Damned Whores and God's Police

by Anne Summers

  36 Reported by Janet Hawley, in ‘A Pill for Everyman’, Australian, 1 February 1975.

  37 See The National Times, 16–21 December, 1974.

  38 Caroline Graham, ‘Women and doctors’, Nation Review, 8–14 June 1973.

  39 This has been reported to me by innumerable women, and was a frequent complaint of women who testified at the Women’s Commission in Sydney, March 1973. See Caroline Graham’s article for further confirmation.

  40 See Helen Diner, Mothers and Amazons: The first feminine history of culture, Anchor, New York, 1973; and Elizabeth Gould Davis, The First Sex, Penguin Books, New York, 1975.

  41 Davis, The First Sex, p. 158ff.

  42 Paul Tabori, The Social History of Rape, New English Library, London, 1971, p. 51.

  43 Diner, Mothers and Amazons, p. 195.

  44 Barbara Ehrenreich & Deirdre English, Witches, Midwives and Nurses: A history of women healers, The Feminist Press, Old Westbury, USA, 1973, p. 15.

  45 Witches, Midwives and Nurses, p. 4ff.

  46 See Dorothy Clarke Wilson, Lone Woman: The Story of Elizabeth Blackwell, the first woman doctor, Hodder & Stoughton, London, 1970.

  47 M Ione Fett, ‘The Monash University Survey of Australian Women Medical Graduates’, Medical Journal of Australia, 24 April 1971, p. 920.

  48 As with criticisms made of doctors’ attitudes to women, the complaints of rape victims about how they are treated by the police are based mainly on the accounts of women who have endured the ordeal of making a complaint. Periodically the treatment of rape victims by police and courts becomes a subject of interest to newspapers. For instance in late 1974 Mr Don Chipp MHR publicly announced that he had advised the parents of a young rape victim not to report the crime to the police. His complaint, and the complaints made by women involved in the Sydney Rape Crisis Centre, are always criticised by the police who while admitting that they have to establish the veracity of the complaint, claim that their treatment of rape victims is not as harsh as the complainants make out.

  Further accounts of police, court and social attitudes to rape victims can be found in the following: Susan Griffin, ‘Rape: The all-American crime’, Ramparts, September 1971; June Bundy Csida & Joseph Csida, Rape: How to avoid it and what to do about it if you can’t, Books for Better Living, Chatsworth, California, 1974; Ann Wolbert Burgess & Lynda Lytle Holmstrom, Rape: Victims of crisis, Robert J. Brady Company, Bowie, Maryland, 1974.

  49 Untitled poem by Miranda, Broadsheet, (NZ), no. 23, October 1974, p. 35.

  8 ‘Damned whores’

  1 Margaret Weidenhofer, The Convict Years, Lansdowne Press, Melbourne, 1973, p. 27.

  2 Weidenhofer, The Convict Years, p. 24.

  3 Weidenhofer, The Convict Years, p. 74.

  4 Instructions to Phillip, 25 April 1787, Historical Records of Australia, vol. 1, p. 14.

  5 In CMH Clark, Select Documents in Australian History 1788–1850, Angus & Robertson, Sydney, 1965, p. 48.

  6 Clark, Select Documents in Australian History, p. 114.

  7 Clark, Select Documents in Australian History, p. 114.

  8 Frederick C Folkard, The Rare Sex, Murray, Sydney, 1965, p. 69.

  9 Charles Bateson, The Convict Ships 1787–1868, Brow, Son & Ferguson, Glasgow, 1959, p. 156.

  10 Bateson, The Convict Ships, p. 26.

  11 CMH Clark, A History of Australia, vol. 1, Melbourne University Press, Melbourne, 1962, p. 88.

  12 TW Plummer to Colonel Macquarie, Park Street, Westminster, 4 May 1809, Historical Records of New South Wales, vol. 7, p. 120.

