Iron, Steam & Money

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Iron, Steam & Money Page 37

by Roger Osborne


  Patent Office 48, 49–50, 52

  slow and expensive process 49

  specification of invention and 49

  variations in judges’ opinions 50–1

  see also under individual inventionand inventor name

  Paul, Lewis 171, 172, 173, 175, 191, 192, 193, 194, 221, 318

  Pease, Edward 276–7

  Peel, Robert 202, 222

  Pelham, Henry 18

  Pen-y-darren, Merthyr Tydfil, successful trial of steam locomotive at, 1804 4, 33–4, 144–6, 146, 271–2

  Pennine Hills 156

  Pepys, Samuel 155

  Percival, Thomas 62–3

  Périer, Jean-Claude 126–7

  Perth 201, 316

  Peterloo massacre, 1819 222

  Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society 93

  Pickard, James 31, 106, 131

  Piece Hall, Halifax 156

  Pitt the Elder, William 259

  Pitt, Thomas 64–5

  Pitt, William 49

  Plat, Hugh 234

  Pole, William 96

  political cohesion 38

  Pollitt, Edward 191

  population expansion 10

  Black Death and 153

  building and 338

  child labour and 323–4

  cotton and 165, 224–5

  energy equation and 68

  growing food production and 298–9

  Malthus and 307–8, 309, 340, 341

  mobility of labour and 316, 322

  paradox 340–2

  urbanisation and 2, 8, 10, 12, 16, 30, 67, 298, 299

  wool trade and 154, 157

  Portsmouth 338

  postal service, national 261

  power 75–148

  engineering profession and 104–6

  Newcomen engine 92–103

  steam before Newcomen 82–91

  Trevithick and steam locomotion 137–48

  watermills and wheels 77–81

  Watt steam engine 107–36

  see also coal and iron

  Praed’s Cornish Bank 302

  Presbyterians 14, 41

  Preston 191, 192, 193, 206, 218, 224, 259

  Price’s (candle-maker) 45

  producers and consumers 285–94

  British prosperity and 285–6, 289

  consumption aids national economy 289

  cotton and clothing 291–2

  disposable goods 292–3

  household goods 287–8

  lowly worker and 290–1

  luxury goods 286–7, 288–91

  middle classes and 286–7, 288–9

  retail revolution 293–4

  puddling 33, 241–3, 242, 246

  Puffing Devil 137, 141, 142, 142–3

  putting-out system 12, 20, 155, 156–7, 161, 180, 217, 218, 297, 319

  Quakers 14, 41, 233–4, 250, 302, 323

  Quarry Bank mill, Cheshire 80

  Radcliffe, William 163, 182

  Radstock colliery 135

  railways:

  as an enjoyable pastime 280

  building of 271–82

  coal industry and 272–81

  crucible steel and 249, 252

  earliest English tracks 258, 271–2

  first passenger 274–5

  gauge 280

  Killingworth High Pit and 275

  Liverpool & Manchester 34, 277–9

  mail carrying 280

  national transport system, becomes 280–1

  Railway Act, 1844 280–1

  steam engine invention and 146, 271–2

  Stephenson and see Stephenson, George and Stephenson, Robert

  Stockton & Darlington 276–7

  Rocket 278–9

  United States and 280

  see also steam locomotive

  Rainhill trials, 1829 34, 278, 279

  Ramsay, David 82–3, 84

  Ravenscroft, George 13, 20

  Reach, Angus 322, 323, 335

  reciprocating engine 33, 115

  Reflections on the Motive Power of Fire (Carnot) 345

  religion 14–15, 17, 23, 34, 36, 40–1, 42, 66, 92, 103, 116, 161, 222, 233–4, 250, 302, 323, 345

  Rennie, John 133

  Rex vs Arkwright 211–12

  Reynolds, Richard 41, 241

  Ricardo, David 308–9

  Rigley, Joshua 91

  riots 16, 40, 173, 176, 199, 222, 329

  road system 38, 138, 139, 142, 143, 218, 221, 257–9, 260, 262, 268, 271, 276, 278

  Roberts Self-Acting Mule, The 34, 45, 178, 221

  Roberts, Richard 45, 221

  Robison, John 109, 112

  Rocket 34, 278–9

  Roebuck, John 43, 111, 114, 115, 118–19, 120, 297

  rollers:

  Arkwright’s water-frame and 172, 174, 174–5, 191–4, 211, 212

  Crompton’s Mule and 176–7

  dressing frame and 182

  Jacquard loom and 185–6

  Paul and Wyatt and 170–1, 172, 173, 175, 176–7, 191–2

  printing 25, 183–4

  spinning jenny and 173

  Rome 24

  Rossendale 217

  rotary steam engine 3, 31, 77, 115, 136, 244

  rotary ventilators 72

  Rotherham 129, 130, 253–4, 259, 280

  Rothschild, Nathan 219

  rovings 154, 170–1, 172, 172, 173, 175, 176, 178, 191, 193, 207, 319, 322, 329

  Royal Navy 165, 241, 243, 286

  Royal Society 93, 104, 141, 222, 270

  Russia 106, 240, 246, 249

  Sadler, James 140

  Salamanca 273

  Salford 106, 219, 224, 225

  salt industry 61–2

  Sankey Brook 266

  Sans Pareil, The 278

  Savery, Captain Thomas 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 98, 100, 101, 103

  Savery pump 88, 89, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 98, 100, 101, 103

  Saxon wheel 78, 170, 192, 193

  Schuyler, Colonel John 102, 103

  Scotland 38, 157, 175, 207

  Act of Union, 1707 108

  banking crash, 1772 120

  coal in 56, 57, 60

  cotton trade and 200, 201, 206, 207

  education in 37, 42–3, 46, 108, 109

  patents and 49, 122

  transport and 38

  Watt and 108–9, 119, 120, 122

  wool trade and 80

  world centre of shipbuilding and marine and civil engineering 44

  Seven Years War (1756–63) 9, 238

  Severn, River 59, 60, 61, 232, 233, 234, 235, 239, 258, 261, 262, 264

  shed 178, 179, 180, 182, 184

  Sheffield 19, 79, 106, 114, 216, 249, 250, 251, 252, 253, 259, 264, 268, 280

  Sherwin, William 158

  shipbuilding 2, 10, 13, 44, 60, 108

  Shore, Samuel 250

  Shropshire 19, 29, 37, 60, 119, 123, 229, 232, 234, 235, 236, 237, 241, 316

  Simpson, Stacey 139

  Sisson, Jonathan 111

  slave trade 9, 15, 24, 164–5

  Small, Dr 122

  Smalley, John 193, 194, 197

  Smeaton, John 69, 99, 102, 104–6, 124, 133, 238–9

  smelting 9–10, 19, 128, 229–30, 232, 233, 234, 236, 238, 240, 251, 262, 316

  Smiles, Samuel 266–7

  Smith, Adam 289, 305–8, 309, 315; The Wealth of Nations 283

  Smith, William 270

  Snow Hill, Birmingham 131

  soap making 47, 63, 63

  social control and regulation 328–9

  social unrest 16, 40, 173, 199, 222, 329–33

  socialism 216

  Society for the Encouragement of the Arts, Manufacturers and Commerce 173–4

  Society of Friends 233

  Soho Foundry 69, 134

  Soho Manufactory 116, 118, 119, 120, 121, 124, 125, 126, 126, 129, 131, 136, 244, 252

  Somerset Coal Canal Company 270

  Somerset, Edward 83–4

  South Sea Bubble 159


  South Sea Company 18

  South Shields 60, 265

  South Wales 38, 56, 244, 297, 316

  Southsea 338

  Spain 10, 14, 189, 288

  specialisation of work 12–13, 16, 23–4, 138, 291–2, 293, 304, 314–17

  Spedding, James 72

  Spence, Elizabeth Isabella 274–5

  spindle:

  and distaff 167, 173

  Arkwright frame and 45, 174, 175, 202

  drop 167

  flyer and 169, 169–70

  mule and 32, 176, 177

  number of in mills 32, 80, 133, 171, 295, 319, 322

  spinning jenny and 172, 172, 173–4

  spinning wheel and 167–9, 168

  spinning and weaving 167–89

  spinning frame, Arkwright’s see water-frame, Arkwright’s

  spinning jenny 2, 3, 7, 30–1, 151, 172

  assembling 38

  invention of 39, 172, 172–4

  jenny shops 319

  mule and 32, 175, 176–7

  patent 30, 162

  widespread use of 177, 181, 221, 319

  spinning machines 32, 152, 181, 192, 193, 223, 319 see also under individual machine name

  spinning wheel, development of 30,153, 161, 167–9, 168, 170, 173,175, 217

  standardisation of production 12, 13, 16, 32, 132, 292–3

  Staffordshire 19, 37, 60, 78, 119, 123, 200, 221, 232, 235, 254, 301, 315, 316

  Standedge Tunnel 271

  Stanley on the Tay 201

  Statute of Artificers, 1563 40

  Statute of Monopolies, 1624 48

  Stead, John 210

  steam power:

  before Newcomen 24, 25, 82–91

  Newcomen engine 92–106 see also Newcomen engine

  Trevithick and locomotive 3, 4, 33–4, 60, 70, 88, 108, 137–48, 142, 146, 249, 271–82, 344 see also locomotive, steam and Trevithick, Richard

