The Basis of Everything
Page 40
6.Robin Hughes, op cit.
7.Cockburn and Ellyard, op cit, p 20
8.Ibid.
9.Campbell, op cit, p 184.
10.Richard Reeves, A Force of Nature: The Frontier Genius of Ernest Rutherford, Atlas & Co, New York, 2008, p 29.
11.David Wilson, Rutherford: Simple Genius, MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1983, p 61.
3. ‘Rabbit from the Antipodes’
1.Arthur Eve, Rutherford: The Life and Letters of the Rt Hon. Lord Rutherford O.M., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1939, p 15.
2.Wilson, op cit, p 64.
3.Hans C. Ohanian, Einstein’s Mistakes: The Human Failings of Genius, Norton & Co, New York, 2008, p 25.
4.Malcolm Longair, Maxwell’s Enduring Legacy: A Scientific History of the Cavendish Laboratory, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2016, p 55.
5.Wilson, op cit, p 61.
6.Eve, op cit, p 14.
7.Reeves, op cit, p 34.
8.Herbert Childs, An American Genius: The Life of Ernest Orlando Lawrence, E.P. Dutton & Co, New York, 1968, p 210.
9.Eve, op cit, p 37.
10.Timothy Jorgensen, Strange Glow: The Story of Radiation, Princeton University Press, Princeton, 2016, p 26.
11.Diana Preston, Before the Fall-Out: From Marie Curie to Hiroshima, Corgi Books, London, 2005, p 54.
12.Reeves, op cit, p 38.
13.Eve, op cit, p 43.
14.Ibid, p 52.
15.Per Dahl, Flash of the Cathode Rays: A History of J.J. Thomson’s Electron, Institute of Physics Publishing, Bristol, 1997, p 148.
16.Eve, op cit, p 50.
17.Ibid, p 55.
4. ‘They’ll Have Our Heads Off’
1.Thaddeus J. Trenn, The Self-Splitting Atom: The History of the Rutherford–Soddy Collaboration, Taylor & Francis, London, 1977, p 26.
2.Eve, op cit, p 77.
3.Trenn, op cit, p 26.
4.Reeves, op cit, p 48.
5.Ibid, pp 54, 64.
6.Ibid, p 64.
7.Ibid, p 68.
8.Ibid, p 51.
9.Ibid, p 39.
10.Ibid, p 55.
11.Ibid, p 76.
12.Robin McKown, Giant of the Atom: Ernest Rutherford, Julian Messner, New York, 1962, p 82.
13.Reeves, op cit, p 51.
14.Edward Andrade, Rutherford and the Nature of the Atom, Heinemann, London, 1965, p 73.
15.Spencer Weart, ‘From the Nuclear Frying Pan into the Global Fire’, Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, Vol 48, No 5, June 1992, p 20.
16.Richard Rhodes, The Making of the Atomic Bomb, Simon & Schuster, New York, 1986, p 44.
17.Eve, op cit, p 291.
5. The Atom Smasher
1.Eve, op cit, p 164.
2.Ibid, p 157.
3.Ibid, p 158.
4.Ibid, p 183.
5.Reeves, op cit, p 71.
6.Eve, op cit, p 46.
7.Ibid, p 190.
8.Ibid, p 239.
9.Preston, op cit, p 66.
10.Mark Oliphant, ‘Nuclear Physics and the Future’, 37th Kelvin Lecture to the Institution of Electrical Engineers (UK), 25 April 1946, Special Collections, Cadbury Research Library, University of Birmingham, 30F/3.
11.Arthur Eddington, The Nature of the Physical World: Gifford Lectures, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1928, p 1.
12.John Hendry (ed), Cambridge Physics in the Thirties, Adam Hilger, Bristol, 1984, p 138.
13.Ibid, p 87.
14.Reeves, op cit, p 84.
15.Eve, op cit, p 224.
16.Wilson, op cit, p 340.
17.Eve, op cit, p 233.
