The Campaigns of Napoleon

by David G Chandler

  Appointed Marshal of the Empire: May 19, 1804.

  Suchet, Louis-Gabriel (March 2, 1770-January 3, 1826). Duke of Albufera, 1813.

  First military service: Uncertain, but probably 1791 (National Guard Cavalry).

  Appointed Marshal of the Empire: July 1, 1811.

  Victor (Claude-Victor), Perrin (December 7, 1764-March 1, 1841). Duke of Belluno.

  First military service: October 16, 1781 (enlisted as a drummer-boy).

  Appointed Marshal of the Empire: July 13, 1807.

  IV. T

  HE R

  EMAINING M

  ARSHALS OF THE E

  MPIRE

  Brune, Guillaume-Marie-Anne (May 13, 1763-August 2, 1815). No title.

  First military service: Uncertain, but probably 1789 (National Guard).

  Appointed Marshal of the Empire: May 19, 1804.

  Gouvion-Saint-Cyr, Laurent (April 13, 1764-March 17, 1830). Count, 1808, later Marquis.

  First military service: September 1, 1792 (volunteer).

  Appointed Marshal of the Empire: August 27, 1812.

  Grouchy, Emmanuel de (October 23, 1766-May 29, 1847). Hereditary Marquis.

  First military service: March 31, 1780 (cadet, Strasbourg Artillery School).

  Appointed Marshal of the Empire: June 3, 1815.

  Jourdan, Jean-Baptiste (April 29, 1762-November 23, 1833). Count, 1814.

  First military service: April 2, 1778 (enlisted as private soldier).

  Appointed Marshal of the Empire: May 19, 1804.

  Pérignon, Catherine-Dominique de (May 31, 1754-December 25, 1818). Count, 1811.

  First military service: July 6, 1780 (2nd Lieutenant).

  Appointed Marshal of the Empire: May 19, 1804.

  Sérurier, Jean-Mathieu-Philibert (December 8, 1742-December 21, 1819). Count, 1808.

  First military service: March 25, 1755 (militia volunteer).

  Appointed Marshal of the Empire: May 19, 1804.

  Information relating to the Marshalate mainly drawn from Gavard, C., Galerie des Maréchaux de France (Paris: 1839), and Lasseray, A. Dictionnaire Biographique des Généraux et Amiraux Français de la Revolution et de l’ Empire (2 vols., Paris: 1934).

