The Campaigns of Napoleon
Page 140
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Glossary of Military Terms
Amalgame—
The amalgamation of regular and volunteer formations to form composite units.
Artillerie Volante—
“Galloper guns” or fast horse artillery; all the gunners were mounted on horses, none on the limbers.
Bar-shot—
A type of artillery ammunition; a solid metal bar, surrounded by musket balls enclosed in a tin container; on being fired, the contents spread.
Cabinet—
The nucleus of Napoleon’s household, including his intimates and key subordinates.
Caisson—
Ammunition wagon, normally four-wheeled at this period.
Canister—
A type of artillery ammunition used at close range; a tin container filled with musket balls which spread on being fired.
Carabinier—
a
&n
bsp; Heavily armed cavalry soldier, barely distinguishable from a cuirassier.
b
The equivalent to a line grenadier in a light-infantry unit.
Carnets—
Literally, “notebooks”; kept by Napoleon recording the details of his forces, officers’ records of service, etc.
Case-shot—
A type of artillery ammunition; practically the same as canister (see above).
Chappe Telegraph—
A system for visual transmission of orders, messages, etc. Based on a series of intervisible signal stations, each with three masts.
Chasseurs-à-cheval—
Light cavalry, capable of mounted fire in a skirmishing role.
Chasseurs-à-pied—
Name for light infantrymen serving in light-infantry formations. Two regiments were included in the Old Guard. Also used to describe specialist formations, for example, mountain troops.
Chevaux Légers—
Light cavalry, comprising hussars, lancers, chasseurs, etc.
Class of 1805—
The annual proportion of the population liable for military service in a given year.
Cohort—
Term used to describe formations of the National Guard.
Column of Divisions—
A battalion attack formation with a two-company frontage.
Commissaries—
Officials responsible for providing supplies to the army; also intendants.
Conscription—
Compulsory enlistment of men of a certain age for military service.
Corps d’armée—
Self-contained major formation, comprising infantry, cavalry, guns, and staff.
Corps d’observation—
Formation detached from the main army to protect its line of march, watch or cover a minor enemy formation. Used in secondary roles.
Demi-brigade—
Formation of three battalions (1793-1803), later named a Regiment.
Division—
a
Formation of several thousand infantry or cavalry supported by guns.
b
Section of the General Staff.
c
Two companies of a battalion, drawn up in line, three ranks deep.
Divisional Column—
A division advancing on a deployed frontage of one battalion, the remaining battalions following behind the leader in succession with intervals.
Dragoons—
The backbone of the line cavalry; capable of fighting mounted or on foot.
Eagle—
Special standard presented to most units of the Imperial Army.
éclaireurs-à-cheval—
Three regiments of mounted scouts attached to the Young Guard, 1814.
Fantassin—
Common French term for infantryman.
Flankers—
Formation of gamekeepers and forest guards raised in 1812; part of Middle Guard.
Fusilier—
Infantryman of the non-élite companies of an infantry battalion.
Gendarmerie—
France’s national police force, organized on paramilitary lines.
Gendarmerie d’élite—
The Emperor’s bodyguard and baggage escort; used to enforce martial discipline.
Grand-Quartier-Général—
General Headquarters.
Grapeshot—
A type of artillery ammunition used at close range. A serge bag filled with musket balls that scattered on being fired. Used with canister.
Grenadier—
a
Originally a picked infantryman armed with grenades as well as normal equipment.
b
Member of the élite company of an infantry battalion, carefully selected, at least 5 foot 8 inches in height; received special pay, etc.
c
“…of the Guard,” member of one of the senior units in the Old Guard.
Grenadier-à-cheval—
Trooper in the mounted “heavy” squadrons of the Guard Cavalry.
Grognard—
Literally, “grumbler”; Napoleon’s nickname for the infantry of the Guard (1807 onward); often applied to any French soldier of the period.
Grosse-bottes—
Nickname for the Grenadiers-à-cheval, literally, “big boots.”
Guides—
Personal escorts, both mounted and on foot, of (originally) Revolutionary generals. Napoleon’s “Guides” (formed 1796) eventually formed one nucleus of the Imperial Guard. Carefully selected soldiers, capable of many special roles in connection with the work of Army headquarters.
Horse Artillery—
8-or 4-pound guns drawn by horse teams, the gun crews riding on the limbers or on horseback; attached to cavalry divisions and reserves.
