Egypt 24, 167
enclosure 204, 276, 298
energy:
Britain’s prosperity and mechanical 4, 5, 34, 35, 56, 68–9, 73, 97, 136, 310
equation 68–9
see also under individual energy source
Engels, Friedrich 334–5
engineering profession 104–6
Enlightenment 305
entrepreneurs 8, 36, 42, 44, 45, 111, 151, 191, 202, 206, 220, 224, 267, 293, 296, 300
Erasmus 336
Evans, Oliver 138–9
exports 9, 153, 154, 157, 163–4, 165, 178, 189, 309
Factory Acts 321, 326, 327
factories:
apprentices in 202–3
Arkwright and unification of production system 6, 31, 175, 190, 196, 202–3, 205, 206
birth of factory age 2, 4, 31, 318–22
children in 313, 323–6
discipline in 325, 327–8
Manchester 215, 219, 220, 223
prototype 77–8, 79
rise of the 317–33
structure of 327
women in 313, 322–3
working conditions in 161, 164, 165, 317, 325–8
Fairbairn, Sir William 80
Falcon, Jean-Baptiste 185
family life 313, 323
Faraday, Michael 345
Farey, John 91
farming 10, 11, 12, 19, 66, 108, 155, 156, 160, 180, 217, 223, 233, 253, 289, 290, 291, 296, 298–9, 302, 314, 315
Felkin, William 331
Ferguson, Adam 311
Fidoe, John 264
Fitch, John 138
Fitton, Robert 192
Fitzwilliam estates 72
Flanders 9, 152, 153, 157, 285
Flavel of Bromsgrove, John 92
flax 157, 167, 180, 217
Flemish immigrant workers 35, 153, 157, 159–60
flyer 169, 169–70, 172, 174, 174, 175
flying shuttle:
effect on the cotton industry of 162, 170, 172, 180, 181, 191
invention of 2, 7, 29–30, 32, 38, 40, 161–2, 170, 172, 174, 178, 179, 180, 181, 182, 184, 191, 192, 223
spinning jenny and 174
threats of violence against 40
Foley, Lord 240
food production 11, 298, 299, 341, 342 see also farming
Ford, Richard 41, 101
Forest of Dean 19, 232, 233
forge hammers, powered 13, 77, 79, 240, 242, 243, 246
fossil energy 309–10, 345–6 see also under individual energy source
Fothergill, John 116, 125
Fourdrinier paper-making machine 34, 295–6
France:
Eden Treaty and 134
expulsion of Huguenots 35, 88
literacy rates 17
manufacturing in 47
patents 126–7
political disruption in 1500s 61
population 8, 10
Revolution, 1789 222
Seven Years War and 9
tolls in 38
war with Britain 222, 254
weaving in 184, 185
Franklin, Benjamin 16
free market 308
Freeth, Jonathan 233–4
French Revolution, 1789 222
French, Benjamin 274
fustian 157, 158, 160, 217, 223, 291
Galileo 86
Garbett, Samuel 264
Gardiner, William 189
Garrick, David 160
gas lighting 34, 69
Gentleman’s Magazine, The 21, 205
George III, King 204
Gilbert, Davies 39, 140–1, 143, 144, 145
Glasgow 9, 15, 42, 108, 109, 112, 118, 119, 124, 125, 201
Glasgow University 42, 43, 109, 305
glass trade 17, 19, 20, 35, 47, 60, 62–3, 123, 235, 251, 289
Gloucestershire 56, 67
Goldney, Thomas 101
grammar schools 41, 104, 108, 116, 181, 222
Great Exhibition, 1851 183
Great Fire of London, 1666 336
Great North Road 258
Great Product, the 105
Great Western 281
Great Western Railway 280
Greece 24, 82
Greenock 108, 117
Guest, Richard 322
guilds 13, 41, 44, 154, 188, 189, 293, 331, 332
Gurney, Goldsworthy 278
Hackett, Timothy 272
Hackworth, Timothy 278
Halifax 22, 156, 216, 323
Halliwell, James 223
Harecastle Tunnel 268, 271
Hargreaves, James 5, 7, 30, 37, 39, 162, 172, 173, 174, 177, 193, 194, 221, 238, 335
Harlam mill 199
Harrison, William 66, 155
Hart, Robert 112
Hartley colliery, Seaton Delaval 106
Hautefeuille, Jean de 88
Heathfield 134, 301
Heaton, Robert 291
Heilbroner, Robert 304