  References

  PART ONE. APPRENTICESHIP TO ARMS

  1 For full text see S. de Clair, Napoleon’s Memoirs (London: 1947), Appendix B.

  2 General H. Camon, Génie et métier chez Napoléon (Paris: 1929), p. 77.

  3 The family reputedly originated near Florence.

  4 M. de Bourienne, Memoirs of Napoleon Bonaparte (London: 1836), Vol. I, p. 5.

  5 W. M. Sloane, Life of Napoleon Bonaparte (London and New York: 1896), Vol. I, p. 29.

  6 Ibid., p. 35.

  7 F. Masson and G. Biagli, Napoléon inconnu (Paris: 1895), Vol. I, p. 170.

  8 F. M. Kircheisen, Memoirs of Napoleon I, trans. by F. Collins (London: 1929), p. 26.

  9 Masson and Biagli, op. cit., Vol. I, p. 353.

  10 Bourienne, op. cit., Vol. I, p. 13.

  11 Correspondance de Napoléon Iier (Paris: 1858), Vol. I, No. 2, p. 12

  12 Ibid., No. 3, pp. 12-13.

  13 Ibid., No. 1, p. 11.

  14 Ibid., No. 4, pp. 15-16.

  15 Ibid., Vol. XXIX, p. 14.

  16 S. Wilkinson, The Rise of General Bonaparte (Oxford: 1930), p. 24.

  17 Lord Russell of Liverpool, Knight of the Sword (London: 1964), p. 40.

  18 Correspondance, Vol. I, No. 1, p. 11.

  19 S. Wilkinson, op. cit., Appendix V, p. 168.

  20 Ibid., p. 60.

  21 Correspondance, Vol. I, No. 75, p. 95.

  22 Bourienne, op. cit., Vol. I, p. 26.

  23 Correspondance, Vol. I, No. 75, p. 95.

  24 Ibid., No. 83, p. 103.

  25 Wilkinson, op. cit., p. 76.

  26 Ibid., pp. 77-78.

  PART TWO. IN SEARCH OF A REPUTATION

  1 Correspondance, Vol. I, No. 91, p. 107.

  2 R. de Cléry, Lasalle (Paris: 1899), p. 11.

  3 Yorck von Wartenburg, Napoleon as a General (London: 1902), Vol. I, p. 26.

  4 R. W. Phipps, The Armies of the First French Republic (Oxford: 1935-39), Vol. IV, p. 17.

  5 Marshal A. F. V. L. Marmont, Memoiren (Potsdam: 1857), Vol. I, p. 80.

  6 Correspondance, Vol. I, No. 234, p. 187.

  7 Ibid., No. 337, p. 236.

  8 Phipps, op. cit., Vol. IV, p. 34.

  9 F. Markham, Napoleon (London: 1963), p. 28.

  10 Marmont, op. cit., Vol. I, p. 89.

  11 Correspondance, Vol. I, No. 421, p. 279.

  12 Phipps, op. cit., p. 39.

  13 C. de Laugier, Mémoires (Paris: 1853), p. 87.

  14 A. N. Delavoye, Life of Thomas Graham, Lord Lynedoch (London: 1880), p. 115.

  15 E. Adlow, Napoleon in Italy (Boston: 1948), p. 77.

  16 Phipps, op. cit., Vol. IV, p. 46.

  17 Delavoye, op. cit., p. 120.

  18 Correspondance, Vol. I, No. 806, p. 504.

  19 A. G. MacDonell, Napoleon and his Marshals (London: 1950), p. 15.

  20 Phipps, op. cit., Vol. IV, p. 73.

  21 M. Reinhard, Avec Bonaparte en Italie (Paris: 1946), p. 123.

  22 Correspondance, Vol. II, No. 1170, p. 103.

  23 Ibid., No. 1182, p. 110.

  24 Ibid., No. 1180, p. 106.

  25 C. Botta, Storia d’Italia del 1789-1814 (Rome: 1826), Vol. II, p. 120.

  26 Correspondance, Vol. II, No. 1182, p. 110.

  27 Ibid., Vol. XXIX, p. 159.

  28 Phipps, op. cit., Vol. IV, p. 114.

  29 Correspondance, Vol. XXIX, p. 159.

  30 K. von Clausewitz, La Campagne de 1796 en Italie (Paris: 1899), p. 229.

  31 T. A. Dodge, Napoleon (New York: 1904), Vol. I, p. 376.

  32 Correspondance, Vol. II, No. 1377, p. 238.

  33 Ibid., No. 1379, p. 239.

  34 Ibid., Vol. XXIX, p. 214.

  35 Phipps, op. cit., Vol. IV, p. 131.

  36 Ibid., p. 133.

