J D Bernal
Page 75
53. Ibid.
54. Ibid.
55. Ibid.
56. Ibid.
57. Ibid.
58. Ibid.
59. Hankins, T.L. (1980). Sir William Rowan Hamilton. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore.
60. Hargittai, I. and Hargittai, M. (1994). Symmetry: A Unifying Concept. Shelter Publications, Bolinas, California.
61. Ewald, P.P. (1962). Fifty Years of X-ray Diffraction. International Union of Crystallography, Utrecht.
62. Ibid, p. 343.
63. See note 46.
64. Ibid.
65. Ibid.
66. Ibid.
67. Ibid.
68. Bragg, W.L. (1920). The arrangement of atoms in crystals. Philosophical Magazine, 40, 169–89.
69. See note 46.
70. Ibid.
71. Hodgkin, D.M.C. (1980). Microcosm: the world as seen by John Desmond Bernal. Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy, 81, 11–24.
72. Ibid.
73. See note 11, p. 111.
74. See note 46.
75. Montagu, I. (1970). The Youngest Son. Lawrence and Wishart, London.
76. Hutt, A. (1972). Interview with E. Bernal, JDB Papers, P.6.1.
77. See note 46.
78. Ibid.
79. Ibid.
80. Ibid.
81. See note 19.
82. See note 46.
83. Ibid.
84. http://geometry.ma.ic.ac.uk/bernal/sprague.html.
85. See note 46.
86. Ibid.
87. Ibid.
88. Bernal, J.D. (1922). Diary. JDB Papers, O.23.1.
89. Synge, A. (1999). Early years and influences. In B. Swann and F. Aprahamian (eds.) J.D. Bernal, pp. 1–16. Verso, London.
90. See note 88.
91. Bernal, J.D. (1922). Undated letter to E. Bernal. JDB Papers, O.2.1.
92. Wootton, B. (1980). Saving the world. London Review of Books, 19 June–2 July.
93. Author’s interview with Brenda Swann, 8/3/00.
94. Lucas, N.B.C. (1972). Reminiscences of Bernal. Emmanuel College Archives.
95. Hodgkin, D.M.C. (1980). John Desmond Bernal, 1901–1971. Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society, 26, 17–84.
96. See note 46.
97. Bernal, J.D. (1923). Diary. JDB Papers, O.23.1.
98. See note 46.
99. See note 10, p. 142.
100. Ibid.
101. Bernal, E. (1923). Letter to J.D. Bernal, 24 January. JDB Papers, O.2.1.
102. Bernal, J.D. (1923). The analytical theory of point systems (unpublished paper). JDB Papers, A.4.1
103. Ibid.
104. See note 95.
NOTES TO CHAPTER 3
1. Brown, A.P. (1997). The Neutron and the Bomb. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
2. Hodgkin, D.M.C. (1980). John Desmond Bernal, 1901–1971. Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society, 26, 17–84.
3. Andrade, E.N. da C. (1943). William Henry Bragg (1862–1942). Obituary Notices of Fellows of the Royal Society, 4, 277–92.
4. Bragg, W.H. and Kleeman, R. (1905). On the a particles of radium, and their loss of range in passing through various atoms and molecules. Philosophical Magazine, 10, 318–40.
5. Bragg, W.H. (1907). Letter to E. Rutherford. Rutherford’s papers, Cambridge University Library.
6. Ewald, P.P. (ed.) (1962). Fifty Years of X-ray Diffraction. International Union of Crystallography, Utrecht.
7. Ibid, pp. 59–60.
8. Bragg, W.L. (1992). The Development of X-ray Analysis. Dover, New York.
9. Bragg, W.H. (1921). The structure of organic crystals. Proceedings of the Physical Society, London, 34, 33–50.
10. Ibid.
11. Bernal, J.D. (1962). My time at the Royal Institution, 1923–27. In P.P. Ewald (ed.) Fifty Years of X-ray Diffraction. International Union of Crystallography, Utrecht.
12. Bernal, J.D. (1963). William Thomas Astbury (1898–1961). Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society, 9, 1–35.
