15. See chapter 3. See also: Haidt, J. (2015, November 18). True diversity requires generosity of spirit [Blog post]. Retrieved from https://heterodoxacademy.org/2015/11/18/true-diversity-requires-generosity-of-spirit
16. DiGravio, W. (Publisher). (2017, March 2). Students protest lecture by Dr. Charles Murray at Middlebury College [Video file]. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a6EASuhefeI
17. Wiltermuth & Heath (2009). See also: Cohen, Ejsmond-Frey, Knight, & Dunbar (2009).
18. See Woodard (2011). The culture of safetyism and the most vigorous protests and shout-downs seem to occur mostly in just two of the eleven “nations” that Woodard identifies: Yankeedom (from New England to the upper Midwest) and The Left Coast (the coastal strip of the three West Coast states).
19. Tuvel (2017).
20. Johnson, K., Pérez-Peña, R., & Eligon, J. (2015, June 16). Rachel Dolezal, in center of storm, is defiant: “I identify as black.” The New York Times. Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/2015/06/17/us/rachel-dolezal-nbc-today-show.html
21. See https://www.rhodes.edu/bio/tuvelr
22. Open letter to Hypatia. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://archive.is/lUeR4#selection-71.0-71.22 [inactive]
23. Note: A new paragraph with the sentence “The statement is not an exhaustive summary of the many harms caused by this article” was added to the open letter at approximately the 520th signature, on 5/1/2017. See: Open letter to Hypatia. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://docs.google.com/forms/d/1efp9C0MHch_6Kfgtlm0PZ76nirWtcEsqWHcvgidl2mU/viewform?ts=59066d20&edit_requested=true
24. Tuvel referred to Caitlyn Jenner as “Caitlyn (formerly Bruce) Jenner.” “Deadnaming” is a term used to deride the practice of referring to transgender people by their former, “dead” names. The online version of the article was edited after publication, on May 4, 2017, and the correction reads in part: “[A]t the author’s request, a parenthetical reference to Jenner’s birth name was removed.” See: Tuvel (2017). It’s worth noting, though, that even Caitlyn Jenner herself insists, “I will refer to the name Bruce when I think it appropriate.” See: Oliver, K. (2017, May 8). If this is feminism . . . The Philosophical Salon. Retrieved from http://thephilosophicalsalon.com/if-this-is-feminism-its-been-hijacked-by-the-thought-police. See also: Berenstain, N. (2017, April 29). Nora Berenstain on Rebecca Tuvel and Hypatia. GenderTrender. Retrieved from https://gendertrender.wordpress.com/nora-berenstain-on-rebecca-tuvel-and-hypatia
25. Bergesen (1978), p. 21.
26. Singal, J. (2017, May 2). This is what a modern-day witch hunt looks like. New York. Retrieved from http://nymag.com/daily/intelligencer/2017/05/transracialism-article-controversy.html
27. Sally Scholz, the editor to whom the open letter was addressed, issued this powerful statement in defense of the publication of Tuvel’s article: “I firmly believe, and this belief will not waver, that it is utterly inappropriate for editors to repudiate an article they have accepted for publication (barring issues of plagiarism or falsification of data). In this respect, editors must stand behind the authors of accepted papers. That is where I stand. Professor Tuvel’s paper went through the peer review process and was accepted by the reviewers and by me.” See: Weinberg, J. (2017, May 6). Hypatia’s editor and its board president defend publication of Tuvel article. Daily Nous. Retrieved from http://dailynous.com/2017/05/06/hypatias-editor-board-president-defend-publication-tuvel-article
28. Oliver (2017); see n. 24.
29. Outside of feminist philosophy, in the broader philosophical community, many professors did stand up for Tuvel and against the efforts to have her work retracted. The relevant community, from a Durkheimian perspective, was a subset of feminist philosophers.
30. Another open letter of condemnation and demand for retraction was aimed at Bruce Gilley, a political scientist at Portland State University in Oregon, for writing an essay arguing that colonialism conferred some benefits on colonized countries. The article was retracted after the journal editor received death threats. See Patel, V. (2018, March 21). Last fall, this scholar defended colonialism. Now he’s defending himself. The Chronicle of Higher Education. Retrieved from https://www.chronicle.com/article/Last-Fall-This-Scholar/242880
31. Wax, A., & Alexander, L. (2017, August 9). Paying the price for breakdown of the country’s bourgeois culture. The Inquirer. Retrieved from http://www.philly.com/philly/opinion/commentary/paying-the-price-for-breakdown-of-the-countrys-bourgeois-culture-20170809.html
