by Don Tapscott
1. Not their real names. This story is based on discussions with individuals familiar with the situation.
2. Primavera De Filippi, “It’s Time to Take Mesh Networks Seriously (and Not Just for the Reasons You Think),” Wired, January 2, 2014.
3. Interview with Eric Jennings, July 10, 2015.
4. Ibid.
5. Interview with Lawrence Orsini, July 30, 2015.
6. Don predicted the development of such networks in Don Tapscott and Anthony Williams, Macrowikinomics: New Solutions for a Connected Planet (New York: Portfolio/Penguin, 2010, updated 2012).
7. Interview with Lawrence Orsini, July 30, 2015.
8. Puja Mondal, “What Is Desertification? Desertification: Causes, Effects and Control of Desertification,” UNEP: Desertifcation, United Nations Environment Programme, n.d.; https://desertification.wordpress.com/category/ecology-environment/unep/, accessed September 29, 2015.
9. www.internetlivestats.com/internet-users/, as of December 1, 2015.
10. Cadie Thompson, “Electronic Pills May Be the Future of Medicine,” CNBC, April 21, 2013; www.cnbc.com/id/100653909; and Natt Garun, “FDA Approves Edible Electronic Pills That Sense When You Take Your Medication,” Digital Trends, August 1, 2012; www.digitaltrends.com/home/fda-approves-edible-electronic-pills/.
11. Mark Jaffe, “IOT Won’t Work Without Artificial Intelligence,” Wired, November 2014; www.wired.com/insights/2014/11/iot-wont-work-without-artificial-intelligence/.
12. IBM, “Device Democracy,” 2015, 4.
13. Allison Arieff, “The Internet of Way Too Many Things,” The New York Times, September 5, 2015.
14. IBM, “Device Democracy,” 10.
15. Interview with Dino Mark Angaritis, August 11, 2015.
16. Interview with Carlos Moreira, September 3, 2015.
17. Ibid.
18. Interview with Michelle Tinsley, June 25, 2015.
19. Ibid.
20. McKinsey Global Institute, “The Internet of Things: Mapping the Value Beyond the Hype,” June 2015.
21. Interview with Eric Jennings, July 10, 2015.
22. IBM Institute for Business Value, “The Economy of Things: Extracting New Value from the Internet of Things,” 2015.
23. Cadie Thompson, “Apple Has a Smart Home Problem: People Don’t Know They Want It Yet,” Business Insider, June 4, 2015; www.businessinsider.com/apple-homekit-adoption-2015-6.
24. McKinsey Global Institute, “The Internet of Things.”
25. Interview with Eric Jennings, July 10, 2015.
26. IBM, “Device Democracy,” 9.
27. Ibid., 13.
28. McKinsey Global Institute, “The Internet of Things.” MGI defined nine settings with value potential.
29. www.wikihow.com/Use-Uber.
30. http://consumerist.com/tag/uber/page/2/.
31. Mike Hearn, “Future of Money,” Turing Festival, Edinburgh, Scotland, August 23, 2013, posted September 28, 2013; www.youtube.com/watch?v=Pu4PAMFPo5Y&feature=youtu.be.
32. McKinsey, “An Executive’s Guide to the Internet of Things,” August 2015; www.mckinsey.com/Insights/Business_Technology/An_executives_guide_to_the_Internet_of_Things?cid=digital-eml-alt-mip-mck-oth-1508.
Chapter 7: Solving the Prosperity Paradox: Economic Inclusion and Entrepreneurship
1. http://datatopics.worldbank.org/financialinclusion/country/nicaragua.
2. www.budde.com.au/Research/Nicaragua-Telecoms-Mobile-and-Broadband-Market-Insights-and-Statistics.html.
3. “Property Disputes in Nicaragua,” U.S. Embassy, http://nicaragua.usembassy.gov/property_disputes_in_nicaragua.html. There are an estimated thirty thousand properties in dispute.
