by Andrew Brown
88. Bernal, J.D. (23/3/65). End American inhumanity in Vietnam. WPC press statement. JDB Papers, E.12.1
89. Bernal, J.D. (10/7/65). Opening speech at eighth World Congress for Peace, Helsinki. JDB Papers, E.2.20.3.
90. Ibid.
91. Ibid.
92. Neruda, P. (1965). Untitled poem to Bernal. JDB Papers, E.2.20.4.
93. Bernal, J.D. (15/7/65). Closing speech at eighth World Congress for Peace, Helsinki. JDB Papers, E.2.20.3.
94. Bernal, J.D. (1965). Memo on the structure, organization and working methods of the WPC. JDB Papers, E.3.45.
95. See note 93.
96. See note 23, pp. 529–77.
97. See note 39, p. 505.
98. See note 23, pp. 529–77.
99. Bernal, J.D. (1958). World Without War. Routledge & Kegan Paul, London.
NOTES TO CHAPTER 21
1. Author’s interview with Max Perutz, Cambridge, March 2000.
2. Bernal, J.D. (1956). Future of fundamental research in Britain, JDB Papers, F.1.1.
3. Ibid.
4. Wilson, J.H. (24/4/56). Letter to J.D. Bernal. JDB Papers, F.1.4.
5. Callaghan, J. (23/6/56). Letter to J.D. Bernal. JDB Papers, F.2.
6. Author’s interview with Renée Brittan, June 2000.
7. Bernal, J.D. (1956). Memos on Labour science policy. JDB Papers, F.2.
8. Ibid.
9. Bernal, J.D. (1958). Comments to J.R.M. Brumwell on Labour policy for science. JDB Papers, F.2.
10. Brumwell, J.R.M. (19/2/60). Letter to J.D. Bernal. JDB Papers, F.8.
11. Bernal, J.D. (22/11/63). Letter to R.H.S. Crossman. JDB Papers, F.9.
12. Bernal, J.D. (3/3/64). Letter to R.H.S. Crossman. JDB Papers, F.9.
13. Bernal, J.D. (1966). Notes sent to P.M.S. Blackett on the report of the Council on Scientific Policy. JDB Papers, F.12.
14. Author’s interview with Peter Trent, June 2001.
15. The Times, Law Reports, 27–30/10/59.
16. Bernal, J.D. (1937). An attempt at a molecular theory of the liquid state. Transactions of the Faraday Society, 33(1), 27–40.
17. Ibid.
18. Bernal, J.D. (1959). The structure of liquids. Proceedings of the Royal Institution of Great Britain, 37, 355–93.
19. Bernal, J.D. (1964). The structure of liquids (Bakerian Lecture 1962). Proceedings of the Royal Society, London, A, 280, 299–322.
20. Bernal, J.D. (1960). The structure of liquids. Scientific American, 203(2), 125–33.
21. Mackay, A. (2005). Note to the author.
22. See note 18.
23. See note 19.
24. Ibid.
25. Author’s telephone interview with John Mason. February 2004.
26. See note 18.
27. Ibid.
28. Ibid.
29. Bernal, J.D. (23/2/62). Letter to A. Caraffi. JDB Papers, C.1.3.
30. Cherry, I. (1972). Interview with E. Bernal. JDB Papers, P.6.1.
31. See note 19.
32. See note 18.
33. Bernal, J.D. (1966). Opening remarks. In G.E.W. Wolstenholme and M. O’Connor (eds.) Principles of Biomolecular Organization. Little Brown and Co., Boston.
