Wired Child

by Richard Freed

  32Rideout, V. J., Foehr, U. G., & Roberts, D. F. (2010). Generation M2: Media in the lives of 8-to 18-year-olds. Kaiser Family Foundation. Retrieved March 1, 2014, from http://kaiserfamilyfoundation.files.wordpress.com/2013/01/8010.pdf, p. 4.

  33Page, A. S., Cooper, A. R., Griew, P., & Jago, R. (2010). Children’s screen viewing is related to psychological difficulties irrespective of physical activity. Pediatrics, 126, e1011-e1017.

  34Walgrave, M., & Heirman, W. (2011). Cyberbullying: Predicting victimization and perpetration. Children & Society, 25, 59-72, p. 62.

  35Walgrave, M., & Heirman, W. (2011). Cyberbullying: Predicting victimization and perpetration. Children & Society, 25, 59-72.

  36Ybarra, M. L., & Mitchell, K. J. (2004). Youth engaging in online harassment: Associations with caregiver-child relationships, Internet use, and personal characteristics. Journal of Adolescence, 27(3), 319-336.

  37Ybarra, M. L., Diener-West, M., & Leaf, P. J. (2007). Examining the overlap in Internet harassment and school bullying: Implications for school intervention. Journal of Adolescent Health, 41(6 Suppl 1), S42-S50; Hinduja, S., & Patchin, J.W. (2010). Bullying, cyberbullying, and suicide. Archives of Suicide Research, 14(3), 206-221.

  38Ybarra, M. L., & Mitchell, K. J. (2004). Youth engaging in online harassment: Associations with caregiver-child relationships, Internet use, and personal characteristics. Journal of Adolescence, 27(3), 319-336.

  39Lenhart, A. (2009). Teens and sexting. Pew Internet & American Life Project. Retrieved July 1, 2011, from http://www.pewinternet.org/~/media//Files/Reports/2009/PIP_Teens_and_Sexting.pdf, p. 6.

  40Kotkin, J. (2013, May 13). America’s new oligarchs—Fwd.us and Silicon Valley’s shady 1 percenters. The Daily Beast. Retrieved May 18, 2014, from www.thedailybeast.com

  41Yahoo! & Starcom MediaVest. (2012). Brave new moms: Navigating technology’s impact on family time. Retrieved October 2, 2013, from http://advertising.yahoo.com/article/brave-new-moms.html

  42Royal Council of the Real Fairyland, LLC. The Real Tooth Fairies®. Retrieved April 27, 2014 from www.therealtoothfairies.com/registration?gclid=CLTC_pTf-b0CFWuhOgod8jwA0g

  43Bus, A. G., & van Ijzendoorn, M. H. (1995). Mothers reading to their 3-year-olds: The role of mother-child attachment security in becoming literate. Reading Research Quarterly 30(4), 998-1015.

  44Scelfo, J. (2010, June 9). The risks of parenting while plugged in. New York Times. Retrieved October 29, 2012, from www.nytimes.com

  45The National Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse at Columbia University. (2009). The importance of family dinners V. Retrieved January 7, 2012, from http://www.casacolumbia.org/articlefiles/380-Importance%20of%20Family%20Dinners%20V.pdf

  46Eisenberg, M. E., Olson, R. E., Neumark-Sztainer, D., Story, M., & Bearinger, L. H. (2004). Correlations between family meals and psychosocial well-being among adolescents. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, 158(8), 792-796.

  47Payne, K. J., & Ross, L. M. (2009). Simplicity parenting: Using the extraordinary power of less to raise calmer, happier, and more secure kids, Kindle Edition. New York: Ballantine.