18.Ernest Rutherford, ‘Henry Gwyn Jeffreys Moseley’, Nature, Vol 96, No 2393, 9 September 1915, p 33.
19.Wilson, op cit, p 345.
20.Campbell, op cit, p 445.
21.Egon Larsen, The Cavendish Laboratory: Nursery of Genius, Edmund Ward, London, 1962, p 52.
22.Eve, op cit, p 264.
23.Rhodes, op cit, p 137.
6. A Benevolent Lord
1.Eve, op cit, p 269.
2.Ibid.
3.Ibid.
4.Ibid.
5.Longair, op cit, p 184.
6.Ferenc Morton Szasz, British Scientists and the Manhattan Project, Macmillan Academic & Professional, Basingstoke, 1992, p 77.
7.Larsen, op cit, p 63.
8.Michael Hiltzik, Big Science, Simon & Schuster, New York, 2015, p 226.
9.Ibid, p 273.
10.Ibid, p 281.
11.Ibid, p 304.
12.Eve, op cit, p 310.
13.Ibid, p 311.
14.David Cassidy, J. Robert Oppenheimer and the American Century, Pi Press, New York, 2005, p 51.
15.Ibid, p 95.
16.Robert Ditchburn, ‘Reminiscences’, in Rajkumari Williamson (ed), The Making of Physicists, Adam Hilger, Bristol, 1987, p 19.
17.Cassidy, op cit, p 95.
18.Frederick Mann, Lord Rutherford on the Golf Course, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1976, p 25.
19.Eve, op cit, p 317.
7. ‘A Rare Quality of Mind’
1.Mick Joffe, ‘Sir Mark Oliphant: Reluctant Builder of the Atom Bomb’, 1996, Mick Joffe Caricatures, www.mickjoffe.com/Sir_Mark_Oliphant.
2.Robin Hughes, op cit.
3.Williams, op cit.
4.Cockburn and Ellyard, op cit, p 24.
5.Ibid.
6.Ibid.
7.Ibid, p 29.
8.Ann Moyal, Portraits in Science, National Library of Australia, Canberra, 1994, p 22.
9.Cockburn and Ellyard, op cit, p 29.
10.Kerr Grant, ‘Reference for Mark Oliphant’, 3 July 1928, Oliphant Collection, Series 26.
11.Roy Burdon, ‘Reference for Mark Oliphant’, 13 May 1927, Oliphant Collection, Series 26.
12.Cockburn and Ellyard, op cit, p 30.
8. String and Sealing Wax
1.Robin Hughes, op cit.
2.Ibid.
3.Oliphant, Rutherford, p 19.
4.Ibid, p 21.
5.Mark Oliphant, speech to the Australian Labor Party, Canberra, 29 November 1968, Oliphant Collection, Series 4.
6.Oliphant, Rutherford, p 20.
7.Ibid, p 21.
8.Philip Moon, letter to Mark Oliphant, 18 May 1970, Oliphant Collection, Series 2.
9.Cockburn and Ellyard, op cit, p 37.
10.Oliphant, Rutherford, p 21.
11.David Ellyard, interview with Elizabeth Cockcroft, Oliphant Collection, Series 26.
12.Cockburn, interview with Rosa Oliphant, Oliphant Collection, Series 26.
13.Hendry, op cit, p 86.
14.Oliphant, speech to the Australian Labor Party.
15.Campbell, op cit, p 466.
16.Hiltzik, op cit, p 120.
9. A Meeting of Minds
1.John Chadwick, ‘Foreword’, in Oliphant, Rutherford, p xi.
2.Oliphant, Rutherford, p 130.
3.Campbell, op cit, p 446.
4.Oliphant, Rutherford, p 126.
5.Ibid, p 124.
6.Mark Oliphant, speech to the Physical Society (UK), 7 October 1946, Special Collections, University of Birmingham, 30F/3.