32. Shweder (1996).
33. The letter said that all those who are against hateful ideas about racial superiority “must denounce faculty members that are complicit in and uphold white supremacy” by treating ideas like Wax’s as “the very basis for white supremacy.” See: Guest column by 54 Penn students & alumni—Statement on Amy Wax and Charlottesville. (2017, August 21). The Daily Pennsylvanian. Retrieved from http://www.thedp.com/article/2017/08/guest-column-amy-wax-charlottesville
34. Jon wrote a summary of the case and a defense of Wax. See: Haidt, J. (2017, September 2). In defense of Amy Wax’s defense of bourgeois values [Blog post]. Heterodox Academy. Retrieved from https://heterodoxacademy.org/2017/09/02/in-defense-of-amy-waxs-defense-of-bourgeois-values. A few weeks later, the leader of the faculty letter of condemnation, Jonah Gelbach, wrote a long essay responding to the details of the Wax & Alexander essay. See: Haidt, J. (2017, September 21). Jonah Gelbach responds to Amy Wax & Jon Haidt [Blog post]. Heterodox Academy. Retrieved from https://heterodoxacademy.org/2017/09/21/jonah-gelbach-responds-to-wax-and-haidt
35. Thucydides (431 BCE/1972). Book III, chapter 82, section 4.
36. See: Haidt (2012), chapters 2 and 4.
37. Eggertson (2010).
38. One of the best experiences of Jon’s academic career was moderating a bipartisan working group of poverty experts who worked together to strip away partisanship from a complicated research literature and identify the programs that truly work. See: American Enterprise Institute/Brookings Working Group on Poverty and Opportunity. (2015, December 3). Opportunity, Responsibility, and Security. Retrieved from http://www.aei.org/publication/opportunity-responsibility-and-security. Chapter 5 evaluates early child-hood interventions.
39. Duarte et al. (2015). See especially: Abramowitz, Gomes, & Abramowitz (1975). See also: Crawford & Jussim (2018).
40. On the personality, political, and behavioral correlates of openness, see: McCrae (1996). See also: Carney, Jost, Gosling, & Potter (2008).
41. Gosling (2008).
42. McClintock, Spaulding, & Turner (1965).
43. For more about the HERI survey, visit https://heri.ucla.edu
44. See analysis of all relevant studies prior to 2014 in Duarte et al. (2015). For the most recent data point, seventeen to one, see Langbert, Quain, & Klein (2016).
45. Langbert et al. (2016).
46. According to Langbert et al. (2016), which confirmed an earlier finding about New England using HERI data by Samuel Abrams, see: Abrams, S. J. (2016, July 1). There are conservative professors, just not in these states. The New York Times. Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/2016/07/03/opinion/sunday/there-are-conservative-professors-just-not-in-these-states.html
47. Duarte et al. (2015).
48. Of course, a progressive professor could still present conservative ideas. But as John Stuart Mill wrote, “Nor is it enough that he should hear the opinions of adversaries from his own teachers, presented as they state them, and accompanied by what they offer as refutations. He must be able to hear them from persons who actually believe them . . . he must know them in their most plausible and persuasive form.” See: Mill (1859/2003), chapter 2, p. 72.
