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25. Crick, F.H.C. (1952). Is α-keratin a coiled-coil? Nature, 170, 882.
26. Crick, F.H.C. (1988). What Mad Pursuit. Basic Books, New York.
27. Ibid, pp. 48–50.
28. Bernal, J.D. (1939). The structure of proteins. Nature, 143, 663–7.
29. See note 26, pp. 48–50.
30. Hager, T. (1995). Force of Nature: The Life of Linus Pauling. Simon and Schuster, New York.
31. Bernal, J.D. (1953). The use of Fourier transforms in protein crystal analysis. Proceedings of the Royal Society, London, B, 141, 71–84.
32. Bernal, J.D. (1968). The pattern of Linus Pauling’s work in relation to molecular biology. In A. Rich and N. Davidson (eds.) Structural Chemistry and Molecular Biology. W.H. Freeman, San Francisco.
33. Bernal, J.D. (1969). Letter to J.C. Kendrew. JDB Papers, J.41.
34. Hodgkin, D.M.C. (1980). John Desmond Bernal, 1901–1971. Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society, 26, 17–84.
35. Author’s interview with M.F. Perutz, Cambridge, March 2000.
36. Ibid.
37. Author’s interview with M.F. Perutz, Cambridge, March 2000.
38. Ibid.
39. Perutz, M.F. (19/11/62). Letter to J.D. Bernal. JDB Papers, J.178.
40. Kendrew, J.C. (1962). Undated letter to J.D. Bernal. JDB Papers, J.109.
41. Crick, F.H.C. (1/11/62). Letter to J.D. Bernal. JDB Papers, J.24.
42. Author’s interview with A. Klug, Cambridge. (2003).
43. See note 31.
44. See note 42.
45. Maddox, B. (2002). Rosalind Franklin: The Dark Lady of DNA. Harper Collins, London.
46. Ibid, p. 231.
47. See note 42.
48. Klug, A. (1982). From macromolecules to biological assemblies. Nobel lecture.
49. Bernal, J.D. and Fankuchen, I. (1937). Structure types of protein crystals from virus infected plants. Nature, 139, 923.
50. Ibid.
51. Watson, J.D. (1968). The Double Helix. Penguin, London.
52. Watson, J.D. (1954). The structure of tobacco mosaic virus. Bioc. et Biophys. Acta, 13, 10–19.
53. Author’s telephone interview with J.D. Watson. (2004).
54. See note 42.
55. Ibid.
56. Author’s interview with A.F. Mackay, London. (2001).
57. Ibid.
58. Franklin, R. (1955). Letters to J.D. Bernal. JDB Papers, C.1.2.
59. See note 56.
60. Bernal, J.D. (1956). Symmetry of azulene crystals. Nature, 178, 40.
61. See note 56.
62. Franklin, R.E. (20/11/55). Letter to J.D. Bernal. JDB Papers, C.1.2.
63. See note 42.
64. See note 45, pp. 251–2.
65. Klug, A. (1968). Professor Bernal and virus research at Birkbeck College (unpublished). JDB Papers, C.9.
66. Franklin, R.E., Klug, A. and Holmes, K.C. (1957). X-ray diffraction studies of the structure and morphology of tobacco mosaic virus. In G.E.W. Wolstenholme and E.C.P. Millar (eds.) CIBA Foundation Symposium on the Nature of Viruses. Little, Brown & Co., Boston.
67. Crick, F.H.C. and Watson, J.D. (1956). Structure of small viruses. Nature, 177, 473–5.
68. Ibid.
69. See note 45, p. 291.
70. See note 42.
71. See note 45, p. 298.
72. Lenton, S. (1971). Letter to E. Bernal. JDB Papers, P.6.1.
73. See note 42.
74. Bernal J.D. (1958). Dr Rosalind E. Franklin (obituary). Nature, 182, 154
75. Ibid.
76. See note 65.
77. See note 42.
78. Finch, J.T. and Klug, A. (1959). Structure of poliomyelitis virus. Nature, 183, 1709–14.
79. Caspar, D.L.D. and Klug, A. (1962). Physical principles in the construction of regular viruses. Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol., 27, 1–24.