4. Interview with Joyce Kim, June 12, 2015.
5. Ibid.
6. Ibid.
7. www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2015/04/15/massive-drop-in-number-of-unbanked-says-new-report; and C. K. Prahalad, The Fortune at the Bottom of the Pyramid: Eradicating Poverty Through Profits (Philadelphia: Wharton School Publishing, 2009). This figure is an estimate.
8. Interview with Joyce Kim, June 12, 2015.
9. www.ilo.org/global/topics/youth-employment/lang—en/index.htm.
10. Thomas Piketty, Capital in the Twenty-First Century (Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press, 2014).
11. www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/papers/2014/05/declining%20business%20dynamism%20litan/declining_business_dynamism_hathaway_litan.pdf.
12. Ruth Simon and Caelainn Barr, “Endangered Species: Young U.S. Entrepreneurs,” The Wall Street Journal, January 2, 2015; www.wsj.com/articles/endangered-species-young-u-s-entrepreneurs-1420246116.
13. World Bank Group, Doing Business, www.doingbusiness.org/data/exploretopics/starting-a-business.
14. Interview with Hernando de Soto, November 27, 2015.
15. www.tamimi.com/en/magazine/law-update/section-6/june-4/dishonoured-cheques-in-the-uae-a-criminal-law-perspective.html.
16. www.worldbank.org/en/topic/poverty/overview. To be precise, it was 1.91 billion in 1990.
17. http://digitalcommons.georgefox.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1003&context=gfsb.
18. http://reports.weforum.org/outlook-global-agenda-2015/top-10-trends-of-2015/1-deepening-income-inequality/.
19. Ibid.
20. Interview with Tyler Winklevoss, June 9, 2015.
21. Congo, Chad, Central African Republic, South Sudan, Niger, Madagascar, Guinea, Cameroon, Burkina Faso, Tanzania; http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/FB.CBK.BRCH.P5?order=wbapi_data_value_2013+wbapi_data_value+wbapi_data_value-last&sort=asc.
22. www.aba.com/Products/bankcompliance/Documents/SeptOct11CoverStory.pdf.
23. http://www.nytimes.com/2015/12/24/business/dealbook/banks-reject-new-york-city-ids-leaving-unbanked-on-sidelines.html.
24. E-mail correspondence with Joe Lubin, August 6, 2015.
25. David Birch, Identity Is the New Money (London: London Publishing Partnership, 2014), 1.
26. E-mail correspondence with Joe Lubin, August 6, 2015.
27. Interview with Joyce Kim, June 12, 2015.
28. Interview with Hernando de Soto, November 27, 2015.
29. Interview with Haluk Kulin, June 9, 2015.
30. E-mail correspondence with Joe Lubin, August 6, 2015.
31. Interview with Balaji Srinivasan, May 29, 2014.
32. www.doingbusiness.org/data/exploretopics/starting-a-business.
33. Interview with Haluk Kulin, June 9, 2015.
34. Analie Domingo agreed to let us shadow her as she went through her normal routine of sending money home to her mother in the Philippines. Analie has been an employee of Don Tapscott and Ana Lopes for twenty years and is also a close friend.
35. www12.statcan.gc.ca/nhs-enm/2011/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=PR&Code1=01&Data=Count&SearchText=canada&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&A1=All&B1=All&Custom=&TABID=1.
36. https://remittanceprices.worldbank.org/sites/default/files/rpw_report_june_2015.pdf.
37. The remittance market is $500 billion; average fees of 7.7 percent translate to $38.5 billion in fees.
38. Dilip Ratha, “The Impact of Remittances on Economic Growth and Poverty Reduction,” Migration Policy Institute 8 (September 2013).
39. Adolf Barajas, et al., “Do Workers’ Remittances Promote Economic Growth?,” IMF Working Paper, www10.iadb.org/intal/intalcdi/pe/2009/03935.pdf.
40. “Aid and Remittances from Canada to Select Countries,” Canadian International Development Platform, http://cidpnsi.ca/blog/portfolio/aid-and-remittances-from-canada/.