13. Hodgkin, D.M.C. (1975). Kathleen Lonsdale (1903–1971). Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society, 21, 447.
14. See note 11.
15. Ibid.
16. Caroe, G.M. (1978). William Henry Bragg, 1862–1942. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
17. Bernal, J.D. (1924). The structure of graphite. Proceedings of the Royal Society, London, A, 106, 749–73.
18. See note 11.
19. Ibid.
20. See note 17.
21. Ibid.
22. Bernal, J.D. (1920). Diary. JDB Papers, O.23.1.
23. See note 11.
24. Bernal, J.D. (1926). On the interpretation of X-ray, single crystal, rotation photographs. Proceedings of the Royal Society, London, A, 113, 117–60.
25. Patterson, A.L. (1962). Experiences in crystallography – 1924 to date. In P.P. Ewald (ed.) Fifty Years of X-ray Diffraction. International Union of Crystallography, Utrecht.
26. Author’s interview with M. Perutz, 5/3/00.
27. See note 11.
28. See note 12.
29. Ibid.
30. Lonsdale, K. (1962). Crystallography at the Royal Institution. In P.P. Ewald (ed.) Fifty Years of X-ray Diffraction. International Union of Crystallography, Utrecht.
31. Steward, F. (1999). Political formation. In B. Swann and F. Aprahamian (eds.) J.D. Bernal. Verso, London.
32. Bernal, J.D. (1925). Diary. JDB Papers, O.23.1.
33. Ibid.
34. Ibid.
35. Bernal, J.D. (1926). Diary. JDB Papers, O.23.1.
36. Carswell, I. (1972). Letter to E. Bernal. JDB Papers, P.6.1.
37. Ibid.
38. Bernal, E. (8/2/26). Letter to J.D. Bernal. JDB Papers, O.2.1.
39. Bernal, E. (4/5/26). Letter to J.D. Bernal. JDB Papers, O.2.1.
40. Ibid.
41. Gilbert, M. (1991). Churchill: A Life, pp. 474–9. Henry Holt, New York.
42. See note 35.
43. Moynahan, B. (1997). The British Century, p. 158. Weidenfeld and Nicolson, London.
44. See note 35.
45. Ibid.
46. Lampe, D. (1959). Pyke, The Unknown Genius. Evans Brothers, London.
47. See note 35.
48. See note 31.
49. See note 35.
50. See note 43.
51. See note 31.
52. See note 35.
53. Bernal, J.D. (1927). Diary. JDB Papers, O.23.1.
54. Bernal, J.D. Microcosm. Undated document. JDB Papers, B.4.1.
55. Bernal, J.D. (1928). The complex structures of the copper–tin intermetallic compounds. Nature, 122, 54.
56. See note 2.
57. Pye, W.G. & Co. (23/3/28). Letter to J.D. Bernal. JDB Papers, J.188.
58. See note 2.
59. See note 38.
60. Bernal, G. (29/8/26). Letter to J.D. Bernal. JDB Papers, O.2.1.
61. Bernal, E. (30/5/27). Letter to J.D. Bernal. JDB Papers, O.2.1.
62. Bernal, E. (1/6/27). Letter to J.D. Bernal. JDB Papers, O.2.1.
63. Bernal, J.D. (18/8/27). Letter to E. Bernal. JDB Papers, O2.1.
64. See note 12.
65. Bragg, W.H. (21/7/27). Letter. JDB Papers, J.13.
66. Snow, C.P. (1964). J.D. Bernal, a personal portrait. In M. Goldsmith and A. Mackay (eds.) The Science of Science, pp. 19–29. Souvenir Press, London.
67. Bernal, E. (8/10/27). Letter to J.D. Bernal. JDB Papers, O.2.1.
68. Bernal, Gofty (2001). Telephone interview with author.
69. Bernal, E. (17/10/27). Letter to J.D. Bernal. JDB Papers, O.2.1.
NOTES TO CHAPTER 4
1. Bernal, J.D. Microcosm. Undated document. JDB Papers, B.4.1. All subsequent quotations in this chapter are from this unpublished source, unless otherwise indicated.
