne Hill 33, 137, 142–3
Cammell, Charles 252
canals:
birth of British system of 264–5, 266–71, 269, 274, 277, 278, 281
coal industry and 11, 60, 266, 267, 268, 270, 271
engineering profession and 104
iron industry and 144, 268, 269
momentum of innovation and 38
navigable waterways before the age of 263, 263
Roebuck and 115, 119
surveyors 115, 270
Watt and 120
William Smith and 270
capitalism 12, 37, 190, 294, 296, 300, 301, 303, 306, 315
carding engine/machines 161, 178, 224, 245, 319, 322, 329
Arkwright and 135, 175, 197, 202, 207, 210, 211
Caribbean 148, 164
Carlyle, Thomas 75
Carnage brothers 241
Carron Works, Falkirk 32, 43, 114, 120, 316
Cartwright, Edmund 37, 165, 181–2
Catrine Cotton Mills, River Ayr 80
centrifugal governor 5, 33, 134
Chacewater mine, Wheal Busy 124
Chandos, Duke of 90
charcoal 11, 19–20, 29, 32–3, 59–60, 62, 68, 229–39
Charles II, King 287
Charlotte Dundas (steamboat) 140
Chartism 216
chemical industry 20, 62, 114, 120, 165, 217–18
chemists 43
Cheshire 80, 163, 216, 217, 224, 237, 241, 319
child labour 323–7, 343
chimney sweeps 64–5, 326
chimneys 11, 64–5, 66–7, 326
China 24–5, 149, 167, 230–1
Chorley mill, Lancashire 80, 198, 199, 329
Church of England 14
city, life in the industrial 334–42
Clarendon Code 14, 15
Clark, W. S. 72
classes, social:
artisan see artisans
change in work habits forced on labouring 315–16
consumerism and 286–7, 288, 292
engineer–artisans 6
factory reflects structure of 327, 338–9, 332
industrialisation brings new 1, 16
inventors drawn from similar 37
lower gentry 14
Manchester and 216, 221–2, 223
merchant class 16, 216
middle class 216, 221–2, 223, 286–7, 288, 292, 323, 339, 345
separation of in larger cities 339
technically ingenious working class 320
Tory Anglican establishment and 221–2
working class 320, 339
Clayton, John 337
Clearing House 303
Clegg, Reverend James 100
climate change 1, 7, 346
climbing boys 64–5, 326
clothing 14, 21, 155, 157, 165, 291–2, 293
clubs and associations 36, 44, 222, 337
Clyde 60, 80, 108, 115
Clyde Falls 201
coal 2, 53–73, 326–7
abundance of cheap British 10–11, 24, 46, 55–6, 63
British coalfields 56, 57, 57
blast furnace and 229–39
British economy fuelled by/based on 4, 5, 10–11, 16, 55–73, 229, 308, 309, 310, 344
Cort, cheap iron and 40–8
energy equation 68–9
heating houses with 58–9, 63–7
industry places Britain uniquely to bring about the Industrial Revolution 72–3
mining 2, 58, 58–9, 59, 69–72, 102, 244, 326–7
replaces charcoal in blast furnaces 11, 19–20, 29, 32–3, 59–61, 62, 68, 229–39, 240–8
steam engines and see steam power
transport and 257–8, 264–5, 266, 267, 268, 270, 271, 272, 273, 274, 275, 277, 281
salt industry and 61–2
use in making lime for fertilizer 11, 60–1
Coalbrookdale (later Ironbridge) 22, 29, 32, 98, 101, 102, 120, 216, 229, 234, 235, 236, 237, 238, 239, 241, 258, 316
Coalbrookdale Company 98, 101, 237, 316
Cobbett, William 331–2
Cochrane, Archibald 43
coffee 164, 287, 290, 291, 294
coinage 301–2
coke 29, 32, 33, 62, 63, 67, 231, 234–9, 240, 243, 250, 251, 253
Coke, Chief Justice Edward 48
colliers 22, 60, 264, 265
Colquhoun, Patrick 343–4
Combination Acts, 1799/1800 332