  Watt’s engine 107–36 see also Watt steam engine

  see also coal and iron

  steamships 25, 69, 281–2

  Steed, John 31

  steel-making: crucible method of 19, 50, 249–52

  Steephill Grange 195

  Stephenson, George 34, 44, 71, 146, 148, 275–6, 277–80

  Stephenson, Robert 275, 277, 279, 282, 345

  Steuart, Sir James 288

  Stewart, John 106

  stocking frame 40, 188–9

  Stockton & Darlington line 34, 276–7, 278

  Stoke 267

  Stone, Henry 45

  Stour region 262, 263

  Stourbridge 232, 251, 263, 264

  Strutt, Elizabeth 197

  Strutt, Jedediah 175, 194, 196, 197, 198, 203, 210, 252, 297, 321, 327–8

  Strutt’s mill, Milford, Derbyshire 80

  Stukeley, Dr William 99

  sugar 9, 14, 15, 19, 62, 84, 106, 287, 290, 291

  sun and planet gear 31, 131, 132, 132

  Sunderland 60, 61, 62

  Swaine, Sampson 106

  Swansea 60, 128, 274

  Sweden 94, 240, 243, 246, 247, 249, 251, 264

  Switzer, Stephen 90, 94, 98

  Symington, William 140

  tariffs 38, 40, 134, 305

  Taylor, Hugh 72

  Taylor, Thomas 72

  Thirty Years War (1618–48) 35

  Thomas Newcomen: The Prehistory of the Steam Engine (Rolt) 117

  Thomas, John 234

  Thompson, Francis 106

  Thornham 160, 161

  Thornley, David 193

  timekeeping 313

  Times, The 246–8, 255

  Ting Tang 127

  Tipton, Staffordshire 123, 268

  tobacco 9, 15, 108, 164, 201, 286, 287, 290–1

  toothed gearing 45

  Torricelli, Evangelista 86, 87, 90

  trade unionism 216, 332–3, 339

  transport 255–82

  canals and locomotives 266–82

  rivers and roads 257–65

  see also under individual mode of transport

  Treasure of Trafficke, The (Roberts) 157–8

  Tregurtha Downs, Marazion 128

  Trent, River 60, 218, 258, 261, 262, 264, 267, 268, 271

  Trevithick, Richard 3, 5, 6, 37, 77, 82, 85, 88, 98, 102, 270

  background 139–40

  ‘Cornish boiler’ and 147

  death 148

  investors and 39, 140–1

  model steam engine, first 141–2

  Pen-y-darren, successful trial of steam locomotive at, 1804 4, 33–4, 144–6, 146, 271–2

  Puffing Devil trial up Camborne Hill, 1800 33, 137, 142, 142–3

  railways and 273–4, 278

  recoil engine, 1815 147

  South America, journey to 147–8

  unveils steam carriage 143–4

  Watt accused of obstructing developments by 123, 128–9

  Triewald, Martin 39, 94, 95, 96, 97–8

  truck system 301–2

  Tucker, Major 135

  turnpike roads 143, 218, 258–9, 260

  Tyne 21–2, 60–2, 258, 264–5

  Tyne Valley 19

  Tyneside 61–2, 101

  Ulster 80, 157

  Unitarians 14, 41, 222

  United States 164–5, 198–9, 201, 280

  Vaucason, Jacques de 185–6

  Vauxhall, canon foundry in 83, 84

  Venice 20, 220

  Victorian society 323, 329

  Vivian, Andrew 39, 140, 142, 143

  wages:

  Adam Smith and 307, 308

  America and 138

  amount spent on luxuries and 291–2

  Arkwright and 196

  child miners 324, 327–8

  coinage and 301–2

  financial incentives for innovation and 46

  high British 8, 13–14, 24, 46, 285, 286, 288, 289, 291–2

  London labourer 290

  metalworkers 224

  miners 71

  protests for better 332

  provide ready market for manufactured goods 24, 291–2

  ratio of to energy 56

  technology brings down 70

  Wakefield 156

  Wakefield Grammar School 181

  Wales 14, 38, 41, 56, 57, 80, 136, 237, 244, 260, 263, 268, 269, 297, 316

  Walker family 253–4

  Walker, Samuel 32, 129, 130, 251, 253–4

  Walker, Thomas 222

  Wallsend colliery 70

  Walton, John 273–4

  Warrington 42, 192, 217, 218, 222, 223, 224

  Warrington Academy 222

  Wasborough, Matthew 31, 106

  watchmaking trade 161, 217, 288–9

  water-frame, Arkwright’s 3, 4, 121, 172

  assembling 38

  factory system and 194–6

  impact of 30, 31

  licenses for 197, 201–2 see also Arkwright, Richard

  mule and 32, 176–7

  origins of 174, 174–5, 191–4

  patents 3, 30, 32, 135, 190, 193, 197, 200, 202, 207–14, 221

  water power and 77

  widespread use of 177, 181

  water power:

  crafts made more efficient through 13

  Darby’s blast furnace and 233, 235, 237

  history of use in Britain 24, 32, 77–81, 92, 108

  iron-making and 240

  spinning frame and 30, 31, 171, 172, 175, 194, 199

  waterproof fabrics 43

  watershed, the 29–34

  waterways 38, 235, 262, 263, 263, 269 see also canals

  waterwheel 4, 13, 318, 321

  factory and 319, 321

  history of in Britain 78

  number of in Britain 77, 79, 80

  Smeaton and 104

  Soho Manufactory and 118

  spinning frame and 30, 31, 195

  steam engines imitate rotational power of 130

  steam power and 91, 130

  types of 78–9

  Walker family and
253, 254

  Watt, Ann 124

  Watt, James 2, 7, 77, 82

  achievement 136

  Albion Mill and 134–5

  background 37, 108–9

  believes ideas have been stolen 31, 131–2

  Boulton & Watt and see Boulton & Watt

  canal surveyor 115

  education 37, 43, 108, 109, 111

  fame 4, 136

  financial incentive 44

  Hornblower vs Boulton & Watt 50, 135

  horsepower and 105, 133

  iron-making and 227, 238, 243–4

  Newcomen engine, first experiments with 111–12

  patents 30, 31, 33, 49–50, 69, 115–19, 120, 121–2, 123, 126–7, 131–2, 134, 135, 138, 139, 145, 208–9, 213, 224, 296

  steam, first experiments with 110, 111

  steam engine see Watt steam engine

  wealth 136

  Watt steam engine 2, 3, 4, 6, 30–1, 32, 69, 107–36, 113, 141, 145, 148, 182, 238, 254, 296

  centrifugal governor 5, 33, 78

  Cornwall, use of within 127–9, 130, 135, 137, 138, 139–40

  crank and flywheel device 31, 130–1

  double-acting engine 131, 132

  first working 69, 125

  invention of 142, 11–24

  investors 39, 107, 114, 115, 118–20, 121, 123, 124, 129 see also Boulton, Matthew and Roebuck, John

  licensing 124

  market for 126, 127–30, 133

  parallel motion and 33, 131–2

  patents 30, 31, 33, 49–50, 69, 115–19, 120, 121–2, 123, 126–7, 131–2, 134, 135, 138, 139, 145, 208–9, 213, 224, 296

  reciprocating engine 33, 115

  reliance on high-quality castings 32

  running costs 80

  Savery pump and 90

  steam condenser 3, 30–1, 42, 112, 113, 113, 114, 126, 135, 137, 140, 141, 151

  sun and planet gearing and 131–2

  Weaver’s Pocketbook, The 155–6

  Wedgwood, Josiah 13, 191, 199, 267, 268, 289, 293, 294, 295, 297, 300, 328

  Wednesbury, West Midlands 235, 268

  Wellington Forest, Somerset 59

  West Indies 159, 189, 205

  West Riding of Yorkshire 12, 154, 156, 157, 161, 216, 322, 335

  Wheal Hope mine, Dolcoath, Camborne 141

  Whickham colliery, Northumberland 324

  Whitby 9, 60

  White, Gilbert 289

  Whitehaven mines, Cumbria 67–8, 72, 99

  Whitworth, Richard 240–1, 262

  Wigan 224, 259, 332

  Wilkinson, John 32, 117, 120, 121, 123, 126–7, 129, 132, 238, 239, 252, 295, 300, 302, 316

  Williamson, George 108

  Willoughby, Sir Francis 258

  Wilson, Thomas 138

  Winchcombe II, John 155

  Wise, Samuel 210

  Wolsey, Cardinal 336

  Wolverhampton 134, 264

  women:

  factory workers 322–3, 325

  income of 291

  independence of young 299

  population increase and 340

  wool production and 156, 180

  Wood, Thomas 210

  wool trade, British 322, 323, 325

  areas of production 156, 157

 

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