2. Bernal, J.D. (1929). The World, the Flesh & the Devil. Routledge & Kegan Paul, London; reprinted by Indiana University Press 1969.
3. Clarke, A.C. (200
0). Greetings, Carbon-Based Bipeds. St. Martin’s Griffin, New York.
4. Bernal, J.D. (1929). The World, the Flesh & the Devil. Kegan Paul and Co., London.
5. Ibid, p. 5.
6. See note 1.
7. See note 4, p. 11.
8. Ibid, p. 12.
9. Ibid, p. 15.
10. Ibid, p. 16.
11. Bernal, J.D. Travelling to the moon. Undated document. JDB Papers, B.4.11.
12. Ibid.
13. See note 4, p. 30.
14. Ibid.
15. Ibid.
16. Clark, R.W. (1968). JBS: The Life and Work of JBS Haldane. Coward-McCann, New York.
17. Haldane, JBS (1923). Daedalus, or Science and the Future. Kegan Paul Trench Trubner, London.
18. See note 4, p. 30.
19. Ibid, p. 31.
20. Ibid, p. 43.
21. Ibid, p. 47.
22. Ibid, p. 49.
23. Ibid, p. 51.
24. Ibid.
25. Ibid, p. 57.
26. See note 1.
27. Ibid.
28. See note 4, p. 58.
29. Ibid, p. 74.
30. Ibid, p. 75.
31. Ibid, p. 77.
32. Ibid, p. 78.
33. Ibid, p. 79.
34. Ibid, p. 77.
35. Wilson, D. (1983). Rutherford: Simple Genius. Hodder and Stoughton, London.
36. Conquest, R. (2000). Reflections on a Ravaged Century. W.W. Norton, New York.
37. Bernal, J.D. (1930). Unholy alliance. Reprinted in The Freedom of Necessity (1949), pp. 102–7. Routledge & Kegan Paul, London.
38. Ibid.
39. Ibid.
40. Bernal, J.D. (1949). The Freedom of Necessity, p. vii. Routledge & Kegan Paul, London.
NOTES TO CHAPTER 5
1. Wilson, D. (1983). Rutherford: Simple Genius, p. 591. Hodder and Stoughton, London.
2. Oliphant, M.L. (1972). Rutherford – Recollections of the Cambridge Days, p. 38. Elsevier, Amsterdam.
3. Hutchinson, A. (20/9/27). Letter to J.D. Bernal. JDB Papers, J.95.
4. Hutchinson, A. (21/9/27). Letter to J.D. Bernal. JDB Papers, J.95.
5. Lanham, A. (1972). Interview with E. Bernal. JDB Papers, P.6.2.
6. Pais, A. (1991). Niels Bohr’s Times. Oxford University Press.
7. Bernal, J.D. (1927). Diary. JDB Papers, O.23.1.
8. Ibid.
9. Ibid.
10. Ibid.
11. Bernal, J.D. (1928). On the present state of crystal structure studies. Unpublished document. JDB Papers, A.4.5.
12. Ibid.
13. Kapp, H. (1972). Letter to E. Bernal. JDB Papers, P.6.1.
14. Olby, R. (1994). The Path to the Double Helix: The Discovery of DNA. Dover Publications, New York.
15. Polanyi, M. (1962). My time with X-rays and crystals. In P.P. Ewald (ed.) Fifty Years of X-ray Diffraction, pp. 629–36. International Union of Crystallography, Utrecht.