41. World Bank Remittance Price Index, https://remittanceprices.worldbank.org/en.
42. 2011 National Household Survey Highlights, Canadian Census Bureau, www.fin.gov.on.ca/en/economy/demographics/census/nhshi11-1.html.
43. https://support.skype.com/en/faq/FA1417/how-much-bandwidth-does-skype-need.
44. Interview with Eric Piscini, July 13, 2015.
45. http://corporate.westernunion.com/Corporate_Fact_Sheet.html.
&nb
sp; 46. At the time of writing, Abra had not opened its doors in Canada. However, we were able to test Abra’s technology with Analie and her mother successfully with Abra’s help.
47. Interview with Bill Barhydt, August 25, 2015.
48. Ibid.
49. Ibid.
50. “Foreign Aid and Rent-Seeking, The Journal of International Economics, 2000, 438; http://conferences.wcfia.harvard.edu/sites/projects.iq.harvard.edu/files/gov2126/files/1632.pdf.
51. Ibid.
52. www.propublica.org/article/how-the-red-cross-raised-half-a-billion-dollars-for-haiti-and-built-6-homes.
53. “Mortality, Crime and Access to Basic Needs Before and After the Haiti Earthquake,” Medicine, Conflict and Survival 26(4) (2010).
54. http://unicoins.org/.
55. Jeffrey Ashe with Kyla Jagger Neilan, In Their Own Hands: How Savings Groups Are Revolutionizing Development (San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler Publishers, 2014).
56. E. Kumar Sharma, “Founder Falls,” Business Today (India), December 25, 2011; www.businesstoday.in/magazine/features/vikram-akula-quits-sks-microfiance-loses-or-gains/story/20680.html.
57. Ning Wang, “Measuring Transaction Costs: An Incomplete Survey,” Ronald Coase Institute Working Papers 2 (February 2003); www.coase.org/workingpapers/wp-2.pdf.
58. www.telesurtv.net/english/news/Honduran-Movements-Slam-Repression-of-Campesinos-in-Land-Fight-20150625-0011.html.
59. USAID, the Millennium Challenge Corporation, and the UN Food and Agriculture Organization.
60. Paul B. Siegel, Malcolm D. Childress, and Bradford L. Barham, “Reflections on Twenty Years of Land-Related Development Projects in Central America: Ten Things You Might Not Expect, and Future Directions,” Knowledge for Change Series, International Land Coalition (ILC), Rome, 2013; http://tinyurl.com/oekhzos, accessed August 26, 2015.
61. Ibid.
62. Ambassador Michael B. G. Froman, US Office of the Trade Representative, “2015 National Trade Estimate Report on Foreign Trade Barriers,” USTR.gov, April 1, 2015; https://ustr.gov/sites/default/files/files/reports/2015/NTE/2015%20NTE%20Honduras.pdf.
63. Interview with Hernando de Soto, November 27, 2015.
64. http://in.reuters.com/article/2015/05/15/usa-honduras-technology-idINKBN0O01V720150515.
65. Interview with Kausik Rajgopal, August 10, 2015.
66. World Bank, “Doing Business 2015: Going Beyond Efficiencies,” Washington, D.C.: World Bank, 2014; DOI: 10.1596/978-1-4648-0351-2, License Creative Commons Attribution CC BY 3.0 IGO.
67. “ITU Releases 2014 ICT Figures,” www.itu.int/net/pressoffice/press_releases/2014/23.aspx#.VEfalovF_Kg.
68. www.cdc.gov/healthliteracy/learn/understandingliteracy.html.
69. www.proliteracy.org/the-crisis/adult-literacy-facts.
70. CIA World Factbook, literacy statistics, www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2103.html#136.
Chapter 8: Rebuilding Government and Democracy
1. http://europa.eu/about-eu/countries/member-countries/estonia/index_en.htm; http://www.citypopulation.de/Canada-MetroEst.html.