34. Ibid.
35. Hargittai, I. and M. (2000). In Our Own Image. Plenum, New York.
36. Desiraju, G.R. (2003). In search of clarity. Nature, 423, 485.
37. Quoted in note 35, p. 148.
38. Franks, F. (1981). Polywater. MIT Press, Cambridge.
39. Author’s interview with John Finney, February 2004.
40. See note 38, pp. 47–51.
41. Ibid.
42. Ibid.
43. See note 38, p. 57.
44. See note 38, pp. 65–83.
45. Ibid.
46. Donahoe, F.J. (1969). Anomalous water. Nature, 224, 198.
47. Bernal, J.D., Barnes, P., Cherry, I.A. and Finney, J.L. (1969). Anomalous water. Nature, 224, 393–4.
48. Barnes, P., Cherry, I., Finney, J.L., and Peterson, S. (1971). Polywater and polypollutants. Nature, 230, 31–3.
49. Cohen, I.B. (1985). Revolution in Science. Harvard University Press.
50. See note 33.
51. Bernal, J.D. (1966). General discussion. In G.E.W. Wolstenholme and M. O’Connor (eds.) Principles of Biomolecular Organization. Little Brown and Co., Boston.
52. Author’s interview with A. Klug, Cambridge. (2003).
NOTES TO CHAPTER 22
1. Author’s interview with Jane Bernal, London. (2003).
2. Goldsmith, M. (1980). Sage. Hutchinson, London.
3. Author’s interview with A. Klug, Cambridge. (2003).
4. Bernal, J.D. (1958). Contributions to a discussion on the physics of water and ice. Proceedings of the Royal Society, London, A, 247, 421–538.
5. Ibid.
6. See note 1.
7. Ibid.
8. Sprague, L. (1971). Letter to E. Bernal. JDB Papers, P.6.1.
9. See note 1.
10. Bernal, J.D. (11/1/63). Letter to A. Caraffi. JDB Papers, C.1.3.
11. Lenton, S. (1963). Note to J.D. Bernal, JDB Papers, C.1.3.
12. Hobsbawm, E. (1999). Bernal at Birkbeck. In B. Swann and F. Aprahamian (eds.) J.D. Bernal. Verso, London.
13. Author’s telephone interview with J. Mason. (2004).
14. Ibid.
15. Bernal, J.D. (4/10/62). Letter to J.M. Robertson. JDB Papers, C.1.3.
16. Robertson, J.M. (17/10/62) Letter to J.D. Bernal. JDB Papers, C.1.3.
17. Protest letter from Bullen, Carlisle, Jeffery, Lenton, Mackay. (16/1/63). JDB Papers, C.1.3.
18. Bernal J.D. (1962). Note on Structural Diffractometry. JDB Papers, H.19.1.
19. Ibid.
20. Author’s telephone interview with S. Lenton. (2003).
21. See note 1.
22. Harrison, M. (1965). Mulberry: The Return in Triumph. W.H. Allen, London.
23. Author’s telephone interview with V. Pixner. (2004).
24. Bernal, J.D. (1963). Account of illness. JDB Papers, O.10.1.
25. Ibid.
26. Bernal, J.D. (1963). Notes on Gordon Conference. JDB Papers, L.70.
27. See note 24.
28. See note 11.
29. See note 12.
30. See note 24.
31. Ibid.
32. Montagu, I. (1999). The peacemonger. In B. Swann and F. Aprahamian (eds.) J.D. Bernal. Verso, London.
33. Overend, W.G. (29/11/63). Letter to J.D. Bernal. JDB Papers, C.1.3.
34. Bernal, J.D. (29/11/63). Letter to J.W. Lockwood. JDB Papers, C.1.3.
35. See note 12.
36. Ibid.
37. Correspondence with Nobel nominating committee. JDB Papers, H.21.
38. Ewald, P. (11/4/58) Letter to J.D. Bernal. JDB Papers, H.19.1.
39. Bernal, J.D. (1964). Dorothy Hodgkin and the structure of natural compounds. New Scientist, 416, 351.
40. Author’s interview with Olga Kennard. (2004).
41. Synge, A. (1971). Letter to E. Bernal, JDB Papers, P.6.1.
42. See note 24.
43. See note 24.
44. MacGillavry, C. (4/9/64). Letter to J.D. Bernal. JDB Papers, H.19.1.
45. Bernal, J.D. (7/3/66). Letter to K. Boll-Dornberger. JDB Papers, H.19.1.
46. Belov, N. (15/8/66). Letter to J.D. Bernal, JDB Papers, H.19.1.
47. Phillips, D. (1979). William Lawrence Bragg. Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society, 25, 75–143.
