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ALSO BY ROGER CROWLEY
Conquerors: How Portugal Forged the First Global Empire
City of Fortune: How Venice Ruled the Seas
Empires of the Sea: The Siege of Malta, the Battle of Lepanto, and the Contest for the Center of the World
1453: The Holy War for Constantinople and the Clash of Islam and the West
NOTES
All the quotations in the book are from primary sources. References are from books as listed in the bibliography. The following abbreviation is used:
GDC: Les Gestes des Chiprois. In Recueil des Histoires des Croisades, Documents Arménians. Vol. 2. Paris, 1906.
PROLOGUE
1. Pringle, Pilgrimage to Jerusalem and the Holy Land, 1187–1291, 127.
2. Asbridge, The Crusades: The War for the Holy Land, 453.
CHAPTER 1: THE SECOND CITY OF JERUSALEM
1. Jacques de Vitry, Lettres de Jacques de Vitry, 77–97.
2. Jacoby, “Aspects of Everyday Life,” 82–83.
3. Ibn Jubayr, The Travels of Ibn Jubayr, 318.
4. Pringle, Pilgrimage to Jerusalem and the Holy Land, 1187–1291, 62–63.
5. Hillenbrand, The Crusades: Islamic Perspectives, 222.
6. Hillenbrand, 204.
7. Nicholson, The Knights Templar, 85.
8. Irwin, “The Mamluk Conquest of the County of Tripoli,” 6.
9. Ibn Khaldun, The Muqaddimah, 257–258.
10. Ibn Khaldun, 257–258.
11. Thorau, The Lion of Egypt, 17.
CHAPTER 2: DEATH ON THE NILE
1. Jean de Joinville, Histoire de Saint Louis, 82.
2. Jean de Joinville, 86.
3. Jean de Joinville, 88.
4. Crowley, City of Fortune: How Venice Won and Lost a Naval Empire, 37.
5. Asbridge, The Crusades: The War for the Holy Land, 552.
6. Jean de Joinville, 90.
7. Jackson, The Seventh Crusade, 131.
8. Jean de Joinville, Histoire de Saint Louis, 98.
9. Jean de Joinville, 100.
10. Jackson, The Seventh Crusade, 141.
11. Jackson, 139.
12. Jackson, 139.
13. Jean de Joinville, Histoire de Saint Louis,112.
14. Jean de Joinville, 115.
15. Jean de Joinville, 115.
16. Jean de Joinville, 116.
17. Jean de Joinville, 118.
18. Shirley, Crusader Syria in the Thirteenth Century, 95.
19. Jackson, The Seventh Crusade, 144.
20. Shirley, Crusader Syria in the Thirteenth Century, 96.
21. Jackson, The Seventh Crusade, 144.
22. Jackson, 145.
23. Shirley, Crusader Syria in the Thirteenth Century, 97.
24. Jean de Joinville, Histoire de Saint Louis, 120–122.
25. Jean de Joinville, 120–122.
26. Jean de Joinville, 124.
27. Jean de Joinville, 124.
28. Jean de Joinville, 126.
29. Jean de Joinville, 128.
30. Jean de Joinville, 130.
31. Jean de Joinville, 132.
32. Jean de Joinville, 158.
33. Jean de Joinville, 160.
34. Jean de Joinville, 166.
35. Jean de Joinville, 164.
36. Jackson, The Seventh Crusade, 161.
37. Jean de Joinville, Histoire de Saint Louis, 160.
38. Jean de Joinville, 164.
39. Jean de Joinville, 174.
40. Jean de Joinville, 176.
41. Jean de Joinville, 269
42. Jackson, The Seventh Crusade, 102.
43. Jackson, 144.
44. Jackson, 160.
45. Jean de Joinville, Histoire de Saint Louis, 192.
46. Jackson, The Seventh Crusade, 167.
47. Jackson, 170.