16. Mark, H.F. (1993). From Small Organic Molecules to Large. American Chemical Society, Washington.
17. See note 14, p. 34.
18. Tanford, C. and Reynolds, J. (2001). Nature’s Robots: A History of Proteins. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
19. Svedberg, T. (1927). The ultracentrifuge. In Nobel Lectures – Chemistry, 1922–1941. Elsevier, Amsterdam.
20. See note 18, pp. 164–75.
21. Astbury, W.T. (12/9/28). Letter to J.D. Bernal. JDB Papers, J.2.
22. See note 14, p. 43.
23. Bernal, J.D. (2/2/29). Letter to W.T. Astbury. JDB Papers, J.2.
24. Astbury, W.T. (22/2/29). Letter to J.D. Bernal, JDB Papers, J.2.
25. Bernal, J.D. (28/2/29). Letter to W.T. Astbury. JDB Papers, J.2.
26. Bernal, J.D. (1929). The problem of the metallic state. Transactions of the Faraday Society, 25, 367–79.
27. Pauling, L. (1981). Early work on chemical bonding in relation to solid state physics. Proceedings of the Royal Society, London, A, 378, 207–18.
28. Bernal, J.D. (1968). Development of science and technology in the 21st century (unpublished lecture). JDB Papers, B.4.106.
29. Kapitza, P. (1928). The study of the specific resistance of bismuth crystals and its change in strong magnetic fields and some allied problems. Proceedings of the Royal Society, A, 119, 358–86.
30. MacKay, A.L. (1979). The pre-history of zone-refining. Trends in Biochemical Science, 4, N33.
31. Bernal, J.D. (1929). Unpublished note on the Royal Institution Conference of X-ray crystallographers. JDB Papers, L.1.
32. Astbury, W.T. (16/9/29). Letter to J.D. Bernal. JDB Papers, J.2.
33. Ewald, P.P. (1962). The consolidation of the new crystallography. In P.P. Ewald (ed.) Fifty Years of X-ray Diffraction, pp. 696–706. International Union of Crystallography, Utrecht.
34. Bernal, J.D. (1963). William Thomas Astbury (1898–1961). Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society, 9, 1–35.
35. Astbury, W.T. (25/2/30). Letter to J.D. Bernal. JDB Papers, J.2.
36. See note 14, p. 51.
37. Astbury, W.T. (26/3/30). Letter to J.D. Bernal. JDB Papers, J.2.
38. See note 34.
39. Astbury, W.T. and Street, A. (1931). X-ray studies of the structure of hair, wool, and related fibres. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, 230A, 75–101.
40. Ibid.
41. See note 37.
42. Astbury, W.T. (7/10/30). Letter to J.D. Bernal. JDB Papers, J.2.
43. Bernal, J.D. (22/1/31). Letter to W.T. Astbury. JDB Papers, J.2.
44. Astbury, W.T. (23/1/31). Letter to J.D. Bernal. JDB Papers, J.2.
45. Ibid
46. Bernal, J.D. (23/2/31). Letter to W.T. Astbury. JDB Papers, J.2.
47. Bernal, J.D. (1931). The crystal structure of the natural amino acids and related compounds. Z. Kristallogr. Kristallgeom., 78, 363–9.
48. Snow, C.P. (1964). J.D. Bernal, a personal portrait. In M. Goldsmith and A. Mackay (eds.) The Science of Science, pp. 19–29. Souvenir Press, London.
49. See note 14, p. 250.
50. Ibid.
51. Bernal, J.D. (1930). The place of X-ray crystallography in the development of modern science. Radiology, 15, 1–12.
52. Bragg, W.L. (5/3/31). Letter to E.R. Rutherford. Rutherford papers, B416. CUL.
53. Zuckerman, S. (1978). From Apes to Warlords. Hamish Hamilton, London.
54. See note 51.
55. Zuckerman, S. (10/6/31). Letter to J.D. Bernal. JDB Papers, J.267.
56. Bernal, J.D. (29/6/31). Letter to W.T. Astbury. JDB Papers, J.2.
57. Astbury, W.T. (2/7/31). Letter to J.D. Bernal. JDB Papers, J.2.
58. Bernal, J.D. (1932). Crystal structures of vitamin D and related compounds. Nature, 129, 277–8.
59. Rosenheim, O. (4/5/32). Letter to J.D. Bernal. JDB Papers, J.199.
60. Hodgkin, D.M.C. (1980). John Desmond Bernal, 1901–1971. Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society, 26, 17–84.