  13 Clark, Select Documents in Australian History, p. 114.

  14 Brian Fitzpatrick, The Australian People 1788–1945, Melbourne University Press, Melbourne, 1946, p. 108.

  15 Rt Hon. WW Grenville to Gov. Phillip, 19 June 1789, Historical Records of Australia, vol. 1, p. 120.

  16 Grenville to Phillip, Historical Records of Australia, p. 739.

  17 Weidenhofer, The Convict Years, p. 38.

  18 CH Currey, ‘The law of marriage and divorce in New South Wales (1788–1858), Royal Australian Historical Society, Journal and Proceedings, vol. 41, part 3, 1955, pp. 96–102.

  19 Currey, ‘The law of marriage and divorce in New South Wales’.

  20 Viscount Casdereagh to Gov. Macquarie, 14 May 1809, Historical Records of NewSouth Wales, vol. 7, p. 146.

  21 Report of the Select Committee on Transportation, 1837, British Parliamentary Papers, vol. II, 1837, evidence of James Mudie, p. 38.

  22 Cited in Michael Cannon, Who’s Master? Who’s Man?, Nelson, Melbourne, 1971, p. 55.

  23 Gov. Darling to Rt Hon. Sir George Murray, 14 July 1830, in Appendix 6 of Report of the Select Committee on Transportation.

  24 Report of the Select Committee on Transportation, evidence of James Mudie, p. 38.

  25 Cited in MH Ellis, Lachlan Macquarie, 2nd rev. edn, Angus & Robertson, Sydney, 1952, p. 130.

  26 Ellis, Lachlan Macquarie, p. 237.

  27 Gov. Macquarie to Viscount Castlereagh, 30 April 1810, Historical Records of NewSouth Wales, vol. 7, p. 351.

  28 LL Robson, The Convict Settlers of Australia, Melbourne University Press, Melbourne, 1970, p. 135.

  29 Robson, The Convict Settlers of Australia, p. 135.

  30 Cited RC Hutchinson, ‘Mrs Hutchinson and the Female Factories of early Australia’, Tasmanian Historical Research Association, Papers and Proceedings, vol. 11, no. 2, December 1963, p. 52.

  31 Cited in Kathleen Fitzpatrick, Sir John Franklin in Tasmania, 1837–1843, Melbourne University Press, Melbourne, 1949, p. 83. My emphasis.

  32 Taken from Weidenhofer, The Convict Years, p. 93.

  33 Weidenhofer, The Convict Years.

  34 Cited in Report of the Select Committee on Transportation, p. 262.

  35 Robson, The Convict Settlers of Australia, p. 142.

  36 Robson, The Convict Settlers of Australia, p. 75.

  37 Proclamation, 24 February 1810, Historical Records of New South Wales, vol. 7, pp. 292–4.

  38 Ralph Mansfield, Analytical View of the Census of New South Wales for the year 1846, Kemp and Fairfax, Sydney, 1847, p. 61.