7.Lawrence Badash, ‘Nagaoka to Rutherford, 22 February 1911’, Physics Today, Vol 20, No 4, April 1967, p 55.
8.Campbell, op cit, p 450.
9.Oliphant, Rutherford, p 145.
10.Charles Wynn-Williams, letter to Mark Oliphant, 24 July 1970, Oliphant Collection, Series 2.
11.Mark Oliphant, speech, untitled and undated, delivery location unknown, Oliphant Collection, Series 4.
12.Reeves, op cit, p 109.
13.Mark Oliphant, ‘The Significance of Rutherford Today’, speech at the University of Kent, 30 October 1971, Oliphant Collection, Series 4.
14.Oliphant, Rutherford, p 24.
15.Evelyn Shaw, letter to Mark Oliphant, 29 November 1929, Oliphant Collection, Series 2.
16.Campbell, op cit, p 467.
17.Ibid, p 420.
18.Ibid, p
422.
19.Ibid.
20.Ibid, p 423.
21.Campbell, op cit, p 422
22.Cockburn and Ellyard, op cit, p 44.
23.Campbell, op cit, p 424.
24.Ibid
25.Ibid, p 425.
26.Ibid, p 426.
27.Oliphant, Rutherford, p 125.
10. The Golden Year
1.Longair, op cit, p 213.
2.Reeves, op cit, p 115.
3.Oliphant, Rutherford, p 74.
4.Ibid, p 75.
5.Peter Watson, A Terrible Beauty: A History of the People and Ideas that Shaped the Modern Mind, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, London, 2000, p 264.
6.Oliphant, Rutherford, p 76.
7.Reeves, op cit, p 116.
8.Rhodes, The Making of the Atomic Bomb, p 209.
9.Mark Oliphant, letter to A.E. Kempton, 19 May 1970, Oliphant Collection, Series 2.
10.John Fremlin, letter to Mark Oliphant, 21 May 1970, Oliphant Collection, Series 2.
11.National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Science News, Human Voltage, published 18 June 1999, https://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/1999/essd18jun99_1.
12.Larsen, op cit, p 72.
13.Oliphant, Rutherford, p 86.
14.Rhodes, The Making of the Atomic Bomb, p 165.
15.John Chadwick, ‘Foreword’, in Oliphant, Rutherford, p x.
11. Fusion
1.Oliphant, Rutherford, p 106.
2.Robin Hughes, op cit.
3.Oliphant, Rutherford, p 110.
4.John Hughes, ‘Proposals in Support of the Candidature of Professor Sir Mark Oliphant for the 1976 Nobel Prize in Physics’, Oliphant Collection, Series 26.
5.Richard Rhodes, Dark Sun: The Making of the Hydrogen Bomb, Simon & Schuster, New York, 1995, p 247.
6.Oliphant, Rutherford, p 111.
7.Cockburn, interview with Rosa Oliphant, Oliphant Collection, Series 26.
8.Cockburn and Ellyard, op cit, p 51.
9.Robin Hughes, op cit.
12. Tyranny’s Dark Clouds
1.Rhodes, The Making of the Atomic Bomb, p 27.
2.Oliphant, Rutherford, p 141.
3.Campbell, op cit, p 488.
4.Mark Oliphant, ‘Rutherford Memorial Lecture to Royal Society 1955’, Oliphant Collection, Series 4.
5.Oliphant, Rutherford, p 141.
6.Ibid, p 57.
7.Ibid, p 59.
8.Ibid.
13. The Crown Begins to Slip
1.Mark Oliphant, ‘The Two Ernests’, undated, p 11, Oliphant Collection, Series 26.
2.Longair, op cit, p 225.
3.Oliphant, Rutherford, p 40.
4.Ibid.
5.Ibid, p 138.
6.Ibid, p 107.
7.Rhodes, The Making of the Atomic Bomb, p 159.
8.Campbell, op cit, p 431.
9.Oliphant, Rutherford, p 132.
10.Ibid, p 128.