61. Wersky, G. (1978). The Visible College. Holt, Rinehart and Winston, New York.
62. Bernal, J.D. (1931). Notes for the International Congress on the History of Science. JDB Papers, A.4.7.
63. Ibid.
64. Ibid.
65. Ibid.
66. Ibid.
67. Abir-Am, P.G. (1987). The biotheoretical gathering, trans-disciplinary authority and the incipient legitimation of molecular biology in the 1930’s. History of Science, 25, 1–70.
68. Needham, J. (1971). Desmond Bernal: a personal recollection. Cambridge Review.
69. Bernal, J.D. (1954). The structure of water (unpublished). JDB Papers, B.4.68.
70. Fowler, R.H. and Bernal, J.D. (1933). Note on the pseudo-crystalline structure of water. Transactions of the Faraday Society, 29, 1049–56.
71. Bernal, J.D. and Crowfoot, D. (1933). Crystalline phases of some substances studied as liquid crystals. Transactions of the Faraday Society, 29, 1032–49.
72. See note 60.
73. Wooster,
N. (1972). Letter to E. Bernal. JDB Papers, P.6.1.
74. Megaw, H. (1972). Letter to E. Bernal. JDB Papers, P.6.2.
75. Bernal, J.D. and Megaw, H. (1935). The function of hydrogen in intermolecular forces. Proceedings of the Royal Society, London, A, 151, 384–420.
76. Astbury, W.T. (13/7/32). Letter to J.D. Bernal. JDB Papers, J.2.
77. See note 60.
78. Astbury, W.T. (13/1/33). Letter to J.D. Bernal. JDB Papers, J.2.
79. Astbury, W.T. (1/5/34). Letter to J.D. Bernal. JDB Papers, J.2.
80. Bernal, J.D. and Crowfoot, D. (1934). X-ray photographs of crystalline pepsin. Nature, 133, 794–5.
81. Astbury, W.T. (16/5/34). Letter to J.D. Bernal. JDB Papers, J.2.
82. Ibid.
NOTES TO CHAPTER 6
1. Wood, N. (1959). Communism and British Intellectuals. Columbia University Press, New York.
2. Moynahan, B. (1997). The British Century. Weidenfeld and Nicolson, London.
3. MacDonald, R. (1992). We are not on trial. In B. MacArthur (ed.) The Penguin Book of Twentieth-Century Speeches, pp. 107–9. Viking, London.
4. Zuckerman, S. (1978). From Apes to Warlords. Hamish Hamilton, London.
5. Ibid, p. 394.
6. See note 1, pp. 84–6.
7. Haden Guest, C. (1939). David Guest. Lawrence and Wishart, London.
8. Cohen, S. (1971). Bukharin and the Bolshevik Revolution. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
9. Holmes, C. (1972). Bukharin in England. Soviet Studies, pp. 86–90.
10. Quoted in note 9, pp. 124–5.
11. Hessen, B. (1971). The social and economic roots of Newton’s Principia. In N. Bukharin et al. (eds.) Science at the Cross Roads. Frank Cass, London.
12. Bernal, J.D. (1931). Science and society. Reprinted in The Freedom of Necessity (1949). Routledge & Kegan Paul, London.
13. Thomas, H. (1973). John Strachey. Eyre Methuen, London.
14. See note 11.
15. See note 9.
16. See note 12.
17. Bernal, J.D. (1931). What is an intellectual (unpublished). JDB Papers, B.4.13.
18. Ibid.
19. Ibid.
20. Swann, B. and Aprahamian, F. (1999). J.D. Bernal: A Life in Science and Politics. Verso, London.
21. Penrose, B. and Freeman, S. (1986). Conspiracy of Silence: The Secret Life of Anthony Blunt. Grafton Books, London.
22. See note 7, p. 94.
23. See note 12.
24. Huxley, J. (1932). A Scientist Among the Soviets. Chatto & Windus, London.
25. Ibid, p. 21.
26. Ibid, p. 59.