  39 See CD Rowley, The Destruction of Aboriginal Society, vol. 1, Penguin Books, Melbourne, 1972, p. 3of.

  40 Humphrey McQueen, A New Britannia, Penguin Books, Melbourne, 1970, p. 126.

  41 Colonial Times, 19 August 1834.

  42 Colonial Times, 19 August 1834.

  43 Report of the Select Committee on Transportation, p. 261.

  44 Report of the Select Committee on Transportation.

  45 Marjorie Barnard, A History of Australia, Angus & Robertson, Sydney, 1942, p. 106.

  46 Ellis, Lachlan Macquarie, p. 442.

  47 This phrase is taken from John Ritchie, Punishment and Profit, Heinemann, Melbourne, 1970.

  48 RB Madgwick, Immigration into Eastern Australia 1788–1851, Sydney University Press, Sydney, 1969, p. 33.

  49 Russel Ward, The Australian Legend, Oxford University Press, Melbourne, 1970, p. 95.

  50 Report of the Select Committee on Transportation, British Parliamentary Papers, 1812, p. 12.

  51 Cited in Fitzpatrick, Sir John Franklin in Tasmania, p. 81.

  52 Denton Prout & Fred Feely, Petticoat Parade, Rigby, Adelaide, 1965, p. 226.

  53 Cited in Cannon, Who’s Master? Who’s Man?, p. 56.

  54 Robson, The Convict Settlers of Australia, p. 133.

  55 Cited in Cannon, Who’s Master? Who’s Man?, p. 65.

  56 Report of the Select Committee on Transportation 1837, pp. 50–2. (A similar situation may have existed at the Cascades Factory, as the Hobart Town Gazette reported in May 1833 that of the 100 inmates only four were eligible for assignment.)

  57 Report of the Select Committee on Transportation 1837, pp. 39–40.

  58 Darling to Murray, 14 July 1830 in Appendix 6 of Report of the Select Committee onTransportation 1837.

  59 Frances J Woodward, Portrait of Jane: A Life of Lady Franklin, Hodder & Stoughton,
London, 1951, p. 216.

  60 Cited in Woodward, Portrait of Jane: A Life of Lady Franklin, p. 217. Original emphasis.

  61 Cited in Woodward, Portrait of Jane: A Life of Lady Franklin, p. 218.

  62 Report of the Select Committee on Transportation 1837, evidence of James Macarthur, p. 196.

  63 Report of the Select Committee on Transportation 1837, evidence of James Macarthur, p. 48.

  64 Cited in Fitzpatrick, Sir John Franklin in Tasmania, p. 81.

  65 The Australian, 31 October 1827.

  66 Sydney Gazette, 31 October 1827.

  67 Cited in CJ Cummins, The Administration of Lunacy and Idiocy in New South Wales,1788–1855, Department of Public Health, Sydney, 1967, p. 21.

  68 Cummins, The Administration of Lunacy and Idiocy in New South Wales.

  69 Cummins, The Administration of Lunacy and Idiocy in New South Wales, p. 22.

  70 Cummins, The Administration of Lunacy and Idiocy in New South Wales, p. 10.

  71 Cannon, Who’s Master? Who’s Man?, p. 56.

  72 Robson, The Convict Settlers of Australia, pp. 96, 130.

  73 HS Payne, ‘A statistical study of female convicts in Tasmania, 1843–53’, TasmanianHistorical Research Association, Papers and Proceedings, vol. 9, 1961, p. 59.

  74 Robson, The Convict Settlers of Australia, p. 213.

  75 Robson, The Convict Settlers of Australia, p. 78.

  9 ‘God’s police’

  1 Cited in Humphrey McQueen, A New Britannia, Penguin Books, Melbourne, 1970, p. 122.

  2 McQueen, A New Britannia, p. 125.

  3 CMH Clark, A Short History of Australia, Heinemann, London, 1969, p. 22.

  4 Patrick O’Farrell, The Catholic Church in Australia, Nelson, Melbourne, 1968, p. 16.

  5 Louis Hartz, The Founding of New Societies, Harcourt, Brace & World, New York, 1964.

  6 Hartz, The Founding of New Societies, pp. 41–2.

  7 Hartz, The Founding of New Societies, p. 9.

  8 EG Wakefield, Plan of a Company to be Established for the Purpose of Founding aColony in South Australia, Ridgway, London, 1831, p. 43. Original emphasis.

  9 Wakefield, Plan of a Company to be Established, pp. 17–18.

  10 Report of the Select Committee on Transportation, 1837, British Parliamentary Papers, vol. II, 1837, evidence of JD Lang, p. 255.

  11 Caroline Chisholm, The ABC of Colonization in a Series of Letters, J Ollivier, London, 1850, p. 22.

  12 The first publication of Wakefield’s views, A Letter from Sydney (1829) had been addressed, not to ‘a poor Lieutenant; nor a broken farmer; nor a labourer; nor a mechanic’; but to ‘young men of rank and connection’, men of the professions and ‘those in the intermediate ranks of life’. Cited in Douglas Pike, Paradise of Dissent, Melbourne University Press, Melbourne, 1957, p. 77. Wakefield was, in other words, offering a scheme that would extend the scope for profitable investment for those men whose moderate capital would perhaps be insufficient to accrue wealth in a fiercely competitive laissez-faire England.