Henry, Prince 82
Hero of Alexandria 24, 82
Hetton colliery railway 275
Highs, Thomas 165, 192, 193, 212
Hill, Anthony 144
History of the Cotton Manufacture in Great Britain (Baines) 216–17
Hockley 194, 199
Holywell, Flintshire 197
Home, Francis 43
Homfray, Samuel 144, 145
Hornblower & Maberly 135
Hornblower vs Boulton & Watt, 1799 50
Hornblower, Jonathan 102, 106, 128, 135, 140
Horner, Leonard 164
Horsfall, William 330, 332
Houghton, John 53
house-building, boom in 59, 67
household 67, 159, 170, 257, 290, 313–18, 329
housing 11, 55, 219, 225, 316, 317, 334–5, 342
Huddersfield 156, 322, 330, 331, 338
Huddersfield Canal 271
Hull 9, 60, 264
Hunt, William 264
Huntsman, Benjamin 19, 50, 63, 250–2
Huskisson, William 279
Hutton, William 336–7
Huygens, Christiaan 85, 87–8, 290
immigrant labour 35, 47–8, 153, 157, 159–60, 250, 327
India 5, 8, 21, 149, 152, 155, 157, 158, 159, 160, 163, 164, 167, 168, 169, 170, 179, 196, 286
Industrial Revolution:
Britain on the verge of 8–25
idea attacked 2–3
importance of 1–7
watershed 29–34
what change was brought about by the 3–4
what is meant by the word ‘industrial’ 3, 4–5
what made Britain uniquely placed to bring about the 2, 22–3, 46, 72–3, 345
what was the 2–4
international commerce, burgeoning of 5, 8, 9, 15, 22, 108, 190, 206, 286
invention/innovation 4–5, 6, 7, 8, 17, 22, 35–46
clubs, societies and 44
education system and 41–3
eureka moments 39, 42
financial incentive and 30, 38, 44–5, 46
inventors and inventing 45
labour force and 35–7
legal attempts to impede 23, 39–40
licensing and 45–6
modest scale of 38–9
momentum of, sustained 5, 33, 37, 52, 345–6
Nonconformism, growing acceptance of and 50–1
patent system and 47–52 see also patent system
physical attempts to impede 23, 40, 173, 176, 199, 329, 330–2
small geographical area of industrialisation and 37–8
the watershed 29–34
invisible hand 306
Ipswich 9, 10, 60, 264–5
iron 227–54
crucible steel and 249–52
Darby’s blast furnace 229–39, 231
Henry Cort and cheap 240–8
Ironbridge, Shropshire 229
Irwell River 265, 266
Italy 9, 10, 14, 47, 152, 184, 285, 300
Jack of Newbury 155
&n
bsp; Jacquard loom 5, 34, 185–6, 186, 293
Jacquard, Joseph Marie 185–6
James I, King 154
James IV, King 82
James, Thomas 209–10
‘James Watt: Engineer by Act of Parliament’ (1969) (Robinson) 117–18
Jefferson, Thomas 164
Jellicoe, Admiral Adam 243
Jellicoe, Samuel 243
John Brown & Co. 252
Johnson, Dr 27
Journey From Chester to London, The (Pennant) 269, 271
Kalthoff, Kaspar 83
Kay, John 2, 29–30, 37, 161, 165, 170, 180, 192, 212
Kay, Robert 180–1
Keir, James 43, 297
Kemble, Frances Ann 279
Kennedy, John 219, 220, 223
Kent 19, 56, 60, 78, 148, 262, 290
Kenyon, Lord 50
Kershaw, Patience 326–7
Kinneil House/engine 114, 115, 119–20, 121
Kronstadt, Russia 106, 133
Kyrke, Zachary 67
Lancashire:
cotton districts of 30, 32, 38, 56, 80, 91, 106, 157–65, 175, 176, 177, 178, 198–9, 207, 215, 259, 319, 321, 322, 324, 326, 329, 331
‘putting-out’ system in 12, 161
riots in 40, 176, 331
weaving in 22
wool production in 156, 157
Lancashire Court of Quarter Sessions 329
Laplace, Pierre-Simon 134
Lavoisier, Antoine 134
Law, James 135
Lee, James 189
Lee, William 40, 188–9
Leeds 9, 22, 99, 104, 153, 156, 216, 218, 259, 272, 274, 325, 355
Leicester 21, 38, 189
Leslie, John 43
licensing 36, 38, 51, 124, 197, 201, 202
Liddell, Sir Henry 72