  48The National Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse at Columbia University. (2009). The importance of family dinners V. Retrieved January 7, 2012, from http://www.casacolumbia.org/articlefiles/380-Importance%20of%20Family%20Dinners%20V.pdf

  49Retrevo. (2010). Mother’s day special report: Parenting and social media. Retrieved January 7, 2012, from http://www.retrevo.com/content/blog/2010/04/mothers-day-special-report-parenting-and-social-media

  50The National Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse at Columbia University. (2009). The importance of family dinners V. Retrieved January 7, 2012, from http://www.casacolumbia.org/articlefiles/380-Importance%20of%20Family%20Dinners%20V.pdf

  51Bost, K. K., Shin, N., McBride, B. A., Brown, G. L., Vaughn, B. E., Coppola, G., et al. (2006). Maternal secure base scripts, children’s attachment security, and mother-child narrative styles. Attachment & Human Development 8(3), 241-260.

  52Bohanek, J. G., Fivush, R., Zaman, W., Lepore, C. E., Merchant, S., & Duke, M. P. 2009. Narrative interaction in family dinnertime conversations. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly 55(4), 488-515.

  53Steiner-Adair, C., & Barker, T. H. (2013). The big disconnect: Protecting childhood and family relationships in the digital age, Kindle Edition. New York: Harper.

  CHAPTER 2

  1McFadden, M. (2011, April 20). High-action video games benefit brain. WNDU.com. Retrieved October 30, 2013, from www.wndu.com; Wawro, A. (2011, July 15). 7 games that expand your brain. PCWorld.com. Retrieved October 9, 2013, from www.pcworld.com

  2Olson, C. 8 reasons video games can improve your child. Parents. com. Retrieved October 9, 2013, from www.parents.com

  3Trudeau, M. (2010, December 10). Video games boost brain power, multitasking skills. NPR.org. Retrieved October 30, 2013, from www.npr.org

  4Sax, Leonard. 2007. Boys adrift: The five factors driving the growing epidemic of unmotivated boys and underachieving young men. New York: Basic Books.

  5Green, C. S., & Bavelier, D. (2007). Action-video-game experience alters the spatial resolution of vision. Psychological Science, 18(1), 88-94; Green, C. S., & Bavelier, D. (2006). Effect of action video games on the spatial distribution of visuospatial attention. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 32(6), 1465-1478.

  6Roach, J. (2003, May 28). Video games boost visual skills, study finds. National Geographic News. Retrieved October 11, 2013, from http://news.nationalgeographic.com

  7Zamora, P. (2013, March 4). Virtual training puts the ‘real’ in realistic environment. www.army.mil. Retrieved October 30, 2013, from www.army.mil; Montalbano, E. (2011, June 10) Army’s $57 million training system uses gaming tech. Information Week. Retrieved October 30, 2013, from www.informationweek.com;Beidel, E. (2011, December). Gaming technology puts soldiers’ boots on ground. National Defense. Retrieved October 30, 2013, from www.nationaldefensemagazine.org

  8Carr, N. (2011). The shallows: What the Internet is doing to our brains. New York: Norton.

  9Bavelier, D., Green, C. S., Han, D. H., Renshaw, P. F., Merzenich, M. M., & Gentile, D. A. (2011). Brains on video games. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 12, 763-768, p. 765.

  10Chan, P. A., & Rabinowitz, T. (2006). A cross-sectional analysis of video games and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder symptoms in adolescents. Annals of General Psychiatry, 5(1), 16; Lim, C. G., Swing, E. L., Khoo, A., & Gentile, D. A. (2012). Video game playing, attention problems, and impulsiveness: Evidence of bidirectional causality. Psychology of Popular Media Culture, 1(1), 62-70; Swing, E. L., Gentile, D. A., Anderson, C. A., & Walsh, D. A. (2010). Television and video game exposure and the development of attention problems. Pediatrics, 126(2), 214-221; Christakis, D. A., Zimmerman, F. J., DiGiuseppe, D. L., & McCarty, C. A. (2004). Early television exposure and subsequent attentional problems in children. Pediatrics, 113(4), 708-713; Zimmerman, F. J., & Christakis, D. A. (2007). Associations between content types of early media exposure and subsequent attentional problems. Pediatrics, 120(5), 986-992.