  37 Gen. M. Weygand, Historie de l’ Armée Française (Paris: 1938), p. 225.

  PART THREE. NAPOLEON’S ART OF WAR

  1 A. Henderson, Scottish Proverbs (Edinburgh: 1832).

  2 Speech at Columbus, Ohio, August 11, 1880, quoted by L. Lewis, The Fighting Prophet (1932), p. 212.

  3 Thomas Hardy, The Dynasts (London: 1908), Pt. II, Ch. 5.

  4 F. L. Petre, Napoleon’s Conquest of Prussia (London: 1907), p. 31.

  5 S. Wilkinson, op. cit., p. 168; see also ibid., p. 56.

  6 B. H. Liddell Hart, The Strategy of the Indirect Approach (London: 1954), p. 119.

  7 General H. Camon, Quand et comment Napoléon a conçu son système de bataille (Paris: 1935), p. x.

  8 Ibid., p. xiii.

  9 Wilkinson, op. cit., p. 142.

  10 H. Sargent, Napoleon Bonaparte’s First Campaign (London: 1895), p. 16.

  11 J. A. H. de Guibert, Essai générale de tactique (Liège: 1775), Vol. I, Ch. XIII, passim.

  12 Ibid., Vol. II, p. 65.

  13 S. Wilkinson, The French Army before Napoleon (London: 1915), p. 82.

  14 E. F. Berthezène, Souvenirs militaires (Paris: 1855).

  15 Frederick II of Prussia, The Instructions of Frederick the Great for his Generals (Harrisonburg: 1960), p. 140.

  16 Ibid., p. 139.

  17 Sargent, op. cit., p. 139.

  18 Camon, op. cit., p. 173.

  19 Ibid., Vol. II, p. 238.

  20 Weygand, op. cit., p. 222.

  21 Napoleon I, Maximes, 5th ed. (Paris: 1874), No. CXII.

  22 Correspondance, Vol. XXXI, p. 209.

  23 Ibid., Vol. XIII, No. 10558, p. 10.

  24 Ibid., No. 10810, p. 210.

  25 P. de Bourcet, Mémoires historiques sur la guerre … 1757-1762 (Paris: 1792), p. 88.

  26 Sargent, op. cit., p. 15.

  27 Mme. C. de Rémusat, Memoirs 1802-8 (London: 1895), p. 135.

  28 The Croker Papers (London: 1885), Vol. III, p. 276.

  29 Co
mmandant J. Colin, The Transformations of War (London: 1912), p. 254.

  30 Correspondance, Vol. XI, No. 9392, p. 336.

  31 Ibid., Vol. XVIII, No. 14707, p. 218.

  32 Bourienne, op. cit., Vol. I, p. 349.

  33 Colin, op. cit., p. 262.

  34 Correspondance, Vol. XXXI, p. 418, note 40.

  35 Quoted by Liddell Hart, op. cit., p. 114.

  36 Les Campagnes d’Italie, quoted by Camon, Les systèmes …, p. 5.

  37 General G. Gourgaud, Journal (Paris: 1899), Vol. II, p. 119.

  38 Correspondance, Vol. VI, No. 4855, p. 323.

  39 Ibid., Vol. IX, No. 7527, p. 239.

  40 A. Lévy, The Private Life of Napoleon (London: 1894), Vol. II, p. 293.

  41 Correspondance, Vol. XIV, No. 11813, p. 304.

  42 This document is not in the Correspondance. See J. S. C. Abbott, Life of Napoleon Bonaparte (London: 1899), p. 403.

  43 Sir J. Seeley, A Short History of Napoleon I (London: 1899), p. 195.

  44 Earl P. H. Stanhope, Conversations with the Duke of Wellington (London: 1899), p. 9.

  45 Correspondance, Vol. XXXI, p. 418, note 40.

  46 Sargent, op. cit., p. 175.

  47 Marshal V. F. Broglie, “Instruction of 1761,” Archives Nationales, Guerre A1 3550.

  48 T. Carlyle, Critical and Miscellaneous Essays (London: 1843), Vol. IV, p. 109.

  49 Gourgaud, op. cit., Vol. II, p. 32.

  50 Correspondance, Vol. XII, No. 10032, p. 230.

  51 General Lloyd, L’introduction à l’histoire de la guerre en 1756 (Brussels: 1784).