Lidstone, Thomas 92
Life and Times of Samuel Crompton, The (French) 190
life expectancy 340–1
Lind, James 114
linen 80, 155, 157, 159, 160, 163, 170, 180, 181, 195, 217, 287, 291, 336, 343
Literary and Philosophical Societies (Lit and Phils) 36, 44, 222, 337
Litton mill, Derbyshire 325
Liverpool 9, 10, 15, 34, 159, 216, 218, 224, 267, 277–9, 303, 337, 344
Liverpool District Banking Company 303
Liverpool to Manchester railway 34, 344
Lloyds 302, 303
Locke, Joseph 280
Locomotion 277
locomotive, steam:
coal mines and 60, 272–5
railways and 275–82 see also railways
Stephenson and 275–82
Trevithick invents 3, 4, 33–4, 70, 88, 108, 137, 138, 141, 142, 142–8, 146, 249, 271–2 see also Trevithick, Richard
Lombe brothers’ mill, Derby 79, 194, 318, 319
London 22, 38, 60, 62, 334–5, 336
banking and finance in 18–19, 296, 297, 302–3
City of 336
coal and 59, 60, 61, 62, 67, 264, 281
growth of 2, 10
housing in 334–5, 336
Improvement Act, 1766 336
population 298
Rebuilding Act, 1667 336
wages in 285, 290
world trade flows through 345
loom:
Chinese draw-loom 184, 184–5
dobby 186, 293
draw- 184, 184, 185
early 178–82
Jacquard 5, 34, 185–6, 186, 293
powered 34, 37, 77, 163, 182–6, 321
ribbon 40
Loughborough, Lord 210–11
Louisiana Purchase 164
Low Moor Ironworks 252
Lowther, James 99
Lowthers of Cumbria 72
Luddites 40, 330, 331–2
Lunar Society 44, 297
luxury goods 286–92, 294
Macaulay, Thomas 343
machine components, making of 32, 344
Mackintosh, Charles 43
mail coaches 261
Mainwaring, Isaac 135
Malthus, Thomas 307–8, 309, 340, 341
Manchester 11, 17, 21, 40, 41, 133, 157–9, 161, 165, 181, 182, 192, 199, 201, 202, 208, 209, 211, 213, 215–25, 319, 321, 324–5, 334
canals and 11, 266, 267
conditions in 334, 337
cotton trade and 21, 41, 133, 157–8, 159, 161, 197, 199, 201, 202, 208, 209, 211, 212, 213, 215–18, 219, 220, 221, 223, 224, 292, 319, 321, 325–6
engineering in 215, 217, 220, 221, 223–4
factories in 219
innovation in 223–4
politics in 216, 221–2
population growth in and around 224–5
railways and 34, 277–9, 344
social networks in 220–1
Street Improvement Act, 1776 337
the first industrial city 215–25
transport and 218–19
unincorporated town 17, 40
warehouses 219–20
world centre of engineering and machine-tool manufacture 165
Manchester Act, 1736 159
Manchester Constitutional Society 222
Manchester Herald 222
Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society 36, 222, 337
Manchester School 216
Manchester to Liverpool Railway 277–9
Mandeville, Bernard 37, 288
Mansfield, Lord 207, 213
Mar, Lord 72
Marsh, James 252
Masson mill, Derbyshire 199
Matlock, Derbyshire 181, 203, 204, 250, 211, 316
McAdam, John 259
McConnel & Kennedy 219, 220, 223
McConnel, James 219, 220, 223
Mediterranean 8, 14, 266, 286
Merryweather Weaving Factory, Ancoats, Manchester 325–6
Merryweather, Mary 323
Mersey 80, 217–18, 265, 267, 268, 271
Mersey–Trent canal system 218, 267–8, 271
Merthyr Tydfil 33, 144, 216, 277
Mesopotamia, ancient 24
Metcalf, Jack 259, 278
Methodists 337
middle classes 14, 37, 216, 222, 223, 286, 287, 288, 292, 323, 328, 339, 345
Middleton 160, 161, 217, 272, 273
Midlands 11, 15, 41, 56, 57, 60, 119, 121, 137, 189, 218, 224, 233, 268, 270, 297, 302, 316
Milton, John 25
Miner’s Bank of Truro 302
miners’ safety lamp 34, 44, 71
Mines and Collieries Act, 1842 327
money 283–310
Adam Smith and the industrial economy 304–10