49. The Crimson Editorial Board. (2016, November 11). Elephant and man at Harvard. The Harvard Crimson. Retrieved from http://www.thecrimson.com/article/2016/11/11/ideological-diversity
50. Eagen, K., Stolzenberg, E. B., Zimmerman, H. B., Aragon
, M. C., Sayson, H. W., & Rios-Aguilar, C. (2018, February 15). The American freshman: National norms fall 2016. Higher Education Research Institute. Retrieved from https://www.heri.ucla.edu/monographs/TheAmericanFreshman2016.pdf
51. Interestingly, this shift since 2012 is due entirely to a change among women. Male college students have not shifted to the left. Rather, the gender gap, in which women are more left-leaning than men, has widened from roughly 6 points in 2011 to roughly 12 points in 2016. Rempel, C. (2017, May 2). Political polarization among college freshmen is at a record high, as is the share identifying as “far left.” The Washington Post. Retrieved from https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/rampage/wp/2017/05/02/political-polarization-among-college-freshmen-is-at-a-record-high-as-is-the-share-identifying-as-far-left
52. A wave of essays published in March 2018 claimed that nothing on campus had changed with regard to free speech. See, for example: Yglesias, M. (2018, March 12). Everything we think about the political correctness debate is wrong. Vox. Retrieved from https://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/2018/3/12/17100496/political-correctness-data. But on closer inspection of the data, Jon and his colleagues at Heterodox Academy showed that there had been many changes in average attitudes toward controversial speech and toward a greater willingness to use illiberal methods to prevent such speech. See: Stevens, S., & Haidt, J. (2018, March 19). The skeptics are wrong: Attitudes about free speech on campus are changing. Heterodox Academy. Retrieved from https://heterodoxacademy.org/skeptics-are-wrong-about-campus-speech
53. Bestcolleges.com. (n.d.). The 10 most liberal colleges in America. Retrieved from http://www.bestcolleges.com/features/most-liberal-colleges
54. Paros, M. (2018, February 22). The Evergreen Meltdown. Quillette. Retrieved from http://quillette.com/2018/02/22/the-evergreen-meltdown. See Evergreen’s mission here: http://www.evergreen.edu/about/mission
55. Weiss, B. (2017, June 1). When the left turns on its own. The New York Times. Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/2017/06/01/opinion/when-the-left-turns-on-its-own.html
56. The Evergreen State College. (n.d.). Day of Absence & Day of Presence. Retrieved January 24, 2018, from https://evergreen.edu/multicultural/day-of-absence-day-of-presence [inactive]
57. Ward (1994). An online version is available here: Ward, D. T. (1965). Day of absence—A satirical fantasy. National Humanities Center. Retrieved from http://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/pds/maai3/protest/text12/warddayofabsence.pdf
58. Weiss (2017); see n. 55.
59. Jaschik, S. (2017, May 30). Who defines what is racist? Inside Higher Ed. Retrieved from https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2017/05/30/escalating-debate-race-evergreen-state-students-demand-firing-professor
60. Volokh, E. (2017, May 26). “Professor told he’s not safe on campus after college protests” at Evergreen State College (Washington). The Washington Post. Retrieved from https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/volokh-conspiracy/wp/2017/05/26/professor-told-hes-not-safe-on-campus-after-college-protests-at-evergreen-state-university-washington
61. Long, K. (2017, June 10). Long-simmering discord led to The Evergreen State College’s viral moment. The Seattle Times. Retrieved from https://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/education/discord-at-evergreen-state-simmered-for-a-year-before-it-boiled-over
62. Our source for the events of the prior year is Paros, M. (personal communication, January 10, 2018.) You can watch a video of the imaginary canoe scene, beginning at 1:06, here: The Evergreen State College Productions (Producer). (2016, November 18). Equity and inclusion council community report back [Video file]. Retrieved from https://youtube.com/watch?v-wPZT7CASvCs&feature-youtu.be&
63. Weinstein, B. (2017, May 30). The campus mob came for me—and you, professor, could be next. The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved from https://www.wsj.com/articles/the-campus-mob-came-for-me-and-you-professor-could-be-next-1496187482
64. Haidt, J. (2017, May 27). The blasphemy case against Bret Weinstein, and its four lessons for professors [Blog post]. Retrieved from https://heterodoxacademy.org/2017/05/27/this-weeks-witch-hunt
65. Caruso, J., & Gockowski, A. (2017, May 25). VIDEO: White prof harassed for questioning diversity event. Campus Reform. Retrieved from https://www.campusreform.org/?ID=9233
66. Kaufman, E. (2017, May 26). Another professor, another mob. National Review. Retrieved from http://www.nationalreview.com/article/448034/evergreen-state-pc-mob-accosts-liberal-professor
67. In an Orwellian example of safetyism combined with the Untruth of Us Versus Them, protesters later described it as forming a “protective ring around the students of color conversing with Weinstein.” Kozak-Gilroy, J. (2017, May 31). A year of events, a time line of protests. Cooper Point Journal. Retrieved from http://www.cooperpointjournal.com/2017/05/31/a-year-of-events-a-time-line-of-protests. For a civil conversation between Weinstein and protesters after the confrontation, see Lavelle, C. (2017, May 23). This is what a discussion looks like [on Facebook]. Retrieved from https://www.facebook.com/celeste.lavelle/vid eos/10203256021397424
68. Anonymous (personal communication, August 23, 2017).
69. Andy Archive (Producer). (2017, May 28). Black Power activist students demand white professor resigns over “racism” [Video file]. Retrieved from https://youtu.be/ERd-2HvCOHI?t=4m2s
70. Boyce, B. (Producer). (2017, June 20). Is Evergreen a cult? [Video file]. Retrieved from https://youtu.be/VfVRaExw1lI?t=4m24s. See also: Heying, H. (2017, October 2). First, they came for the biologists. The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved from https://www.wsj.com/articles/first-they-came-for-the-biologists-1506984033