48. See note 18.
49. Bernal, J.D. (20/5/66). Letter to A.J. Caraffi. JDB Papers, O.6.
50. Bernal, J.D. (1966). Unpublished thoughts. JDB Papers, B.4.97.
51. Bernal, J.D. (1967). Enormity or logic and hypocrisy in the ultimate solution. JDB Papers, B.4.101.
52. Ibid.
53. Ibid.
54. Ibid.
55. Ibid.
56. Ibid.
57. Bernal, J.D. (1968). The year 2000. JDB Papers, E.14.15.
58. Bernal, J.D. (1967). Mao and th
e Russians (unpublished notes). JDB Papers, B.4.103.
59. Ibid.
60. Ibid.
61. Bernal, J.D. (1967). What the Middle East confrontation means to the world. E.14.14.
62. Ibid.
63. Author’s interview with M. Perutz. (2001).
64. Bernal, J.D. (17/11/67). Letter to M. Rosenheim. JDB Papers, O.10.4.
65. Gardiner, M. (11/5/68). Letter to S. Zuckerman. Zuckerman archive, SZ/CSA/ 100/2.
66. Ibid.
67. See note 1.
68. Beckett, F. (2004). Stalin’s British Victims. Sutton, London.
69. See note 1.
70. Bernal, J.D. (1968). The doctrine of ‘peaceful counter-revolution’ and its consequences. JDB Papers, B.4.108.
71. Ibid.
72. Barnes, P. (2005). Letter to the author.
73. Pauling, L. (1971). 70th birthday tribute to Bernal. JDB Papers, J.175.
74. Bernal, J.D. (1929). The World, the Flesh & the Devil. Routledge & Kegan Paul, London; reprinted by Indiana University Press 1969.
POSTSCRIPT
1. Bernal, J.D. (1939). The Social Function of Science. Routledge and Kegan Paul, London.
2. Ibid, p. 411.
3. Snow, C.P. (1959). The Two Cultures and the Scientific Revolution. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
4. See note 1, p. 155.
5. Leavis, F.R. (1962). Two Cultures? The Significance of C.P. Snow. Chatto & Windus, London.
6. Ibid, p. 18.
7. Bernal, J.D. (23/3/62). The two cultures. The Spectator.
8. Snow, C.P. (1961). Science and Government. Harvard University Press, Cambridge.
9. Bernal, J.D. (11/4/61). Letter to C.P. Snow. JDB Papers, J.217.
10. Blackett, P.M.S. (1961). C.P. Snow’s account of the role of two scientists in government. Scientific American, 204, 192.