  11Klass, P. (2011, May 9). Fixated by screens, but seemingly nothing else. New York Times. Retrieved October 15, 2013, from www. nytimes.com

  12Lehrer, J. (2009, May 18). Don’t: The secret of self-control. The New Yorker. Retrieved January 9, 2012, from www.newyorker.com

  13Moffitt, T. E., Arseneault, L., Belsky, D., Dickson, N., Hancox, R. J., Harrington, H., et al. (2011). A gradient of childhood self-control predicts health, wealth, and public safety. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 108(7), 2693-2698.

  14Duckworth, A. L., & Seligman, M. E. P. (2005). Self-discipline outdoes IQ in predicting academic performance of adolescents. Psychological Science, 16(12), 939-944.

  15Lehrer, J. (2009, May 18). Don’t: The secret of self-control. The New Yorker. Retrieved January 9, 2012, from www.newyorker.com

  16Richtel, M. (2012, November 1). Technology changin
g how students learn, teachers say. New York Times. Retrieved April 11, 2013, from www.nytimes.com

  17Schwarz, A., & Cohen, S. (2013, March 31). A.D.H.D. seen in 11% of U.S. children as diagnoses rise. New York Times. Retrieved October 30, 2013, from www.nytimes.com

  18American Academy of Pediatrics. (2011). Policy statement: Media use by children younger than 2 years. Pediatrics, 128(5), 1-6; American Academy of Pediatrics. (2013). Children, adolescents, and the media. Pediatrics 132(5), 958-961.

  19Zimmerman, F. J., & Christakis, D. A. (2007). Associations between content types of early media exposure and subsequent attentional problems. Pediatrics, 120(5), 986-992.

  20Zimmerman, F. J., Christakis, D. A., & Meltzoff, A. N. (2007). Associations between media viewing and language development in children under age 2 years. The Journal of pediatrics, 151(4), 364-368; Anderson, R. C., Wilson, P. T., & Fielding, L. G. (1988). Growth in reading and how children spend their time outside of school. Reading Research Quarterly, 23(3), 285-303; Rideout, V. J., Foehr, U. G., & Roberts, D. F. (2010). Generation M2: Media in the lives of 8-to 18-year-olds. Kaiser Family Foundation. Retrieved March 1, 2014, from http://kaiserfamilyfoundation.files.wordpress.com/2013/01/8010.pdf

  21Bruni, F. (2014, May 12). Read, kids, read. New York Times. Retrieved May 13, 2014, from www.nytimes.com

  22Cummings, H. M., & Vandewater, E. A. (2007). Relation of adolescent video game play to time spent in other activities. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, 161(7), 684-689.

  23Comstock, G., & Scharrer, E. (1999). Television: What’s on, who’s watching, and what it means. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.

  24Morrow, L. M. (1983). Home and school correlates of early interest in literature. The Journal of Educational Research, 76(4), 221-230.

  25Chiong, C., Ree, J., Takeuchi, L., & Erickson, I. (2012, Spring). Print books vs. E-books. The Joan Ganz Cooney Center. Retrieved October 30, 2013, from http://www.joanganzcooneycenter.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/07/jgcc_ebooks_quickreport.pdf

  26Chiong, C., Ree, J., Takeuchi, L., & Erickson, I. (2012, Spring). Print books vs. E-books. The Joan Ganz Cooney Center. Retrieved October 30, 2013, from http://www.joanganzcooneycenter.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/07/jgcc_ebooks_quickreport.pdf,pp. 1-2.

  27Parish-Morris, J, Mahajan, N., Hirsh-Pasek, K., Golinkoff, R. M., Collins, M. F. (2013). Once upon a time: Parent-child dialogue and storybook reading in the electronic era. Mind, Brain, and Education, 7(3), 200-211.

  28Vygotsky, L.S. 1978. Mind in society: The development of higher psychological processes. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, p. 99.

  29Tough, P. (2009, September 25). Can the right kinds of play teach self-control? New York Times. Retrieved October 30, 2013, from www.nytimes.com

  30Diamond, A., Barnett, W. S., Thomas, J., & Munro, S. (2007). Preschool program improves cognitive control. Science, 318(5855), 1387-1388.