Congregationalists 14, 41, 253
Consolidated Stock (Consol) 18, 296
Construction and Principal Uses of Mathematical Instruments, The (Bion) 109
consumers see producers and consumers
Corn Laws 216, 309
Cornwall 33
accessibility of 38
banking in 302
mineral resources 56
Newcomen engine and 67, 93, 96, 100, 102, 105, 123, 124
Trevithick and 33, 137, 138, 139–43, 147, 302
Watt’s engine in 127–9, 130, 135, 137, 138, 139–40
Cort, Henry 3, 33, 37, 44, 227, 241–8, 251, 335
Cosimo de’Medici 86
Cotchet, Thomas 318
cotton industry 2, 4, 149–225
Arkwright and 190–206, 207–14
Manchester and 215–25
spinning and weaving 167–89
the rise of 151–66
see also under individual invention and place name
Craig, John 109
Crawshay, Richard 244
Cromford mill, Derbyshire 210
Arkwright’s land around 98, 204, 205
factory system and 319–21
financial success of 197
Nightingale and 211
opening of 31, 175
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rioters and 199
second mill at 198
treatment of workers at 202–3
waterwheel power 31, 194–5, 196
Crompton, Samuel 2, 3, 7, 32, 37, 38, 165, 175–8, 190, 238
crucible method 19, 25, 50, 62–3, 63, 251
Ctesibius 82
Cully, Matthew 276
Cundy, Simeon 202–3
Curr, John 72, 106
da Vinci, Leonardo 169
Dale, David 201, 321, 324–5
Dannemora mines, Sweden 94
Darby family 41, 120–1, 237, 238, 239
Darby, Abiah 236
Darby, Abraham 2, 19, 29, 30, 32
background 37, 41, 101, 233–4
blast furnace 229–39, 240, 241, 244, 250, 251, 270, 316
death 237
Darby II, Abraham 237, 238
Darby III, Abraham 237, 239
Dartmouth 29, 92, 93, 94, 99, 117
Dartmouth, the Advantages of its Harbour as a Station for Foreign Mail Packets (Holdsworth) 117
Darwin, Erasmus 210
Davy, Humphry 71, 141
de Tocqueville, Alexis 215, 334
Dearne and Dove canal 268
Defoe, Daniel 9, 15, 21, 108, 149, 156, 217, 233, 264–5, 288
Delftfield Pottery 110–11
Deloney, Thomas 155
Derby 38, 62, 79, 189, 194, 205, 216, 238, 262, 280, 318, 328
Derby rib machine 194
Derbyshire:
cotton industry in 31, 80, 121, 157, 175, 199, 201, 203, 205, 207, 211, 221, 316, 325
Newcomen engines in 100, 106
wool trade in 12
Derwent Valley 194, 199
Desaguliers, John 90, 351
Description of England (Harrison) 66
Devon 12, 29, 41, 56, 88, 92, 93, 99
Dickinson, H. W. 84–5
Dickinson, Robert 147
Dissenter Academies 42, 114, 116
Dissenters see Nonconformists
Dissertation on the Poor Laws (Townsend) 317–18
dobby loom 186, 293
double-acting engine 131, 132, 135
drawboy 185, 186
Drinkwater, Peter 133, 223
drop box 180–1
Dudley 29–30, 125, 233, 234, 263
Dudley Castle colliery 96, 98, 101
Dudley, Dud 234
Durham 11, 38, 60, 72, 250, 272, 276, 324
Duty, the 105, 106
dynasties, industrial 253–4
East India Company 21, 158
economic theory 304–10
Eden Treaty, 1786 134
Eden, Sir Frederick 290
Edinburgh 43, 114, 325
education system 16–17
evening/night school 176, 339
factory acts and child 327
grammar schools 41, 104, 108, 116, 181, 222
inventors of Industrial Revolution and 37, 41–3, 44, 109, 114, 116, 139, 176, 181, 190
Manchester and 215
Nonconformists and 36, 42, 114, 116, 222
Scotland 42–3
sons of industrialists 282
university 37, 41, 42–3, 109, 111, 181, 305, 345
Edward III, King 153