  52 See C. J. Duffy, The Wild Goose and the Eagle (London: 1964), Ch. XV, for a good modern account.

  53 Correspondance, Vol. XXXI, pp. 328-29.

  54 Ibid., Vol. XXXII, p. 27.

  55 Ibid., Vol. XXX, p. 447.

  56 Ibid., Vol. XXXII, p. 82.

  57 A. F. Becke, An Introduction to the History of Tactics (London: 1909), p. 31.

  58 Correspondance, Vol. I, No. 842, p. 522.

  59 Ibid., Vol. XXIX, p. 435.

  60 Colin, op. cit., p. 123.

  61 Marmont, Mémoires (Paris: 1857), Vol. I, p. 209.

  62 Correspondance, Vol. I, No. 842, p. 525.

  PART FOUR. ORIENTAL INTERLUDE: THE SIX ACRES OF LAND

  1 H. A. L. Fisher, Napoleon (London: 1950), p. 42.

  2 Correspondance, Vol. III, No. 2307, p. 392.

  3 Ibid., Vol. XXX, p. 231.

  4 Bourienne, op. cit., Vol. I, p. 230.

  5 Ibid., p. 221.

  6 A. B. Rodger, The War of the Second Coalition (Oxford: 1964), p. 20.

  7 Correspondance, Vol. III, No. 2103, p. 235.

  8 Rodger, op. cit., p. 19.

  9 Correspondance, Vol. IV, No. 2629, p. 133.

  10 Phipps, op. cit., Vol. V, p. 362.

  11 Rodgers, op. cit., p. 57.

  12 Correspondance, Vol. XXIX, p. 458.

  13 Captain M. Vertray, Journal d’un officier de l’armée d’Egypte (Paris: 1883), p. 64.

  14 C. E. de la Jonquière, L’expedition d’Egypte (Paris: 1889-1902), Vol. II, p. 144.

  15 Correspondance, Vol. XXIX, p. 450.

  16 A. du Casse, ed., Mémoires … du Roi Joseph (Paris: 1854-5), Vol. I, p. 188.

  17 Correspondance, Vol. IV, No. 3259, p. 475.

  18 J. P. Doguereau, Journal de l’expédition d’Egypte (Paris: 1904), entry for February 29, 1799.

  19 Ibid., quoted by La Jonquière, op. cit., Vol. IV, p. 343.

  20 Correspondance, Vol. V, No. 4138, p. 429.

  21 A. Bryant, The Years of Endurance (London: 1942), p. 273.

  22 C. de Rémusat, Mémoires, 24th ed. (Paris: 1893), Vol. I, p. 274.

  PART FIVE. TOWARD THE SUMMIT: THE CONSPIRATOR AND PEACEMAKER

  1 L. J. Gohier, Mémoires (Paris: 1824), Vol. I, p. 199.

  2 Phipps, op. cit., Vol. V, p. 445.

  3 Gohier, op. cit., Vol. I, p. 200.

  4 Phipps, op. cit., Vol. V, p. 452.

  5 A. C. Thibaudeau, Mémoires (Paris: 1913), pp. 6-7.

  6 Phipps, op. cit., Vol. V, p. 464.

  7 Bourienne, op. cit., Vol. II, p. 25.

  8 Correspondance, Vol. VI, No. 4432, p. 30.

  9 Ibid., No. 4649, p. 170.

  10 Phipps, op. cit., Vol. V, p. 465.

  11 General H. Camon, La guerre Napoléonienne—Précis des campagnes (Paris: 1925), Vol. I, p. 74.

  12 General Baron A. H. Jomini, Life of Napoleon (Kansas City: 1897), Vol. I, p. 241.

  13 Correspondance, Vol. XXX, p. 399.

  14 Ibid., p. 399.

  15 Jomini, op. cit., Vol. I, p. 241.

  16 L. A. Thiers, Le Consulat (Paris: 1840), Vol. I, p. 262.

  17 Correspondance, Vol. VI, No. 4711, pp. 214-16.

  18 Ibid., Vol. XXX, p. 399.

  19 Captain G. J. M. R. de Cugnac, La campagne de l’armée de réserve en 1800 (Paris: 1900), Vol. I, p. 301.

  20 Ibid., Vol. I, p. 321.

  21 Ibid., p. 354.

  22 Correspondance, Vol. VI, No. 4795, p. 281.

  23 Ibid., No. 4795, p. 281.

  24 Ibid., No. 4846, p. 314.

  25 Jomini, op. cit., Vol. I, p. 247.

  26 Ibid., p. 247.

  27 Correspondance, Vol. VI, No. 4836, p. 308.

  28 Adjutant Commandant Brossier, Journal, quoted by de Cugnac, op. cit., Vol. II, p. 28.

  29 De Cugnac, op. cit., Vol. II, p. 43 (f.n.).