2. In-person conversation between Estonian president Toomas Hendrik Ilves and Don Tapscott at the World Economic Forum’s Global Agenda Council meeting in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates, October 2015.
3. www.socialprogressimperative.org/data/spi#data_table/countries/com6/dim1,dim2,dim3,com9,idr35,com6,idr16,idr34.
4. https://e-estonia.com/the-story/the-story-about-estonia/. Estonia is very proud of its e-Estonia initiatives and has published a lot of information on the Web. All of the information and statistics used in this section came from the Government of Estonia Web site.
5. “Electronic Health Record,” e-Estonia.com, n.d.; https://e-estonia.com/component/electronic-health-record/, accessed November 29, 2015.
6. “e-Cabinet,” e-Estonia.com, n.d.; https://e-estonia.com/component/e-cabinet/, accessed November 29, 2015.
7. “Electronic Land Register,” e-Estonia.com, n.d.; https://e-estonia.com/component/electronic-land-register/, accessed November 29, 2015.
8. Charles Brett, “My Life Under Estonia’s Digital Government,” The Register, www.theregister.co.uk/2015/06/02/estonia/.
9. Interview with Mike Gault, August 28, 2015.
10. “Keyless Signature Infrastructure,” e-Estonia.com, n.d.; https://e-estonia.com/component/keyless-signature-infrastructure/, accessed November 29, 2015.
11. Olga Kharif, “Bitcoin Not Just for Libertarians and Anarchists Anymore,” Bloomberg Business, October 9, 2014; www.bloomberg.com/bw/articles/2014-10-09/bitcoin-not-just-for-libertarians-and-anarchists-anymore. To be sure, there is a strong libertarian trend in the American population as a whole. According to the Pew Research Center, 11 percent of Americans describe themselves as libertarian and know the definition of the term. “In Search of Libertarians,” www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2014/08/25/in-search-of-libertarians/.
12. “Bitcoin Proves the Libertarian Idea of Paradise Would Be Hell on Earth,” Business Insider, www.businessinsider.com/bitcoin-libertarian-paradise-would-be-hell-on-earth-2013-12#ixzz3kQqSap00.
13. Human Rights Watch, “World Report 2015: Events of 2014,” www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/wr2015_web.pdf.
14. Interview with Hernando de Soto, November 27, 2015.
15. Seymour Martin Lipset, Political Man: The Social Bases of Politics, 2nd ed. (London: Heinemann, 1983), 64.
16. Interview with Hernando de Soto, November 27, 2015.
17. Hernando de Soto, “The Capitalist Cure for Terrorism,” The Wall Street Journal, October 10, 2014; www.wsj.com/articles/the-capitalist-cure-for-terrorism-1412973796, accessed November 27, 2015.
18. Interview with Hernando de Soto, November 27, 2015.
19. Interview with Carlos Moreira, September 3, 2015.
20. Melanie Swan, Blockchain: Blueprint for a New Economy (Sebastopol, Calif.: O’Reilly Media, January 2015), 45.
21. Emily Spaven, “UK Government Exploring Use of Blockchain Recordkeeping,” CoinDesk, September 1, 2015; www.coindesk.com/uk-government-exploring-use-of-blockchain-recordkeeping/.
22. J. P. Buntinx, “‘Blockchain Technology’ Is Bringing Bitcoin to the Mainstream,” Bitcoinist.net, August 29, 2015; http://bitcoinist.net/blockchain-technology-bringing-bitcoin-mainstream/.
23. Melanie Swan, quoted in Adam Stone, “Unchaining Innovation: Could Bitcoin’s Underlying Tech Be a Powerful Tool for Government?,” Government Technology, July 10, 2015; www.govtech.com/state/Unchaining-Innovation-Could-Bitcoins-Underlying-Tech-be-a-Powerful-Tool-for-Government.html.
24. See for example www.partnerships.org.au/ and www.in-control.org.uk/what-we-do.aspx.
25. Interview with Perianne Boring, August 7, 2015. See also Joseph Young, “8 Ways Governments Could Use the Blockchain to Achieve ‘Radical Transparency,’” CoinTelegraph, July 13, 2015; http://cointelegraph.com/news/114833/8-ways-governments-could-use-the-blockchain-to-achieve-radical-transparency.