80. Caraffi, A. (2/7/56). Letter to J.D. Bernal. JDB Papers, C.1.2.
81. Bernal, J.D. (3/1/56). Letter to J. Lockwood. JDB Papers, C.1.2.
NOTES TO CHAPTER 18
1. Keynes, M. (1999). Lancelot Hogben, FRS (1895–1975). Notes Rec. R. Soc. Lond. 53, 361–9.
2. Needham, J. (1964). Science and society in East and West. In M. Goldsmith and A. Mackay (eds.) The Science of Science. Souvenir Press, London.
3. Bernal, J.D. (1954). Science in History. Watts and Co., London.
4. Ibid., p. 2.
5. Author’s interview with A. Klug, Cambridge. (2003).
6. Ibid.
7. Bernal, J.D. (1965). Science in History (3rd edn), Watts and Co., London.
8. Bernal, J.D. (1968). Science in History (4th edn), Penguin Books, Harmonds-worth.
9. Ibid, pp. 16–17.
10. Ibid.
11. Ibid.
12. See note 7, p. 18.
13. Bernal, J.D. (1967) The Origin of Life. Weidenfeld and Nicolson, London.
14. Bernal, J.D. (1951). The Physical Basis of Life. Routledge and Kegan Paul, London.
15. Haldane, J.B.S. (1929). The origin of life, reproduced in note 13.
16. Oparin, A.I. (1924). The origin of life, reproduced in note 13.
17. See note 15.
18. See note 14, p. 28.
19. See note 14, p. 34.
20. See note 14, pp. 34–8.
21. See note 15.
22. Pirie, N.W. (24/5/51). Letter to J.D. Bernal. JDB Papers, J.181.
23. Pierpoint, W.S. (1999). Norman Wingate Pirie (1907–1997). Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society, 45, 399–415.
24. Pirie, N.W. (1952). Vital blarney. New Biol., 12, 106–12.
25. Bernal, J.D. (1952). Keep off the grass. New Biol., 13, 120–6.
26. Ibid.
27. Miller, S.L. (1953). A production of amino acids under possible primitive earth conditions. Science, 117, 528–9.
28. Bernal, J.D. (1954). The origin of life. New Biol., 16, 28–40.
29. Ibid.
30. Pirie, N.W. (1954). On making and recognizing life. New Biol., 16, 41–53.
31. See note 28.
32. Ibid.
33. Bernal, J.D. (17/7/56). Letter to A.I. Oparin. JDB Papers, L.58.
34. Mackay, A.L. (2004). Letter to author.
35. Bernal, J.D. (1959). The problem of stages in biopoesis. In A.I. Oparin, A.G. Paynshii, A.E. Braunshtein and T.E. Pavlovskaya (eds.) The Origin of Life on the Earth, pp. 38–53. Macmillan & Co., New York.
36. Ibid.
37. Pirie, N.W. (1959). Chemical diversity and the origins of life. In A.I. Oparin, A.G. Paynshii, A.E. Braunshtein and T.E. Pavlovskaya (eds.) The Origin of Life on the Earth, pp. 76–83. Macmillan & Co., New York.
38. Pirie, N.W. (1957). The origins of life. Nature, 180, 886–8.
39. Bernal, J.D. (1957). The origins of life. Nature, 180, 1220.
40. Ibid.
41. See note 23.
42. See note 13.
43. See note 23.
44. Bernal, J.D. Undated autobiographical notes. JDB Papers O.1.1.
45. Bernal, J.D. (1961). Significance of carbonaceous meteorites in theories on the origin of life. Nature, 190, 129–31.
46. Claus, G. and Nagy, B. (1961). A microbiological examination of some carbon-aceous chondrites. Nature, 192, 594.
47. Fitch, F., Schwarcz, H.P, Anders, E. (1962). ‘Organized elements’ in carbonaceous chondrites. Nature, 193, 1123–5.
48. Bernal, J.D. (1962). Comments. Nature, 193, 1127–9.
49. Ibid.
50. Ibid.
51. Bernal, J.D. (1965). Molecular matrices for living systems. In S.W. Fox (ed.) The Origins of Prebiological Systems, pp. 65–88. Academic Press, New York.