CHAPTER 3: BETWEEN THE MAMLUKS AND THE MONGOLS
1. Jean de Joinville, Histoire de Saint Louis, 178.
2. Jean de Joinville, 267.
3. Tschanz, “History’s Hinge: Ain Jalut,” 24.
4. Shirley, Crusader Syria in the Thirteenth Century, 117.
5. Jackson, The Seventh Crusade, 495.
6. Paris, Matthew Paris’s English History: From the Year 1235 to 1273, 251.
7. Jackson, The Seventh Crusade, 505.
8. Tschanz, “History’s Hinge: Ain Jalut,” 24.
9. Thorau, The Lion of Egypt, 76.
10. Amitai-Preiss, Mongols and Mamluks: The Mamluk-Ilkhanid War, 1260–1281, 41.
CHAPTER 4: THE LION OF EGYPT
1. Thorau, The Lion of Egypt, 105.
2. Hillenbrand, The Crusades: Islamic Perspectives, 237.
3. Ibn al-Furat, Ayyubids, Mamlukes and Crusaders, 58.
4. GDC, 756.
5. Amitai-Preiss, “The Conquest of Arsuf by Baybars: Political and Military Aspects,” 68.
6. Ibn al-Furat, Ayyubids, Mamlukes and Crusaders, 70.
7. Amitai-Preiss, “The Conquest of Arsuf by Baybars: Political and Military Aspects,” 73.
8. Ibn al-Furat, Ayyubids, Mamlukes and Crusaders, 75.
9. Ibn al-Furat, 77–78.
10. Ibn al-Furat, 78.
11. Hillenbrand, The Crusades: Islamic Perspectives, 230.
12. Hillenbrand, 231.
13. Ibn al-Furat, Ayyubids, Mamlukes and Crusaders, 89–90.
14. GDC, 764–766.
15. Ibn al-Furat, Ayyubids, Mamlukes and Crusaders, 123–125.
16. Ibn al-Furat, 116.
17. Ibn al-Furat, 148.
CHAPTER 5: A PUPPY YELPING AT A MASTIFF
1. Prawer, “Military Orders and Crusader Politics in the Second Half of the XIIIth Century,” 217.
2. Morris, A Great and Terrible King: Edward I and the Forging of Britain, 69.
3. Asbridge, The Crusades: The War for the Holy Land, 641.
4. Psalms 137:5.
5. Crowley, City of Fortune: How Venice Won and Lost a Naval Empire, 27.
6. Gabrielli, Arab Historians of the Crusade, 318–319.
7. Kennedy, Crusader Castles, 162.
8. Morris, A Great and Terrible King: Edward I and the Forging of Britain, 99.
9. Morris, 99.
10. GDC, 793.
11. Ludolph von Suchem, Description of the Holy Land, and of the Way There, 50–53.
12. Ludolph von Suchem, 50–53.
13. Jean de Joinville, Histoire de Saint Louis, 277.
14. Pringle, The Churches of the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem, 24.
CHAPTER 6: WAR TO THE ENEMY
1. GDC, 802.
2. GDC, 798.
3. GDC, 802–803.
4. Abu’l-Fida, The Memoirs of a Syrian Prince, 14.
5. GDC, 803.
6. GDC, 803–804.
7. GDC, 804.
8. Abu’l-Fida, The Memoirs of a Syrian Prince, 15.
9. Abu’l-Fida, 15.
10. Holt, Early Mamluk Diplomacy (1260–1290): Treaties of Baybars and Qalāwūn with Christian Rulers, 91.
11. Holt, 73.
12. Holt, 135.
13. Excidium Aconis, 49.
14. GDC, 805.
15. GDC, 805.
16. Sanudo Torsello, The Book of the Secrets of the Faithful of the Cross, 367.
17. Excidium Aconis, 50.
18. GDC, 805.
19. GDC, 805.
20. Holt, Early Mamluk Diplomacy (1260–1290): Treaties of Baybars and Qalāwūn with Christian Rulers, 84.
21. Gabrielli, Arab Historians of the Crusades, 331.
22. Shafi ‘b. ‘Alī, Ḥusn al-Manāqib al-Sirriyyah al-Muntaza’a min al-Sīra al-Ẓāhiriyya, 285–286.
CHAPTER 7: “MY SOUL LONGED FOR JIHAD”