26. www.data.gov.
27. www.data.gov.uk.
28. Ben Schiller, “A Revolution of Outcomes: How Pay-for-Success Contracts Are Changing Public Services,” Co.Exist, www.fastcoexist.com/3047219/a-revolution-of-outcomes-how-pay-for-success-contracts-are-changing-public-services. Also see: www.whitehouse.gov/blog/2013/11/20/building-smarter-more-efficient-government-through-pay-success.
29. R. C. Porter, “Can You ‘Snowden-Proof’ the NSA?: How the Technology Behind the Digital Currency—Bitcoin—Could Stop the Next Edward Snowden,” Fortuna’s Corner, June 3, 2015; http://fortunascorner.com/2015/06/03/can-you-snowden-proof-the-nsa-how-the-technology-behind-the-digital-currency-bitcoin-could-stop-the-next-edward-snowden/.
30. Elliot Maras, “London Mayoral Candidate George Galloway Calls for City Government to Use Block Chain for Public Accountability,” Bitcoin News, July 2, 2015; www.cryptocoinsnews.com/london-mayoral-candidate-george-galloway-calls-city-government-use-block-chain-public-accountability/.
31. Tapscott, The Digital Economy,
304.
32. Al Gore, speech to the We Media conference, October 6, 2005; www.fpp.co.uk/online/05/10/Gore_speech.html.
33. Ibid.
34. “The Persistence of Conspiracy Theories,” The New York Times, April 30, 2011; www.nytimes.com/2011/05/01/weekinreview/01conspiracy.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0.
35. www.nytimes.com/2014/07/06/upshot/when-beliefs-and-facts-collide.html?module=Search&mabReward=relbias:w;%201RI:6%20%3C{:}%3E.
36. “Plain Language: It’s the Law,” Plain Language Action and Information Network, n.d.: www.plainlanguage.gov/plLaw/, accessed November 30, 2015.
37. https://globalclimateconvergence.org/news/nyt-north-carolinas-election-machine-blunder.
38. http://users.encs.concordia.ca/~clark/papers/2012_fc.pdf.
39. http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F978-3-662-46803-6_16.
40. http://blogs.wsj.com/digits/2015/07/29/scientists-in-greece-design-cryptographic-e-voting-platform/.
41. http://nvbloc.org/.
42. http://cointelegraph.com/news/114404/true-democracy-worlds-first-political-app-blockchain-party-launches-in-australia.
43. www.techinasia.com/southeast-asia-blockchain-technology-bitcoin-insights/.
44. Ibid.
45. www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonkblog/wp/2014/08/06/a-comprehensive-investigation-of-voter-impersonation-finds-31-credible-incidents-out-of-one-billion-ballots-cast/.
46. www.eac.gov/research/election_administration_and_voting_survey.aspx.
47. http://america.aljazeera.com/opinions/2015/7/most-americans-dont-vote-in-elections-heres-why.html.
48. Interview with Eduardo Robles Elvira, September 10, 2015.
49. www.chozabu.net/blog/?p=78.
50. https://agoravoting.com/.
51. Interview with Eduardo Robles Elvira, September 10, 2015.
52. http://cointelegraph.com/news/111599/blockchain_technology_smart_contracts_and_p2p_law.
53. Patent Application of David Chaum, “Random Sample Elections,” June 19, 2014; http://patents.justia.com/patent/20140172517.
54. https://blog.ethereum.org/2014/08/21/introduction-futarchy/.
55. Federico Ast (@federicoast) and Alejandro Sewrjugin (@asewrjugin), “The CrowdJury, a Crowdsourced Justice System for the Collaboration Era,” https://medium.com/@federicoast/the-crowdjury-a-crowdsourced-court-system-for-the-collaboration-era-66da002750d8#.e8yynqipo.