11.Campbell, op cit, p 420.
12.Cockburn and Ellyard, op cit, p 61.
13.Ibid, p 62.
14.Longair, op cit, p 191.
15.Oliphant, ‘The Two Ernests’, p 17, Oliphant Collection, Series 26.
16.Mark Oliphant, letter to James Chadwick, 20 April 1967, Oliphant Collection, Series 26.
17.Ibid.
18.Oliphant, speech to the Physical Society (UK), Special Collection, University of Birmingham.
19.Cockburn and Ellyard, op cit, p 61.
20.Hendry, op cit, p 131.
21.Stewart Cockburn, interview with Mark Oliphant, June 1980, Oliphant Collection, Series 26.
22.Robin Hughes, op cit.
23.Cockburn and Ellyard, op cit, p 68.
24.Longair, op cit, p 281.
14. ‘Requiem Aeternam’
1.Oliphant, Rutherford, p 155.
2.Campbell, op cit, p 472.
3.Niels Bohr, ‘The Right Hon. Lord Rutherford of Nelson, O.M., F.R.S’, Nature, Vol 140, No 3548, 30 October 1937, p 752.
4.Campbell, op cit, p 474.
5.Mark Oliphant, letter to Philip Dee, 15 July 1970, Oliphant Collection, Series 2.
6.Bohr, op cit, p 754.
7.Larsen, op cit, p 64.
8.Mark Oliphant, ‘Some Personal Recollections of Rutherford, the Man’, Notes and Records of the Royal Society, Vol 27, No 1, August 1972, p 20.
9.Mark Oliphant, letter to A.P. Rowe, undated, Oliphant Collection, Series 26.
10.Oliphant, Rutherford, p 142.
11.Ibid, p 157.
12.Reeves, op cit, p 169.
13.Cockburn and Ellyard, op cit, p 65.
14.Ibid.
15.Mary Rutherford, letter to Mark Oliphant, October 1937, Oliphant Collection, Series 24.
15. ‘A Show of My Own’
1.Mark Oliphant, letter to Niels Bohr, 13 December 1937, Special Collections, University of Birmingham, 30/F3.
2.‘A British Testament of Faith – On Leaving Birmingham’, Birmingham Mail, 30 June 1950, Special Collections, University of Birmingham, Scrapbooks 22X/1A G9.
3.‘University Asks for £60,000’, Birmingham Post, 7 April 1938, Special Collections, University of Birmingham.
4.Mark Oliphant, ‘The Genesis of the Nuffield Cyclotron’, Department of Physics, 1967, p 2, Special Collections, University of Birmingham, 22X/8.
5.Ibid, p 4.
6.Ibid, p 5.
7.‘£60,000 Gift in Five Words’, Birmingham Gazette, 30 June 1938, Special Collections, University of Birmingham, 22X/8.
8.‘The Scientist Works for Industry’, Birmingham Gazette, 6 July 1938, Special Collections, University of Birmingham, 22X/8.
9.Hiltzik, op cit, p 114.
10.Oliphant, ‘The Two Ernests’, p 12, Oliphant Collection, Series 26.
11.Ibid, p 1.
12.John Heilbron and Robert Seidel, Lawrence and His Laboratory, University of California Press, Los Angeles, 1989, p 350.
13.‘Black Magic at the Varsity’, Evening Despatch (Birmingham), 27 April 1939, Special Collections, University of Birmingham, 22X/1A G9.
14.‘Students Make an Atom Splitter that May Create Energy’, Newcastle Journal and North Mail, 1 May 1939, Special Collections, University of Birmingham, 22X/8.
15.Rhodes, The Making of the Atomic Bomb, p 259.
16.David Gregory, ‘On the Right Side of Wrong’, interview with Otto Frisch, BBC Midlands, Birmingham, 17 February 2000.
17.Ernest Rutherford, ‘The Electrical Structure of Matter’, Annual Report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution 1924, Publication 2795, Washington, DC, 1925, p 180.