Imperial Guard—
The elite formation of the Napoleonic armies; eventually subdivided into the Old, Middle and Young Guards. Usually kept in reserve before 1813.
Inclination marker—
Instrument attached to the side of a cannon to show angle of barrel.
Lancers—
Light cavalry armed with lances; originally Polish (1809) but later increased to include Dutch, German and French units. Two regiments were included in the Guard Cavalry.
Langridge—
A type of artillery ammunition for use at close range; irregular pieces of iron packed like case-shot; especially used at sea to destroy rigging.
Legion—
Foreign formation incorporated in the French Army; also sometimes used to describe large units of the National Guard.
Levée-en-masse—
The first attempt at large-scale conscription, adopted in 1793.
Light Infantry—
Identically equipped with the “line” infantry, but trained for a more flexible and mobile tactical role; made up of carabiniers, chasseurs-à-pied and voltigeurs (see Glossary entries). Infanterie Légére.
Limber—
Detachable front of gun carriage (basically two wheels, an axle, pole and ammunition box), used to raise a cannon’s trail for movement.
Line Infantry—
The ordinary demi-brigades regiments and battalions of “the line”—originally “Battle-line.” Distinguished by numbers. Infanterie de la Ligne.
Line of Communication—
The rear link of an army on campaign (road or river), along which flowed reinforcements, remounts, convoys, couriers, etc.
Line of March—
The general direction being taken by a marching army.
Line of Operations—
Same as a line of march, but usually through hostile territory.
Line of Retreat—
The general direction taken by a retiring army.
Maison—
Napoleon’s household—the very heart of his headquarters organization.
Mamelukes—
a
A body of elite Cavalry of the Guard, brigaded with the Chasseurs-à-cheval de la Garde, dressed in Oriental costume, bristling with weapons.
b
The elite cavalry of the Turkish armies; sometimes became a semiautonomous ruling caste in outlying districts, e.g., Egypt.
Marins de la Garde—
“Marines of the Guard,” used for special duties and river transportation.
Masse de décision (occasionally de rupture)—
The reserve of infantry, cavalry and horse artillery retained by Napoleon for use at the critical moment of battle.
Masse de manoeuvre—
Part of the French Army entrusted with strategical or tactical enveloping attacks.
Masse primaire—
The main part of a French army engaged in battle on the chief sector.
Masse secondaire—
A secondary force engaged on battle on a subsidiary sector.
Ordre mixte—
Frequently employed tactical formation incorporating troops in line and troops in column (fire and
shock); extremely adaptable.
Parallel—
Large trench used in siege operations, dug at varying distances from the enemy defences (and aligned to run parallel to them); used to shelter troops, stores, etc., prior to the assault.
Petit-Quartier-Général—
Literally, “small headquarters”; the handful of key officers, etc., who accompanied Napoleon wherever he went on horseback.
Pontonniers—
Military engineers trained to build or extemporize bridges over water obstacles.
Représentant-du-Peuple (also Depute-en-Mission)—
Government official attached to Revolutionary armies with vast powers; a political commissar.
Ricochet Fire—
A type of artillery fire in which the round shot is deliberately fired to hit in front of the target and thereafter bounds through the enemy position sending up clouds of stone fragments, etc., along its path.
Round Shot—
The most frequently used type of artillery ammunition; a spherical, solid cannon ball of cast metal, varying in weight according to caliber of cannon.
Saber—
a
Cavalry sword with curved blade, commonly issued to light cavalry and carried by general officers.
b
Generic term used to describe any cavalry soldier.
Shrapnel—
A type of artillery ammunition invented by a British soldier but never adopted by Napoleonic armies. At this period it comprised a hollow sphere packed with explosive and musket balls, etc., exploded in the air above enemy formations by means of a fuse.
Tirailleur—
Skirmisher; half the Young Guard used this nomenclature.
Trail—
The lower end of a gun carriage, used to counterbalance the weight of the barrel and absorb some of the recoil shock.
Trail-chest—
-Ready-use ammunition container, usually carried on the trail or limber.
Trains—
The general transportation services of the army, responsible for conveying guns, supplies, bridging pontoons, etc.; in other words, the “supporting services.”
Tricolor—
French national standard of blue, white and red adopted during the Revolution.
Voltigeur—
Soldier of the second élite company of a line infantry battalion; trained to fight in a skirmisher screen and extended order. They were supposed to be capable of keeping pace with trotting cavalry, hence voltigeur—literally a “leaper” or “runner.”
Indexes