  13 South Australia: Outline of the Plan of a Proposed Colony, South Australian Association, London, 1834, p. 16.

  14 South Australia.

  15 Wakefield, Plan of a Company to be Established, p. 55.

  16 Cited in Pike, Paradise of Dissent, p. 164.

  17 Ralph Mansfield, Analytical View of the Census of New South Wales for the year 1846, Kemp and Fairfax, Sydney, 1847, p. 20.

  18 Report of the Select Committee on Transportation, 1837, Appendix 10, p. 261.

  19 Michael Cannon, Who’s Master? Who’s Man?, Nelson, Melbourne, 1971, p. 95.

  20 Margaret Kiddle, ‘Caroline Chisholm in New South Wales’, Historical Studies, April 1942 – November 1943, p. 188.

  21 Margaret Kiddle, Caroline Chisholm, Melbourne University Press, Melbourne, 1950, p. 39.

  22 Kiddle, Caroline Chisholm.

  23 Kiddle, Caroline Chisholm, p. 61.

  24 Chisholm, The ABC of Colonization in a Series of Letters, p. 22.

  25 Margaret Swann, Caroline Chisholm, Government Printer, Sydney, 1925, p. 16.

  26 Chisholm, The ABC of Colonization in a Series of Letters, p. 31.

  27 Chisholm, The ABC of Colonization in a Series of Letters.

  28 Kiddle, Caroline Chisholm, p. 82.

  29 Kiddle, Caroline Chisholm, p. 134.

  30 John Dunmore Lang, Transportation and Colonisation, AJ Valpy, London, 1837, p. iv.

  31 . Kiddle, Caroline Chisholm, p. 53.

  32 Kiddle, Caroline Chisholm, p. 91.

  33 FK Crowley, ‘The British contribution to the Australian population: 1860–1919’, University Studies in History and Economics, July 1964, p. 78.

  34 Crowley, ‘The British contribution to the Australian population’.

  35 S & J Sidney, Sidney’s Australian Handbook, Pelham Richardson, London, 1848, p. 30.

  36 JA Banks & Olive Banks, Feminism and Family Planning in Victorian England, Schocken Books, New York, 1964, p. 26.

  37 Jane E Lewin, ‘Female middle-class emigration’, Transactions of the NationalAssociation for the Promotion of Social Science, London, 1863, p. 612.

  38 Lewin, ‘Female middle-class emigration’, p. 616.

  39 Lt Col. Godfrey Charles Mundy, Our Antipodes, vol. 1, Richard Bentley, London, 1852, p. 374.

  40 Ladislas Ruzicka & Lincoln Day, ‘Australian patterns of family formation’, Search, July 1974, p. 300.

  41 This information was provided by Peter McDonald of the Department of Demography, Australian National University. I would like to thank Dr McDonald for making this material from his PhD thesis available to me.

  42 Mansfield, Analytical View of the Census of New South Wales, p. 125.

  43 Mansfield, Analytical View of the Census of New South Wales.

  44 Mansfield, Analytical View of the Census of New South Wales, p. 122.

  45 Mansfield, Analytical View of the Census of New South Wales, p. 131.

  46 Cited in JW McCarty, ‘Australian cities in the nineteenth century’, AustralianEconomic History Review, September 1970, p. 117.

  47 Cited in McQueen, A New Britannia, p. 122.

  48 McQueen, A New Britannia, p. 123.

  49 Banks & Banks, Feminism and Family Planning in Victorian England, p. 58.

  50 Caroline Chisholm, Prospectus of a Work to be entitled Voluntary Information, WA Duncan, Sydney, 1845, p. vii.

  51 The Empire, 15 August 1859, reproduced in What has Mrs Caroline Chisholm done for the Colony of New South Wales?, James Cole, Sydney, 1862, p. 17.