18.Rhodes, The Making of the Atomic Bomb, p 261.
19.Hiltzik, op cit, p 214.
20.Rhodes, The Making of the Atomic Bomb, p 266.
21.‘Scientists Make an Amazing Discovery’, Sunday Express (London), 30 April 1939, Special Collections, University of Birmingham, 22X/1A G9.
22.Mark Oliphant, letter to Niels Bohr, 30 May 1939, Special Collections, University of Birmingham, 30/F3.
16. The Decisive Difference
1.Cockburn and Ellyard, op cit, p 82.
2.Neville Chamberlain, ‘Declaration of War’, 30 September 1939, BBC Archives www.bbc.co.uk/archive/ww2outbreak/7957.shtml?page=txt.
3.Raymond Priestley, diary, September 1939, Special Collections, University of Birmingham, XUS38 2/2.
4.Ted Nield, ‘Beyond the Call of Duty’, New Scientist, Vol 123, No 1681, 9 September 1989, p 77.
5.Mark Oliphant, ‘Sir Mark Oliphant’, in Peter M. Rolph (ed.), Fifty Years of the Cavity Magnetron: Proceedings of a One-Day Symposium, 21 February 1990, School of Physics and Space Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, 1990, p 10.
6.Ronald Clark, Birth of the Bomb, Phoenix House, London, 1961, p 87.
7.Ibid.
8.David Ellyard, interview with John Randall, Oliphant Collection, op cit, Series 26.
9.Cockburn and Ellyard, op cit, p 183.
10.Oliphant in Rolph (ed.), Fifty Years of the Cavity Magnetron, p 10.
12.Albert Rowe, One Story of Radar, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1948, p 35.
13.James Phinney Baxter, Scientists Against Time, Little, Brown & Co, Boston, 1946, p 142.
14. Cockburn, interview with Rosa Oliphant, Oliphant Collection, Series 26.
17. ‘Shouldn’t Someone Know About This?’
1.Adolf Hitler, Danzig speech, 19 September 1939, in Adolf Hitler: Collection of Speeches 1922–1945, archive.org/details/AdolfHitlerCollectionOfSpeeches 19221945, p 636.
2.Hiltzik, op cit, p 222.
3.Cockburn and Ellyard, op cit, p 82.
4.Niels Bohr, letter to Mark Oliphant, 27 May 1939, Special Collections, University of Birmingham, 30/F3.
5.Oliphant, letter to Niels Bohr, 30 May 1939, op cit.
6.Otto Frisch, What Little I Remember, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1979, p 120.
7.Ibid.
8.Rudolf Peierls, Bird of Passage: Recollections of a Physicist, Princeton University Press, Princeton, 1985, p 127.
9.Ibid, p 133.
10.Rudolf Peierls, Atomic Histories, American Institute of Physics, 1997, p 160.
11.Frisch, What Little I Remember, p 123.
12.Ronald Clark, Tizard, Methuen & Co, London, 1965, p 214.
13.Frisch, What Little I Remember, p 125.
14.Peierls, Bird of Passage, p 157.
15.Ibid.
16.Frisch, What Little I Remember, p 126.
17.Ibid.
18.Peierls, Bird of Passage, p 154.
19.Ibid, p 155.
20.Otto Frisch and Rudolf Peierls, ‘Frisch–Peierls Memorandum, March 1940’, Atomic Archive, www.atomicarchive.com/Docs/Begin/FrischPeierls.shtml.
21.Clark, Tizard, p 215.
22.Ibid, p 216.
23.Ibid.
24.Frisch, What Little I Remember, p 126.
25.‘One Man and His Bomb’, Independent, 9 July 1995, www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/one-man-and-his-bomb-1590614.html
26.Clark, Tizard, p 218.
18. MAUD
1.Clark, Tizard, p 218.
2.Rhodes, The Making of the Atomic Bomb, p 296.