11. Zuckerman, S. (17/4/61). Letter to J.D. Bernal. JDB Papers, J.267.
12. Zuckerman, S. (1/5/61). Letter to J.D. Bernal. JDB Papers, J.267.
13. Author’s interview with Martin Bernal. (2001).
14. Zuckerman, S. (1972). Tribute to J.D. Bernal. Zuckerman archive, SZ/CSA/100/2/10.
15. Bernal, J.D. (1966). Military scientist. New Statesman, LXII, 173–4.
16. Mountbatten, L. (29/1/72). Letter to S. Zuckerman. Zuckerman archive, SZ/CSA/ 100/2.
17. Author’s interview with Jane Bernal, London. (2003).
18. Zuckerman, S. (22/4/72). Letter to L. Mountbatten. Zuckerman archive, SZ/CSA/ 100/2.
19. Bernal, J.D. (26/4/68). Letter to S. Zuckerman. Zuckerman archive, SZ/CSA/100/2/7.
20. Gardiner, M. (5/5/77). Letter to S. Zuckerman. Zuckerman archive, SZ/CSA/100/2.
21. Hussey, T.A. (3/10/77). Letter to S. Zuckerman. Zuckerman archive, SZ/CSA/100/2.
22. Hussey, T.A. (22/12/77). Letter to S. Zuckerman. Zuckerman archive, SZ/CSA/ 100/2/43.
23. Goldsmith, M. (1980). Sage. Hutchinson, London.
24. Zuckerman, S. (20/2/79). Letter to M. Goldsmith. Zuckerman archive, SZ/CSA/ 100/2.
25. Zuckerman, S. (3/3/79). Letter to M. Goldsmith. Zuckerman archive, SZ/CSA/ 100/2/41.
26. Zuckerman, S. (7/3/79). Letter to L. Mountbatten. Zuckerman archive, SZ/CSA/ 100/2/42.
27. Ibid.
28. Zuckerman, S. (2/4/80). Letter to M. Goldsmith. Zuckerman archive, SZ/CSA/ 100/2/43.
29. See note 23, p. 111.
30. Zuckerman, S. (22/3/80). Letter to D. Hodgkin. Zuckerman archive, SZ/CSA/100/ 2/45.
31. Hodgkin, D.M.C. (1980). John Desmond Bernal, 1901–1971. Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society, 26, 17–84.