  52 JE Cobb, ‘The women’s movement in New South Wales 1880–1914’, MA thesis, University of New England, 1967, p. 120.

  53 Cited DP Crook, ‘Occupations of the people of Brisbane: An aspect of urban society in the 1880s’, Historical Studies, November 1961, p. 59.

  54 Cobb, ‘The women’s movement in New South Wales’.

  55 Cobb, ‘The women’s movement in New South Wales’, p. 153.

  56 Cobb, ‘The women’s movement in New South Wales’, p. 160.

  57 J Hagen, ‘Employers, trade unions and the first Victorian Factory Acts’, LabourHistory, November 1964, p. 9. There is some dispute about exactly when this union was formed and some researchers claim it was established before the strike; TA Coghlan puts its formation as early as 1874.

  58 Peter Biskup, ‘The female suffrage movement in Australia’, BA Honours thesis, University of Western Australia, 1959, p. 21. I would like to thank Dr Biskup for kindly allowing me to quote from his thesis.

  59 Cobb, ‘The women’s movement in New South Wales’, p. 154.

  60 CMH Clark, A History of Australia, volume III, Melbourne University Press, Melbourne, 1973, p. 272.

  61 Barbara Baynton, Bush Studies, Angus & Robertson, Sydney, 1965, (1902), p. 134.

  62 McCarty, ‘Australian cities in the nineteenth century’, p. 107.

  63 Crook, ‘Occupations of the people of Brisbane’, p. 52.

  10 Education for motherhood

&
nbsp; 1 TA Coghlan, The Decline of the Birth-Rate in New South Wales, Government Printer, Sydney, 1903, p. 3.

  2 Neville Hicks, ‘Evidence and contemporary opinion about the peopling of Australia, 1890–1911’, PhD thesis, Australian National University, 1971, p. 268. I would like to thank Dr Hicks for his kind permission to quote from his thesis.

  3 Appearing in Sydney’s Evening News in 1898; reproduced in Rosemary Pringle, ‘Octavius Beale and the ideology of the birth-rate’, Refractory Girl, no. 3, Winter 1973, p. 21.

  4 Hicks, ‘Evidence and contemporary opinion’, p. 259.

  5 Cited in Pringle, ‘Octavius Beale and the ideology of the birth-rate’, p. 21.

  6 Report of Royal Commission on Secret Drugs, Cures and Foods, 1907, CommonwealthParliamentary Papers, session 1907–08, vol. 4, p. 61.

  7 See discussion of the various devices by Pringle, ‘Octavius Beale and the ideology of the birth-rate’.

  8 Coghlan, The Decline of the Birth-Rate in New South Wales, p. 67.

  9 Hicks, ‘Evidence and contemporary opinion’, p. 157.

  10 The Bulletin, 26 October 1895, p. 10.

  11 Pringle, ‘Octavius Beale and the ideology of the birth-rate’, p. 24.

  12 Pringle, ‘Octavius Beale and the ideology of the birth-rate’.

  13 Pringle, ‘Octavius Beale and the ideology of the birth-rate’.

  14 Coghlan, The Decline of the Birth-Rate in New South Wales, p. 9.

  15 Geraldine Spencer, ‘Pre-marital pregnancies and ex-nuptial births in Australia, 1911–66 – A comment’, Australian and New Zealand Journal of Sociology, October 1969, p. 126.

  16 The Bulletin, 21 September 1895.

  17 MU O’Sullivan, ‘Presidential address’, Intercolonial Medical Journal of Australia, 20 February 1907, p. 67.

  18 Cited in Hicks, ‘Evidence and contemporary opinion’, p. 172.

  19 Peter Biskup, ‘The female suffrage movement in Australia’, BA Honours thesis, University of Western Australia, 1959, p. 13.