71. Anonymous (personal communication, August 23, 2017).
72. Loury, G., & Weinstein, B. (Producer). (2017, June 30). Glenn Loury & Bret Weinstein—Bloggingheads.tv. [Video file]. Retrieved from https://bloggingheads.tv/videos/46681
73. “The protesters did let Bret leave, but they assigned ‘handlers’ to him and his students.” Heying & Weinstein (2017, December 12). Bonfire of the academies: Two professors on how leftist intolerance is killing higher education. Washington Examiner. Retrieved from https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/bonfire-of-the-academies-two-professors-on-how-leftist-intolerance-is-killing-higher-education
74. li5up6 (Producer). (2017, May 31). [MIRROR] Student takeover of Evergreen State College. [Video file].Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ynnNArPi8GM
75. VICE (Producer). (2017, June 16). Evergreen State College controversy (HBO) [Video file]. Retrieved from https://youtu.be/2cMYfxOFBBM?t=2m19s
76. Heying & Weinstein (2017, December 12); see n. 78. S See also Boyce, B.A. (2017, July 29). Social Network Justice at Evergreen [Video File]. Retrieved from https://youtu.be/Jye2C5r-QA0?t=8m23s
77. Sexton, J. (Publisher). (2017, July 13). Evergreen student: “I’ve been told several times that I’m not allowed to speak because I’m white” [Video file]. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OQ8WQnsm14Y
78. best of evergreen (Publisher). (2017, May 27). Student takeover of Evergreen State College [Video file]. Retrieved from https://youtu.be/bO1agIlLlhg?t=6m14s
79. When asked, they said they were looking for “an individual” but refused to say whom. Campus police concluded they were looking for Bret Weinstein. Anonymous (personal communication, August 23, 2017).
80. Heying & Weinstein (2017, December 12); see n. 73.
81. Kozak-Gilroy (2017); see n. 67.
82. Kozak-Gilroy (2017); see n. 67.
83. I Hypocrite Too (Producer). (2017, May 29). Ableist students demand no homework Evergreen College [Video file]. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nh1wGFFsIts
84. CampusReform (Producer). (2017, June 1). Student protesters at Evergreen hold administrators hostage over demands [Video file]. Retrieved from https://youtu.be/Msfsp5Ofz4g
85. In a later VICE News documentary, interviewer Michael Moynihan tells Bridges, “A student told me that you’re
a white supremacist.” Bridges replies, “I don’t believe I am.” The astonished Moynihan asks, “You don’t believe you are but you accept that you might be?” Bridges replies, “No . . . well, it depends on what you mean by a white supremacist. What does that mean? I’m a white person in a position of privilege.” VICE (2017); see n. 75.
86. The Liberty Hound (Producer). (2017, May 26). “All white people leave campus OR ELSE!!” Tucker covers INSANE Evergreen State College story [Video file]. Retrieved from https://youtu.be/n3SdJhJ2lps?t=4m10s. The police chief told Weinstein that “he needed to get off campus immediately, and off his bike, too, indefinitely. He was too easy a target on his bike, and the police couldn’t protect him, as they had been ordered to stand down.” Heying & Weinstein (2017, December 12).
87. Anonymous (personal communication, August 23, 2017).
88. Loury & Weinstein (2017); see n. 72. See also: Zimmerman, M. (2017, July 10). The Evergreen State College: Is speaking with Tucker Carlson a punishable offense? HuffPost. Retrieved from https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/the-evergreen-state-college-is-speaking-with-tucker_us_596318a5e4b0cf3c8e8d59fc. See also: Heying & Weinstein (2017); see n. 73. See also: Kanzenkankaku. (2017, June 1). Protesters lockdown Evergreen State College, situation spirals out of control [Online forum comment]. Retrieved from http://forums.fstdt.net/index.php?topic=7607.0. See also: Jaschik (2017); see n. 58.
89. The Liberty Hound (Producer). (2017, June 12). “It’s not safe to go back”: Tucker follows up with Evergreen prof Bret Weinstein [Video file]. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SNdNF93H3OU
90. Not including faculty emeritus.
91. Haidt, J. (2017, June 7). A second Evergreen professor speaks out [Blog post]. Retrieved from https://heterodoxacademy.org/2017/06/07/a-second-evergreen-professor-speaks-out
92. “Many members of the faculty were privately supportive, but too scared to speak up, and even too scared to vote their conscience in faculty meetings.” Weinstein, B. (personal communication, February 19, 2018).
The Coddling of the American Mind Page 34