  31Vandewater, E. A., Bickham, D. S., & Lee, J. H. (2006). Time well spent? Relating television use to children’s free-time activities. Pediatrics, 117(2), e181-e191.

  32Szabo, L. (2011, December 12). Smartest toys for kids can be the simplest. USA Today. Retrieved October 21, 2013, from www.usatoday.com

  33Lepper, M. R., Sethi, S., Dialdin, D., & Drake, M. (1997). Intrinsic and extrinsic motivation: A developmental perspective. In S. S. Luthar, J. A. Burack, D. Cicchetti, & J. R. Weisz (Eds.), Developmental psychopathology: Perspectives on adjustment, risk, and disorder (pp. 23–50). New York: Cambridge University Press.

  34Kohn, A. (1994, December). The risks of rewards. ERIC. Retrieved November 1, 2013, from http://www.alfiekohn.org/teaching/pdf/The%20Risks%20of%20Rewards.pdf

  35Lepper, M. R., Corpus, J. H., & Iyengar, S. S. (2005). Intrinsic and extrinsic motivational orientations in the classroom: Age differences and academic correlates. Journal of Educational Psychology, 97(2), 184-196.

  36Gottfried, A. E., & Gottfried, A. W. (2009). Development of gifted motivation: Longitudinal research and applications. In L. V. Shavinina (Ed.), International handbook on giftedness, Part one (pp. 617-631). Netherlands: Springer Science.

  37Note: Helping kids see the relevance of what they are learning helps inspire intrinsic motivation: Geiser, K., & O’Guinn, C. (2010). Youth in the middle: Envisioning and implementing a whole-school youth development approach. John W. Gardner Center for Youth and Their Communities at Stanford University. Retrieved November 2, 2013, from http://gardnercenter.stanford.edu/docs/YIM_Toolkit_100429.pdf

  38Oliver, P. H., Gottfried, A. W., Marcoulides, G. A., & Gottfried, A. E. (2009). A latent curve model of parental motivational practices and developmental decline in math and science academic intrinsic motivation. Journal of Educational Psychology, 101(3), 729-739.

  39Henderlong, J., & Lepper, M. R. (2002). The effects of praise on children’s intrinsic motivation: A review and synthesis. Psychological Bulletin, 128(5), 774-795.

  40Bronson, P., & Merryman, A. (2009). Nurture shock: New thinking about children. New York: Twelve.

  41Henderlong, J., & Lepper, M. R. (2002). The effects of praise on children’s intrinsic motivation: A review and synthesis. Psychological Bulletin, 128(5), 774-795.

  CHAPTER 3

  1Gee, J. P. (2003, May). High score education. Wired. Retrieved April 6, 2013, from www.wired.com

  2McGonigal, J. (2011). Reality is broken: Why games can make us better and how they can change the world. New York: Penguin; Colbert, S. (Executive Producer). (2011, February 3). The Colbert Report [Television broadcast]. Retrieved February 11, 2014, from http://www.colbertnation.com/the-colbert-report-videos/373360/february-03-2011/jane-mcgonigal

  3Lev-Ram, M. (2011, May 20). Zuckerberg: Kids under 13 should be allowed on Facebook. CNN. Retrieved April 10, 2013, from www.cnn.com

  4Taylor, P., Parker, K., Fry, R., Cohn, D., Wang, W., Velasco, G., et al. (2011). Is college worth it? College presidents, public assess value, quality and mission of higher education. Pew Research Center. Retrieved April 10, 2013, from http://www.pewsocialtrends.org/files/2011/05/Is-College-Worth-It.pdf; Rampell, C. (2011, May 20). Once again: Is college worth it? New York Times. Retrieved August 12, 2011, from www.nytimes.com

  5Grusky, D. B., Red Bird, B., Rodriguez, N., & Wirner, C. (2013, January). How much protection does a college degree afford? The impact of the recession on recent college graduates. Pew Charitable Trusts. Retrieved April 10, 2013, from http://www.pewstates.org/uploadedFiles/PCS_Assets/2013/Pew_college_grads_recession_report.pdf

  6ACT. (2008). The forgotten middle: Ensuring that all students are on target for college and career readiness before high school. Retrieved April 10, 2013, from http://www.act.org/research/policymakers/pdf/ForgottenMiddle.pdf, p. 3.