banking and financial system 18–19, 41, 120, 129, 194, 296, 297, 301–3
producers and consumers 285–94
money for industry 295–303
see also wages
Moor Hall colliery, Leeds 99
Mordaunt, Colonel 208, 211
Morland, Sir Samuel 84, 85, 87
Morris vs Branson 50
Morton, Sir Frederick 291
mule 2, 3, 7, 32, 34, 45, 77, 80, 162, 163, 176–8, 181, 221, 223, 238, 245, 318
Crompton’s 2, 3, 7, 32, 77, 162, 176–8, 238
Roberts Self-Acting 34, 45, 178, 221
Mun, Thomas 287
Murdoch, William 31, 43, 69, 123, 128, 129, 131, 132, 138, 140
Murray brothers 219
Murray, Matthew 272, 273, 278
NAND gate 186
Nash, Dr T. 262–3
natural resources, availability of 22, 35, 55, 68, 121, 309–10 see also under individual resource name
Natural History of Staffordshire, The (Plot) 235
Navigation Acts 9
Neath Valley 268
Need, Samuel 194, 197, 297
Netherlands 8, 17, 47, 157, 286
New Lanark 80, 201, 324–5
Newcastle 9, 38, 44, 55, 56, 60, 94, 146, 249, 264, 265, 275
Newcomen engine 2, 6, 97, 254, 335
cast iron rather than brass first used for cylinders 101–2
Da
rby and 238
first fully working 96, 97
huge use of coal 20
impact of introduction 97–8
improvements/adaptations 100–2, 104, 105, 106, 107, 111–12, 113, 120, 121, 122, 123, 124, 127, 128, 129–30, 131, 133, 137, 141, 148, 238 see also Watt steam engine
inefficiency of 99, 112
invention of 38–9, 92–6
licenses 98–9
Smeaton and 104, 105, 106, 238
spread of 98–9, 100, 101–3
Trevithick and 141
Watt and 30–1, 42, 107, 111–12, 113, 120, 121, 122, 123, 124, 127, 128, 129–30, 131, 133, 137 see also Watt steam engine
Newcomen, Elias 93
Newcomen, Thomas 2, 5, 6, 20, 29, 30–1, 37, 38–9, 148
additions to original engine design 100–1
background/life of 92–3
Baptist 41
death 103
eureka moment 39
financial incentive 44
invents engine 93–6, 123
licensing of engines 98–9
Newton, Isaac 23, 306
Nicholson, Margaret 204
Nightingale, Peter 210, 211
Nixon, Francis 183
Nonconformists 14, 15, 36, 40–1, 42, 46, 92, 103, 116, 161, 222, 345
North America 5, 8, 9, 102–3, 108, 138, 159, 160, 164–5, 198–9, 201, 281–2, 286, 290
North Arlington, New Jersey 102–3
North of England:
changing economy/industrialisation most evident in 21–2, 297
coalfields in 57
Nonconformism in 15, 40–1
railways in 280
roads in 259
North Wales 56, 80
North, Roger 85
Northampton 114, 171, 194, 221, 318
Northumberland 11, 60, 70, 71, 72, 101, 106, 272, 302, 324
Northumberland, Duke of 72
Nottingham 21, 38, 62, 64, 157, 173, 188, 189, 193, 194, 197, 199, 209–10, 216, 221, 297, 331
Novelty, The 278
Oldham 217, 220
Oldknow, Samuel 223
Orrell mill, Stockport 322
Ouse, River 338
Owen, Robert 201, 324–5
Oxley, Joseph 106
Papin Digester 110
Papin, Denis 88, 92, 93, 95, 110
parallel motion gearing 33, 131–2, 132
parallel scrolling 45
Parkes, Richard 264
Parliament 64
city improvements and 337
concerned with promoting commercial power 11, 23, 40
Nonconformists barred from 36
patents and 48, 83, 122, 177–8, 208–9, 212
pension petitions for inventors submitted to 148, 246–8
protects wool trade 159, 196–7
transport and 258–9, 265, 266, 267, 268, 272, 276, 277, 280, 281
see also under individual act name
Parys Mountain, Anglesey 127
Pascal, Blaise 86–7
patent system 33, 45, 47–52
a letter patent 47–8
average number awarded 33
law and 39–40, 122–3, 212, 331
messiness of 50–2
monopolies and 48
navigating the 47–52
Iron, Steam & Money Page 36