52. Ibid.
53. Ibid.
54. Ibid.
55. Bernal, J.D. (1965). Comments on ‘The folly of probability’. In S.W. Fox (ed.) The Origins of Prebiological Systems, pp. 52–6. Academic Press, New York.
56. See note 13.
57. See
note 13, Appendix 4.
58. See note 35.
59. Orgel, L.E. (1994). The origin of life on the Earth. Scientific American, 271, 53–61.
60. Hazen, R.M. (2001). Life’s rocky start. Scientific American, 284, 77–85.
61. Ibid.
62. Hodgkin, D.M.C. (1980). John Desmond Bernal, 1901–1971. Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society, 26, 17–84.
63. Pearson, V.K., Sephton, M.A., Kearsley, A.T. et al. (2002). Clay mineral-organic matter relationships in the early solar system. Meteroites & Planetary Science, 37, 1829–33.
NOTES TO CHAPTER 19
1. Bernal, J.D. (1946). International scientific organization. Reprinted in The Freedom of Necessity (1949). Routledge & Kegan Paul, London.
2. Taubman, W. (2003). Khrushchev – The Man and His Era. W.W. Norton, New York.
3. Bernal, J.D. (1949). Letter to S. Vavilov. JDB Papers, L.31.
4. Bernal, J.D. (1949–50). Unpublished notes on visit to India. JDB Papers, L.33.
5. Balaram, P. and Ramaseshan, S. (2001). A ‘Nobel Class’ Scientist – G.N. Ramachandran. Current Science, 80(8), 909–11.
6. See note 4.
7. Ibid.
8. Ibid.
9. Ibid.
10. Ibid
11. Ibid.
12. Ibid.
13. Bernal, J.D. (1951). March–April visit to the USSR. JDB Papers, L.38.
14. Bernal, J.D. (1953). USSR delegation, 17/9–2/10/53. JDB Papers, L.44.
15. Ferry, G. (1998). Dorothy Hodgkin: A Life. Granta Books, London.
16. Author’s interview with Dr Olga Kennard, Cambridge, 2004.
17. See note 14.
18. Bernal, J.D. (1954). Notes on visit to Hungary. JDB Papers, L.40.
19. Ibid.
20. Ibid.
21. The Daily Worker (24/9/54).
22. Ibid.
23. Quoted in Wersky, G. (1978). The Visible College. Holt, Rinehart and Winston, New York, p. 318.
24. See note 2, p. 242.
25. See note 2, pp. 260–1.
26. Transcript of interview with N.S. Khrushchev (25/9/54). JDB Papers, L.46.
27. Bernal, J.D. (1954) Unpublished account of visit to China. JDB Papers, L.48.
28. Ibid.
29. Ibid.
30. Ibid.
31. Ibid.
32. Ibid.
33. Ibid.
34. Ibid.
35. Bernal, J.D. (1954) Unpublished account of visit to China. JDB Papers, L.48.
36. Ibid.
37. Ibid.
38. Bernal, J.D. (1954). Visit to Hong Kong. JDB Papers, L.50.
39. Indian Express (3/1/55). JDB Papers, L.51.
40. Spender, S. (1978). The Thirties and After. Random House, New York.
41. Ibid, p. 143.
42. See note 2, p. 284.
43. Carswell, J. (1971). Letter to E. Bernal. JDB Papers, P.6.1.
44. See note 15, pp. 385–6.
45. Author’s interview with A. Klug, Cambridge. (2003).
46. Bernal, J.D. (1957). Notes on visit to Hungary. JDB Papers, L.40.
47. Ibid.
48. Bernal, J.D. (1957). Hungary revisited. New Statesman, LIII, 641 & 738.
49. Bernal, J.D. (1957). I talk with George Lukacs. Tribune, 7, 20 May.
50. Ibid.
51. Bernal, J.D. (1957). Science in Hungary. Nature, 179, 939.
52. Schienmeier, Q. (2004). Dreaming on the Danube. Nature, 427, 94–5.