1. Ibn ‘Abd al-Ẓāhir, Tashrīf al-ayyām wa-al-‘uṣūr fī sīrat al-Malik al-Manṣūr, 177.
2. Ibn ‘Abd al-Ẓāhir, 177.
3. Badr al-Dīn al-Ainī, Iqd al-Jumān fī Tārīkh Ahl al-Zamān, 55.
4. Ibn ‘Abd al-Ẓāhir, Tashrīf al-ayyām wa-al-‘uṣūr fī sīrat al-Malik al-Manṣūr, 178.
5. Ibn ‘Abd al-Ẓāhir, 178.
6. Ibn ‘Abd al-Ẓāhir, 178.
7. GDC, 807.
8. Nicolle, Acre 1291: Bloody Sunset of the Crusader States, 22.
9. Ibn ‘Abd al-Ẓāhir, Tashrīf al-ayyām wa-al-‘uṣūr fī sīrat al-Malik al-Manṣūr, 178.
10. GDC, 807.
11. GDC, 807.
12. GDC, 807.
13. GDC, 807.
14. Maqrĭzĭ, Histoire des Sultans mamlouks, 109.
15. Abu’l-Fida, The Memoirs of a Syrian Prince, 16.
16. Abu’l-Fida, 16.
17. Little, “The Fall of Akka in 690/1291: The Muslim Version,” 70.
18. Schlumberger, La Prise de Saint-Jean-d’Acre en l’an 1291 par l’armée du Soudan d’Égypte, 29.
19. Schlumberger, 29.
20. Baybars al-Manṣūrī, Zubdah al-Fikra fī al-Tārīkh al-Hijrah, 278.
21. Al-Jazari, La Chronique de Damas d’al-Jazari, 4.
22. Al-Jazari, 4.
23. Excidium Aconis, 64.
24. Excidium Aconis, 64–65.
CHAPTER 8: THE RED TENT
1. Excidium Aconis, 68.
2. GDC, 808.
3. Dichter, The Maps of Acre: An Historical Cartography, 32.
4. GDC, 808.
5. GDC, 808.
6. GDC, 808.
7. King, The Knights Hospitallers in the Holy Land, 301.
8. Baybars al-Manṣūrī, Zubdah al-Fikra fī al-Tārīkh al-Hijrah, 278.
9. Dichter, The Maps of Acre: An Historical Cartography, 45.
10. Dichter, 47.
11. Ludolph von Suchem, Description of the Holy Land, and of the Way There, 50–51.
12. ‘Umar Ibn Ibrāhīm al-Awsī al-Anṣārī, A Muslim Manual of War, 116–117.
13. ‘Umar Ibn Ibrāhīm al-Awsī al-Anṣārī, 118.
14. Kennedy, Crusader Castles, 100.
15. Dichter, The Maps of Acre: An Historical Cartography, 33.
16. Chevedden, “Black Camels and Blazing Bolts: The Bolt-Projecting Trebuchet in the Mamluk Army,” 250.
17. GDC, 807.
18. GDC, para. 485.
19. Excidium Aconis, 60–61.
20. Marshall, Warfare in the Latin East, 1192–1291, 82.
21. ‘Umar Ibn Ibrāhīm al-Awsī al-Anṣārī, A Muslim Manual of War, 118.
22. King, The Knights Hospitallers in the Holy Land, 301.
23. ‘Umar Ibn Ibrāhīm al-Awsī al-Anṣārī, A Muslim Manual of War, 117.
24. Chevedden, “Black Camels and Blazing Bolts: The Bolt-Project
ing Trebuchet in the Mamluk Army,” 251.
25. GDC, 808.
26. Badr al-Dīn al-Ainī, Iqd al-Jumān fī Tārīkh Ahl al-Zamān, 57–58.
CHAPTER 9: “BOLTS OF THUNDER, FLASHES OF LIGHTNING”
1. Abu’l-Fida, The Memoirs of a Syrian Prince, 16.
2. Chevedden, “The Invention of the Counterweight Trebuchet: A Study in Cultural Diffusion,” 96.
3. Badr al-Dīn al-Ainī, Iqd al-Jumān fī Tārīkh Ahl al-Zamān, 61.
4. ‘Umar Ibn Ibrāhīm al-Awsī al-Anṣārī, A Muslim Manual of War, 117.
5. ‘Umar Ibn Ibrāhīm al-Awsī al-Anṣārī, 117.
6. GDC, 808–809.
7. GDC, 809.
8. Chroniques d’Amadi et de Strambaldi, 221.
9. Thadeus, Ystoria de desolatione et conculcatione civitatis Acconensis et tocius terre sancta, 101–102.
10. Chronicle of Lanercost, 1272–1346, 79.
11. Baybars al-Manṣūrī, Zubdah al-Fikra fī al-Tārīkh al-Hijrah, 279.
12. “as if by thunderbolts falling from heaven,” Thadeus, 101.
13. Excidium Aconis, 65.
14. Usāmah Ibn-Munqidh, An Arab-Syrian Gentleman and a Warrior in the Period of the Crusades, 100.
15. Usāmah Ibn-Munqidh, 102–103.
16. Kennedy, Crusader Castles, 104–105.
17. GDC, 810.
CHAPTER 10: SORTIES
1. Abu’l-Fida, The Memoirs of a Syrian Prince, 16–17.
2. Abu’l-Fida, 17.
3. GDC, 810.
4. GDC, 810.
5. Abu’l-Fida, The Memoirs of a Syrian Prince, 17.
6. GDC, 810.
7. Badr al-Dīn al-Ainī, Iqd al-Jumān fī Tārīkh Ahl al-Zamān, 60.
8. Badr al-Dīn al-Ainī, 59.
9. GDC, 810.
10. Abu’l-Fida, The Memoirs of a Syrian Prince, 17.
11. Badr al-Dīn al-Ainī, Iqd al-Jumān fī Tārīkh Ahl al-Zamān, 60.
12. ‘Umar Ibn Ibrāhīm al-Awsī al-Anṣārī, A Muslim Manual of War, 118.
13. Badr al-Dīn al-Ainī, Iqd al-Jumān fī Tārīkh Ahl al-Zamān, 59.
14. Badr al-Dīn al-Ainī, 59.
15. GDC, 810.
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