32. Bernal, J.D. (1944). Diary. JDB Papers, D.1.
33. Author’s telephone interview with L. Scott-Bowden. (2004).
34. Bunting, A.H. (2001). Letter to the author.
35. Danckwerts, P.V. (1983). In the land of the giants. New Scientist, 904.
36. See note 32.
37. Ibid.
38. See note 26.
39. Zuckerman, S. (14//2/81). Letter to J.M. Lewis. Zuckerman archive, SZ/CSA/100/ 2/51.
40. Lewis, J.M. (17/2/81). Letter to S. Zuckerman. Zuckerman archive, SZ/CSA/100/ 2/51.
41. See note 15.
42. Ibid.
43. Pauling, L. (1972). Bernal’s contributions to structural chemistry. Scientific World, 2, 13–14.
44. The Times (4/10/49).
45. Koestler, A. (1949). In R.H.S. Crossman (ed.) The God that Failed. Harper, New York.
46. Author’s interview with Max Perutz. (2000).
47. Author’s interview with Aaron Klug. (2003).
48. Ibid.
49. Martin, K. (1954). Old chrysanthemum. New Statesman, XLVII, 286–7.
50. Pipes, R. (2001). Communism. Modern Library, New York.
51. See note 46.
52. Author’s interview with Margaret Gardiner. (2000).
53. Zuckerman, S. (1988). Monkeys, Men and Missiles. Collins, London.
54. See note 17.
Index
Acheson, Dean, 328
Acta Crystallographica (journal), 289
Adair, Gilbert, 145
Africa, 122, 418, 455, 468
Sage’s visits to, 404–7
see also North Africa
Agol, Israel, 302
Agricultural Research Council (ARC), 356, 358
agriculture
in China, 396, 403–4
collectivization of, 111, 300, 313, 391, 404, 486
in Ghana, 405
in Hungary, 402
and research, 275, 437
Sage on, 322–3, 363
in Third World, 365, 468
in USSR, 110, 300, 303, 307, 312, 390–1
in Vietnam, 416
Air-Raid Precautions (ARP), 133, 167, 171, 208
pre-WWII debate on, 123–4
research on, 130–1, 182
see also civil defence
air-raid shelters, 133–5, 167, 179–80
and bombing strategy, 190–2, 197
and explosives research, 169
research on, 173, 182
Akyab, island of, 262–3
Aldermaston marches, 414, 459
Alderney, raid on, 210, 213
Algeria, 466–7
Ali, Rewi, 396
All Purpose Electronic X-ray (APEX) Computer, 278–9
Alliance for Progress, 410
All-India Congress for Peace, 399
alpha particles, 47, 78
American Revolution, 74 ‘The American scene’ (Bernal), 319
Amery, Leo, 208
amino acids and cyclol theory, 151
and genetic research, 96, 148, 315–16
and liquid structure, 152, 441
and origins of life, 371, 378, 381
and peptide bond, 81, 149
in protein research, 81–2, 279, 343–4, 346–7
soluble vs. insoluble, 88
structure of, 87–8, 94, 156, 343, 371
and virus research, 357
Anderson, Sir John, 134–5, 168, 177, 266–7
Angell, Norman, 26
Anglo-French Society of Scientists, 173, 264
Animal Farm (Orwell), 333
Antic Hay (Huxley), 75
Anti-Rightist campaign (China), 402
anti-Semitism, 113, 124, 319, 401
Appleton, Sir Edward, 147, 189, 310–11, 485
Aprahamian, Francis, 335, 337, 364, 393–4, 458
Arab–Israel war (1967), 469
archaeology, 99–100, 454
architecture, 154, 309, 361, 394, 488
and post-war housing, 283, 286, 288
Soviet, 383, 388
Argentina, 409–10
Arnold, General H.H., 235
Arromanches, 239–40, 244–6, 248–9, 479
see also Overlord, Operation
art, 153–4, 474, 488
see also architecture
‘Art and the scientist’ (Circle; Bernal), 154
Aspects of Dial
ectical Materialism, 113–14
Asquith, Herbert H., 10
Association of scientific Workers (AScW), 120–1, 123, 132, 137, 158, 176, 482
1946 conference of, 288–9
and information services, 292–3
and peace movement, 323, 326
in WWII, 207–8
Association of Specialist Libraries and Information Bureaux, 291–2
Astbury, William T., 84–5, 94, 102, 147, 298, 314
division of research with Sage, 88–9, 275, 279
and Wbrous proteins, 63, 83, 86–9, 95, 148–9, 156
protein research of, 151, 275, 279–80, 315, 343, 345–7, 349–50
at Royal Institution, 51–2, 54–6, 63
astronomy, 28, 394
and origins of life, 372, 376–7
Sage’s early interest in, 11–12, 14, 376
atomic bomb
British, 321–3
and Cold War, 321, 329–30
and end of WWII, 267, 271, 412
and peace movement, 318, 320, 329, 332, 337–8
and post-war science, 288
and Rosenbergs, 338–40
Sage on, 267–70, 273
and security, 265, 267
Soviet, 308, 310, 320–1, 329–30
see also nuclear weapons
atomic energy, 418, 474
regulation of, 318–20
Sage on, 267–9, 273, 390
and security, 265–6
‘Atomic energy and international security’ (speech; Bernal), 269
Atomic Energy Commission (France), 323
Atomic Energy Commission (US), 318, 329, 422
atomic nucleus, 46, 78, 112
Attlee, Clement, 267, 287, 323, 330, 333, 433
and nuclear weapons, 318, 321–2, 413
Auden, W.H., 112, 115, 126, 153
Auger, Pierre, 173
Australia, 427
Austria, 133, 144, 321, 424
azulene, 355
bacteriophages, 142
Bagnold, Brigadier Ralph, 239–40
Baker, H.F., 45–7
Baker, John, 293
Bakerian lecture, 444
Baldwin, Stanley, 58, 129, 185–7
Balfour Declaration, 470
Barendsen, Herman, 460
Barkla, Charles, 47
Barnes, Paul, 448, 472–3
Barnes, Sylvia, 43–4, 57
Barry, Iris, 166
Baruch, Bernard, 320–1
Base Pairs (Watson), 314–15
Bateson, W., 110
Bawden, Fred, 141–3, 190, 354
Bay of Pigs, 410, 426
Bayly, Helen, 35
n.
Bayly, Launcelot, 13–14
beaches, research on, 240–1, 245, 262