53. See note 2, p. 297.
54. See note 2, p. 339.
55. Spence, J. and Chin, A. (1996). The Chinese Century. Harper Collins, London.
56. Glover, J. (2000). Humanity: A Moral History of the Twentieth Century. Yale University Press, New Haven.
57. Ibid, p. 287.
58. See note 2, pp. 392–3.
59. Bernal, J.D. (1959) Unpublished account of visit to China. JDB Papers, L.61.
60. Ibid.
61. Author’s interview with M. Bernal, Ithaca. (2001).
62. Author’s interivew with M. Gardiner, London. (2000).
63. Hodgkin, T.L. (8/6/60). Letter to J.D. Bernal. JDB Papers, G1.1.
64. Bernal, J.D. (1960–1). Unpublished notes on visit to Ghana. JDB Papers, L.67.
65. Ibid.
66. Ibid.
67. Ibid.
68. Ghanaian Times (6/6/61). JBD Papers, L.61.
69. See note 15, p. 348.
70. Correspondence with Ghana University. JDB Papers, J.61.
71. Bernal, J.D. (1962). Unpublished notes on visit to South America. JDB Papers, L.69.
72. Ibid.
73. Ibid.
74. Ibid.
75. Roberts, J.M. (1999). The Twentieth Century. Viking, New York.
76. See note 71.
77. Che Guevara, E. (12/4/60). Letter to J.D. Bernal. JDB Papers, J.69.
78. Bernal, J.D. (28/4/60). Letter to E. Che Guevara. JDB Papers, J.69.
NOTES TO CHAPTER 20
1. Rhodes, R. (1995). Dark Sun. Simon & Schuster, New York.
2. Clark, R.W. (1978). The Life of Bertrand Russell. Penguin Books, Harmondsworth.
3. Notes on the Stalin Peace Prize Committee. JDB Papers, J.23.
4. Wittner, L.S. (1997). The Struggle Against the Bomb: Vol. 2, Resisting the Bomb. Stanford University Press, Stanford.
5. Bernal, J.D. (26/3/55). Speech on long term effects of nuclear weapons. JDB Papers, B.3.216.
6. Arnold, L. (2001). Britain and the H-Bomb. Palgrave, Basingstoke.
7. Harris, K. (1982). Attlee. Weidenfeld & Nicolson, London.
8. See note 5.
9. Bernal, J.D. (1955). Notes on Helsinki World Assembly for Peace (22–29 June). JDB Papers, E.2.9.
10. Soper, D. (4/2/55). Letter to Tribune.
11. See note 4, p. 88.
12. Bernal, J.D. (30/8/56). Letter to D. Skobeltzyn. JDB Papers, J.23.
13. Mercer, P. (1986). ‘Peace’ of the Dead. Policy Research Publications, London.
14. See note 4, p. 172.
15. Goldsmith, M. (1976). Frédéric Joliot-Curie. Lawrence and Wishart, London.
16. Ibid, p. 224.
17. Ibid.
18. The Daily Worker, 21/8/58.
19. Montagu, I. (1999). The peacemonger. In B. Swann and F. Aprahamian (eds.) J.D. Bernal. Verso, London.
20. See note 4, p. 182.
21. Bernal, J.D. (1959). Notes on WPC meeting in Moscow, 21–25 Feb. JDB Papers, E.2.12.
22. Bernal, J.D. (1959). Notes on visits to China and Soviet Union. JDB Papers, L.62.
23. Taubman, W. (2003). Khrushchev – The Man and His Era. W.W. Norton, New York.
24. Ibid, p. 394.
25. See note 22.
26. Ibid.
27. Ibid.
28. Bernal, J.D. (1960). Notes on WPC meeting. JDB Papers, E.2.13.
29. Author’s telephone interview with V. Pixner. (2004).
30. See note 4, p. 408.
31. Bernal, J.D. (14/1/60). Letter to D. Eisenhower. JDB Papers, E.1.59.
32. Bernal, J.D. (17/2/60). WPC press statement. JDB Papers, E.12.1.
33. See note 22, p. 498.