  7Blum, R. (2005). School connectedness: Improving students’ lives. Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health. Retrieved April 11, 2013, from http://cecp.air.org/download/MCMonographFINAL.pdf, p. 1.

  8Rideout, V. J., Foehr, U. G., & Roberts, D. F. (2010). Generation M2: Media in the lives of 8-to 18-year-olds. Kaiser Family Foundation. Retrieved March 1, 2014, from http://kaiserfamilyfoundation.files.wordpress.com/2013/01/8010.pdf

  9Examples of research on the connection between video games and lower academic performance: Weis, R., & Cerankosky, B. C. (2010). Effects of video-game ownership on young boys’ academic and behavioral functioning: A randomized, controlled study. Psychological Science, 21(4), 463-470; Sharif, I., & Sargent, J. D. (2006). Association between television, movie, and video game exposure and school performance. Pediatrics, 118(4), e1061-e1070; Gentile, D. A., Lynch, P. J., Linder, J. R., & Walsh, D. A. (2004). The effects of violent video game habits on adolescent hostility, aggressive behaviors, and school performance. Journal of Adolescence, 27, 5-22; Stinebrickner, T. R., & Stinebrickner, R. (2007, August). The causal effect of studying on academic performance. National Bureau of Economic Research. NBER Working Paper No. 13341. Retrieved April 28, 2013, from http://www.nber.org/papers/w13341.pdf?new_window=1; Examples of research on the connection between
social networks and lower academic performance: National School Boards Association. (2007). Creating & connecting: Research and guidelines on online social—and educational—networking. Retrieved September 24, 2013, from www.grunwald.com; Rosen, L. D., Carrier, M. L., & Cheever, N. A. (2013). Facebook and texting made me do it: Media-induced task-switching while studying. Computers in Human Behavior, 29(3), 948-958; Jacobsen, W. C., & Forste, R. (2011). The wired generation: academic and social outcomes of electronic media use among university students. Cyberpsychology, Behavior and Social Networking, 14(5), 275-280; Junco, R., & Cotten, S. R. (2012). No A 4 U: The relationship between multitasking and academic performance. Computers & Education, 59, 505-514; Kirschner, P. A., & Karpinski, A. C. (2010). Facebook® and academic performance. Computers in Human Behavior, 26(6), 1237-1245; Junco, R. (2012). Too much face and not enough books: The relationship between multiple indices of Facebook use and academic performance. Computers in Human Behavior, 28, 187-198.

  10Sax, L. (2007). Boys adrift: The five factors driving the growing epidemic of unmotivated boys and underachieving young men. New York: Basic, p. 63.

  11National School Boards Association. (2007). Creating & connecting: Research and guidelines on online social—and educational—networking. Retrieved September 24, 2013, from www.grunwald.com

  12Note: Kids watch primarily entertainment programming: Christakis, D. A., Garrison, M. M., Herrenkohl, T., Haggerty, K., Rivara, F. P., Zhou, C., et al. (2013). Modifying media content for preschool children: A randomized controlled trial. Pediatrics, 131(3), 431-438; Examples of research on the connection between television and lower academic performance: Christakis, D. A., Garrison, M. M., Herrenkohl, T., Haggerty, K., Rivara, F. P., Zhou, C., et al. (2013). Modifying media content for preschool children: A randomized controlled trial. Pediatrics, 131(3), 431-438; Hancox, R. J., Milne, B. J., & Poulton, R. (2005). Association of television viewing during childhood with poor educational achievement. Archives of pediatrics adolescent medicine, 159(7), 614-618; Comstock, G., & Scharrer, E. (1999). Television: What’s on, who’s watching, and what it means. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.