34. See note 4, p. 342.
35. See note 4, p. 402.
36. Bernal, J.D. (25/1/61). Letter to J.F. Kennedy. JDB Papers, E.1.59.
37. Bernal, J.D. (1961). Speech at New Delhi. JDB Papers, E.1.30.
38. Bernal, J.D. (1961). Notes on meeting with Indian Peace Council, 24–28 Feb. JDB Papers, E.2.14.
39. Dallek, R. (2003). An Unfinished Life. Little Brown and Co., Boston.
40. Ibid, p. 347.
41. Bernal, J.D. (21/8/61). WPC press statement on Berlin crisis. JDB Papers, E.12.1.
42. Bernal, J.D. (31/8/61). WPC press statement on resumption of Soviet nuclear tests. JDB Papers, E.12.1.
43. Khrushchev, N.S. (25/11/61). Letter to J.D. Bernal. JDB Papers, E.1.54.3.
44. See note 39, pp. 462–3.
45. See note 4, pp. 314–15.
46. Ibid.
47. Schweitzer, A (29/4/62). Letter to J.D. Bernal. JDB Papers, E.2.15.1.
48. Bernal, J.D. (11/5/62). WPC press statement. JDB Papers, E.12.1.
49. de Gaulle, C. (15/5/62). Press conference on UN Disarmament Committee. JDB Papers, E.2.15.2.
50. Nehru, P. (1/6/62). Letter to J.D. Bernal. JDB Papers, E.2.15.2.
51. Jack, H.A. (1962). The Moscow conference for general disarmament and peace. JDB Papers, E.2.15.4.
52. See note 4, pp. 316–17.
53. Collins, J.L. (1962). Speech to world congress on general disarmament and peace. JDB Papers, E.2.15.3.
54. Silverman, S. (1962). Speech to world congress on general disarmament and peace. JDB Papers, E.2.15.3.
55. Russell, B. (1962). Speech to world congress on general disarmament and peace. JDB Papers, E.2.15.3.
56. See note 51.
57. Ibid.
58. See note 4, p. 318.
59. Ibid.
60. Bernal, J.D. (14/7/62). Speech to world congress on general disarmament and peace. JDB Papers, E.2.15.3.
61. See note 23, pp. 529–77.
62. See note 39, pp. 558–9.
63. Bernal, J.D. (23/10/62). WPC message to UN Security Council. JDB Papers, E.12.1.
64. See note 39, pp. 558–9.
65. Ibid, p. 566.
66. Bernal, J.D. (28/10/62). Speech to WPC presidential committee. JDB Papers, E.2.15.3.
67. Morrison, P. (30/12/62). Letter to J.D. Bernal. JDB Papers, E.1.59.
68. See note 4, pp. 302–5.
69. Collins, J.L. (14/12/62). Letter to J.D. Bernal. JDB Papers, E.11.6.2.
70. Ehrenburg, I. (5/1/63). Letter to J.L. Collins. JDB Papers, E.11.6.2.
71. Notes of WPC observers group (1963). JDB Papers, E.11.6.2.
72. Bernal, J.D. (21/8/63) Letter to N.S. Khrushchev. JDB Papers, E.1.54.3.
73. See note 23, p. 578.
74. See note 4, pp. 310–11.
75. Bernal, J.D. (12/4/63). Telegram to Pope John XXIII. JDB papers, E.1.51.
76. See note 23, p. 583.
77. See note 4, pp. 310–11.
78. Bernal, J.D. (5/8/63). Telegram to Kennedy, Khrushchev and Macmillan. JDB Papers, E.2.17.
79. Bernal, J.D. (4/9/63). WPC press statement. JDB Papers, E.12.1.
80. See note 72.
81. Khrushchev, N.S. (6/9/63). Letter to J.D. Bernal, JDB Papers, E.1.54.3.
82. Bernal, J.D. (18/9/63). Message to WPC presidential committee. JDB Papers, E.2.17.
83. See note 4, pp. 310–11.
84. Ibid.
85. Ibid.
86. See note 82.
87. Bernal, J.D. (24/4/64). Letter to L.B. Johnson. JDB Papers, E.1.59.